基于环境地球化学基线的农用地重金属累积特征及其潜在生态危害风险研究

为探明浙江东部某市周边农用地土壤重金属累积特征及潜在生态危害风险,系统采集研究区表土样品,测定重金属元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn)和惰性元素(Li、Eu、Sc、Sm)含量。通过元素相关性分析,筛选出合适的标准因子,按标准化方法建立了研究区土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn环境地球化学基线,获得基线值分别为11.13、0.38、57.48、43.86、0.30、21.55、51.91和132.7mg·kg~(-1)。在应用单因子方法评价土壤重金属污染程度基础上,以环境地球化学基线值作为标准因子,采用富集因子方法判别因受人类活动影响的重金属污染点位,并对土壤重金属累积潜在的生态环境风险进行了评价。结果表明,研究区表层土壤普遍存在不同程度的重金属污染,以轻微至轻度污染级别为主,其中Cd和As存在少量重度污染点位,比例分别为3.00%和0.19%。研究区重金属富集主要受工矿企业活动影响,浓集中心集中在金属矿山和印染企业周边,具有沿水系向低地势平原区迁移趋势。研究区范围Cd和Hg具有潜在的较高生态风险。利用GIS系统,将各样点重金属土壤污染程度、富集因子(EF)和潜在生态危害评价结果,在研究区农用地土地利用现状图斑上进行空间叠加,可实现从地理空间上的土壤重金属污染范围界定、重金属人为成因污染判别和潜在生态危害风险空间预警。     

广东省典型区域农业土壤中重金属污染空间差异及原因分析

分析了广东东翼(汕头)、西翼(湛江)和珠江三角洲(东莞、惠州、中山和顺德)等典型区域农业土壤中8种重金属(Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、Cd、As和Hg)元素的含量。结果表明,578个农业土壤表层样中,有230个样品的重金属含量超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准值,超标率39.79%,Pb没有超标,Ni超标最严重;果园土比水稻土、菜园土污染严重;不同区域的土壤污染程度是珠江三角洲>东翼(汕头)>西翼(湛江),珠江三角洲的西、北江流域(中山、顺德)土壤重金属污染程度要比东江流域(东莞、惠州)严重。人为因素、成土母质和不同流域水质差异是造成广东典型区域农业土壤重金属污染的原因。     

Effect of Water Quality on Heavy Metal Redistribution and Mobility in Polluted Agricultural Soils in a Semi-Arid Region

Mornag Plain is a coastal area of the Mediterranean basin, which has undergone an agricultural industrial boom. The aim of this study was to investigate the different water qualities used for irrigation on heavy metal mobility in these polluted agricultural soils. The geo-accumulation indices for heavy metals (Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) revealed that industrial activities and used treated wastewater (TWW) contributed to soil pollution, and water irrigation always decreased this contamination. After long-term use of different water types, high perturbation of heavy metal redistribution has occurred. Groundwater use altered all heavy metal redistributions in the irrigated soil among various soil-solid and soil-solution fractions, as compared to the unirrigated soil. Slight acid water use transferred some metals from different solid phase components into water-soluble and exchangeable fractions. However, TWW use transformed some Ni, Cr, Cd, Cu, and Zn from water-soluble and exchangeable fractions to less labile fractions, particularly into organically bound fractions. Reuse of conventional water within the same soil decreased the whole soil redistribution index values, indicating tendency to return to the pattern of distribution of groundwater-irrigated soil.     

不同利用年限的红壤水稻土中重金属元素含量研究

本文介绍了不同利用年限的红壤水稻土中重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量变化,利用年限分别为3、10、15、30和80年。研究结果表明,虽然红壤水稻土中不同的重金属元素含量的变化趋势有所差异,但总体上重金属元素含量随利用年限的延长而降低,并可能达到一个相对稳定的水平;施用未经处理的城市垃圾会导致水稻土中某些重金属元素含量明显升高;研究区的水稻土已发生Cd和Cu污染。     

