论抚育间伐对小蠹虫危害的抑制作用

抚育间伐增强云南松林分的转化功能，使死亡量减少而净生长量增多，从而增强林分系统的内能。云南松林分抵御病虫危害的功能与立地环境的优劣有关，也与本身的转化功能有关。间伐被压木乃至间伐Ⅲ级木，林分在蠹害过程中表现出强大的抵御能力。在立地条件相似的环境中，抚育间伐促进林分的转化功能，所以林分抵御蠹害的抗性也随间伐强度增大而增强。     

论抚育间伐对小蠹虫危害的抑制作用

抚育间伐增强云南松林分的转化功能，使死亡量减少而净生长量增多，从而增强林分系统的内能。云南松林分抵御病虫危害的功能与立地环境的优劣有关，也与本身的转化功能有关。间伐被压木乃至间伐Ⅲ级木，林分在蠹害过程中表现出强大的抵御能力。在立地条件相似的环境中，抚育间伐促进林分的转化功能，所以林分抵御蠹害的抗性也随间伐强度增大而增强     

论抚育间伐对小蠹虫危害的抑制作用

抚育间伐增强云南松林分的转化功能，使死亡量减少而净生长量增多，从而增强林分系统的内能。云南松林分抵御病虫危害的功能与立地环境的优劣有关，也与本身的转化功能有关，间伐被压木乃至间伐Ⅲ级木，林分在蠹害过程中表现出强大的抵御能力。在立地条件相似的环境中，抚育间伐促进林分的转化功能，所以林分抵卸蠹害的抗性也随间伐强度增大而增强。     

云南松林分系统的耗散结构特性研究

云南松林分系统分布于北纬23°~29°、东经98°30′~106°、海拔高度为1 200~2 800 m的区域,面积约500万hm2,这一地理区域是由多种树种组成林分系统的生态区域。在诠释此云南松林分系统的生态环境及生长过程的前提下,引入了“耗散结构的进化观念”对本区域云南松林分系统的结构状态和演变动态进行了研究,导算出在8种地位级上发生的131条由“初始林分”走向“过熟林分”的“坐标序列”,表明其结构具有“对称分布”的特征,揭示了云南松林分系统与其生态阈限环境相互平衡的特性。并论述了云南松林分系统在由初始林分走向过熟林分的过程中都要与外界进行能量和物质转化,而由其产生的净生长量和死亡量是一种促成林分系统进化的理念,以此表明可用内部时间T(D-):3、4、5……32所刻画的131条“株数递减率/蓄积量递增率”过程,来反映云南松林分系统的演变动态的客观实际。     

The Optimum Thinning Intensity and Water Productivity of Black Locust Forest on Loess Plateau

为了确定黄土高原地区现有刺槐林改造的最佳间伐强度,１９９５年秋季对密度为２２２０株／公顷的９年生刺槐林进行了三种不同强度的间伐．通过间伐,降低了群落密度,减少了林冠截留率,增加了植树带内的汇流量,根系层内的土壤水分条件得到明显的改善．当间伐后的林分密度为１１１０株／公顷时,生长季内植树带土壤水分提高约４０％．随着间伐强度的增大,林木的水分生产函数曲线由直线上升变为以对数曲线上升;当间伐强度达到某一值时（保留密度为１１１０株／公顷）,林木水分生产力随蒸腾量的变化曲线为抛物线．这表明此时水分已不再是林木生产的限制因子,在这种间伐强度条件下,单株林木和整个林分的水分生产力分别达到６０１７１ｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｍｍ－１和１４９７７７ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２·ｍｍ－１,因此将这一强度定为黄土高原地区刺槐林间伐的最佳强度．     