Effect of Non-Vehicular Sources on Heavy Metal Concentrations of Roadside Soils

Soils along highway environments typically contain high concentrations of heavy metals because of non-point contamination sources, most commonly vehicle exhaust and wear of vehicle parts. Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Sb, Ba and Ra concentrations of soils along roadways with very low traffic volumes in a rural portion of San Patricio County, Texas, have been studied in order to distinguish the effects of a point source (an industrial waste landfill) from the effects of traffic. The highest concentrations of Zn, Cr, Sb, Ba and Ra were detected in soils along the access road to the landfill. The association of high Ba values with high Ra values suggests that the most probable sources of this contamination were oilfield waste from storage tank bottoms, which were disposed of in landfill waste pits and were also spread over roads within the landfill to decrease dust. Outside the landfill along a different roadway, a second contamination area which was characterized by very high Ba but low Sb and Ra concentrations compared to background values, has been detected. Drilling mud spill is the most probable source of this contamination. The contaminations caused by these two point sources differ from typical vehicle-sourced contamination in two ways: their areal extent was limited and contaminants were not typical for highway environments (like Ba and Ra). Like vehicular contamination, however, these areas were confined to the immediate vicinity of the roadways. Another difference is that Pb in most vehicle-contaminated areas is strongly bound to the soil constituents, mostly organic matter, whereas the point source Pb was found to be readily exchangeable and to have no association with organic matter.     

露天煤矿周边不同深度土壤重金属空间变异及分布特征

以准东露天煤矿周边为研究对象,对矿区周围52个土壤样点分别采取0~10、10~20和20~30 cm不同深度的土壤样品,在室内测定了Zn、Cr、Hg和As 4种重金属含量。采用地统计学方法,定量分析了不同深度土壤重金属元素的空间变异性,并通过普通克里金插值深入分析了其水平和垂直方向的空间分布规律。研究表明:土壤重金属元素含量大小顺序为CrZnAsHg,其中Cr、Hg和As的均值分别超过了新疆背景值的0.6倍、2.1倍和1.8倍,超标率均在60%以上,存在较严重的污染。从空间变异性来看,半方差函数符合高斯、指数和球状模型,其块金值均为正值,说明易受正基底效应的影响,而表层和深层土壤重金属元素的块金系数均在25%~75%,呈现中等空间相关性,受随机因素和结构性因素共同作用的影响。重金属元素在水平空间分布具有一定的规律性,其高值密集在矿区周边及工业园附近,而低值出现在研究区南部和古尔班通古特沙漠边缘,总体呈现南北方向递增趋势;而垂直分布上,Zn和Hg元素随深度的增加其含量递减,而As元素在表层和其他两层的空间分布上存在较大的差异。     

Heavy Metal Pollution of Agricultural Soils in Central Regions of Korea

In an effort to establish databases for the heavy metal pollution in agricultural soils in the central regions of Korea, we have measured the HCl-extractable concentrations of six metals (Cd, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, and As) from a total of 260 surface soil samples collected during the spring seasons of 1994 and 1995. All of our measurements were made from three different soil groups that were divided by the surrounding environmental characteristics such as: (1) soil group I – cultivated soils within the purely agricultural regions, (2) soil group II – both cultivated and uncultivated soils near various livelihood facilities, and (3) soil group III – mainly cultivated soils near major pollution sources. The mean concentrations for the three soil groups ranged as follows: 0.118–0.146 (Cd), 4.938–6.078 (Pb), 0.045–0.110 (Hg), 2.823–3.501 (Cu), 4.694–7.818 (Zn), and 0.355–0.782 (As) ppm (on dry-weight basis). Comparitive analysis of these data sets indicate many important aspects of metal distributions in agricultural environments. The metal contents for the relatively unpolluted soil environs (groups I and II) were comparable not only between each other but also with previously reported background concentrations. However slight, but systematic, differences were apparent between the data for the group III and the rest. Results of a regression analysis for inter-metal relationships exhibited somewhat contrary patterns wherein the patterns of soil group I were rather comparable to those of soil group III. Although the common occurrences of strong correlations between As and other metals were difficult to account for, the abundant similarities between group I and III suggest that homogeneities in soil composition may exert significant influences on metal-to-metal distribution characteristics.     