落叶松人工林的抚育间伐

森林采伐迹地或荒山荒地,经过人工更新形成了一代新林。人工林从幼林到成熟利用大约需要40～50年。从幼龄林郁闭到成熟林采伐这个阶段的主要矛盾是个体密度大,生活空间紧张,营养条件不足。因此,需要采取抚育间伐的经营措施进行调节,以加速林木生长,培育优质森林。近几年,我们对人工落叶松林的抚育间伐进行了初步探讨。落叶松人工林随着年令的增长,林木开始分化为优势木、平均木和被压木。密度越大,分化现象越严重。在林木分化的基础上开始了自然稀疏过程。每公顷3300株的林分分化现象与年龄有密切关系:15年生的林分,被压木占14％;20年生的林分被压木占16％;25年生的林分被压木占18％。说明年龄越大分化现象越严重,从而说明抚育间伐的必要性。根据我们对人工林生长过程的分析可以看到,树高、直径和材积的生长,在12年和20年出现两次明显的下降,这一现象说明,抚育间伐开始时间应在12年,最晚不超过20年。第一次间伐后,连年生长量     

思茅松林分演变过程周期性的研究

优良木（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级木）的成长和分化,被压木（Ⅳ、Ⅴ级木）的衰退和死亡,是思茅松林分演变过程中相互联系的两方面。林分平均直径的变化与“内部时间（Ｔ＝Ｄ）”有关系。由“内部时间（Ｔ＝Ｄ）”刻划的“立木度／蓄积度”序列,与由“内部时间（Ｔ＝Ｄ）”刻划的“株数递减率／蓄积量递增率”序列的相互关联关系,反映出林分结构状态的演变。在８、１６、３２这几个临界时刻,“立木度／蓄积度”的数值都趋近１０,这是思茅松林分演变的３个周期,对应着周期性的转移概率序列。用在判断林分生长、预测林分演变过程、确定林分间伐强度等方面都有使用价值。     

长白山阔叶红松林林层群落结构与生产力的关系

【目的】探究长白山阔叶红松林不同林层群落结构与林分生产力的关系,分析林分生产力的影响因素,为温带森林的恢复与可持续经营提供科学依据。【方法】基于长白山自然保护区阔叶红松林40 hm2固定监测样地2年（2014和2019年）植被调查数据,以样地内胸径（DBH）≥5 cm的木本植物为对象,根据胸径将阔叶红松林群落划分为优势木层、亚优势木层、中等木层和被压木层,运用R4.0.3软件计算各林层物种多样性、结构多样性和林分密度,与生产力进行相关性分析并构建结构方程模型,探讨不同林层物种多样性、结构多样性和林分密度对生产力的影响。【结果】1）林分密度与生产力显著正相关（P<0.05）,且相关关系随林层上升而下降。2) Pearson相关性分析结果显示,生产力与代表物种组成α多样性的香农威纳指数显著正相关（P<0.05）,且随林层上升相关关系减弱;反之,代表物种组成β多样性的香农熵指数与生产力存在显著负相关（P<0.05）,但该相关关系在中等木层和亚优势木层不显著。此外,物种均匀度指数与生产力显著负相关（P<0.05）,相关系数随林层上升先增大后减小;胸高断面积基尼系数和胸径...     

思茅松林分演变过程周期性的研究

优良木（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级木）的成长和分化,被压木（Ⅳ、Ⅴ级木）的衰退和死亡,是思茅 松林分演变过程中相互联系的两方面。林分平均直径的变化与“内部时间（Ｔ＝Ｄ）”有关系。     

天然林冠下红松被压木极限生长形态学指标的研究

通过研究１００株原始红松林内树高小于１４ｍ的红松解析木，分析了林下红松生长类型，林下红松生长与上层结构因子的关系，林下红松的形态特征及生理特性，结果表明，林下红松生长可划分为恒定型、下降型和上升型。被自然淘汰的林下红松皆属于恒定型和下降型。林下红松的生长受上层林冠结构因子的制约，没有合适的结构条件，林下红松很难存活。研究得出了天然林冠下红松被压木能够上升到上层林冠所需胸径、树高、树冠面积、边材宽、冠长／树高等形态学指标的最低极限值。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.