长期不同施肥下我国3种典型土壤重金属的累积特征

采用现场采样及室内分析测试方法,观测了1989年开始的红壤、黑土和灰漠土17a不同施肥（不施肥、施用化肥、化肥与有机肥配施和单施有机肥）下重金属元素Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb和Cr含量随时间序列的变化,阐明长期施肥下3种土壤中重金属元素的累积变化过程和富集特征。结果表明,灰漠土各处理的重金属含量在17a间持平;红壤和黑土中Zn、Pb和Cr含量17a间没有显著变化,各个处理间也没有显著差异,但施用有机肥处理的Cu和Cd含量则显著增加,其快速增加期起始于试验开始的5～6a后。其中红壤Cu含量在1996年之后的3a中由41mg·kg^-1左右快速增加到64mg·kg^-1左右,之后在高浓度持平;Cd含量则在最近的10a中从0.20～0.30mg·kg^-1直线上升到1.30～1.50mg·kg^-1。黑土Cd在6a中快速增加了2.4倍和1.4倍,2000年后在高浓度基本持平。红壤的Cu和Cd、黑土的Zn和Cd之间存在极显著正相关关系,表明其可能来源一致。长期施用有机肥是红壤和黑土中重金属显著富集的重要原因,有机肥的质量对土壤重金属的累积起重要作用。     

典型城市城郊土壤重金属含量对比研究

选取成都经济区内成都、德阳、蒲江彭山3类典型城市作为研究对象,对其城郊土壤中Cd,Hg,As,Zn,Cr,Cu,Pb 7种重金属元素含量作了对比研究.与国家土壤二级质量标准比较,成都、德阳、彭山蒲江Cd含量均超标,超标率分别为11.67%,70.67%,39.00%,彭山蒲江Cr含量超标,超标率为20.25%,其它元素含量均未超标.比较3类不同城市城郊土壤重金属含量.成都城郊Hg,As,Zn,Pb含量最高,Cd,Cr含量相对最低;德阳Cd,Cu最高;蒲江和彭山Cr相对最高,Hg,As,Zn,Cu,Pb含量则相对最低.与国内其他城市比较,成都、德阳城郊土壤Hg含量,彭山蒲江、德阳Cr含量在全国处于较高水平;成都的As,Cd含量,德阳的Cd,Zn含量,蒲江彭山的Hg,As,Zn,Pb含量处于全国较低水平.     

海南省农用地土壤重金属含量与土壤有机质及pH的相关性

研究了海南省农用地土壤有机质含量、pH值和土壤中重金属含量,并对其相关关系进行了分析.结果表明:海南省农用地土壤有机质含量总体上处于中等水平,全省有机质平均含量为22.99 g/kg,各地区之间含量差异较大,土壤pH平均值为5.20;5种重金属元素含量的平均值均未超过<国家土壤环境质量标准>(GB156182-1995)二级标准限值.但研究区土壤中Hg、Cd、Cr 3种重金属元素含量的最大值均超过了国家土壤环境质量的二级标准,并分别达到了1.63、0.64、586.70 mg/kg:土壤重金属含量与土壤性质间的关系复杂:有机质含量与Hg、Cd、Cr含量呈极显著正相关,与Pb含量呈显著相关,而pH与Hg、Cr呈负相关,与Cd、Pb呈显著正相关.     

某再生铅工业园周边土壤重金属的空间分布及来源分析

基于表层土壤重金属的实测含量,运用多元统计和地统计相结合的方法,对某再生铅工业园周边土壤重金属的分布情况和来源进行分析。结果表明,再生铅工业园周边土壤中Pb、Cd、As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn的几何平均含量分别为124.05、0.394、21.18、82.72、24.23、35.47、62.04 mg/kg。其中Pb、Cd、As分别是背景值的4.96、2.90、1.84倍,其余重金属元素含量与土壤背景值相当。重金属Pb、Cd在临近工业园区域含量较大,以工业园为中心呈岛状空间分布,且在工业园东部呈扩散趋势;As在周边农田中具有一定的累积量。来源分析表明,土壤中Pb、Cd主要受工业园生产活动的影响,而As则可能受到农业生产活动的影响。     

太湖地区温室土壤重金属污染状况调查及评价

本文调查了太湖地区温室蔬菜土壤中重金属Cr、Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb的全量和有效态含量,并参照相关标准对其进行污染程度评价.结果表明:不论是0～20 cm还是20～30 cm土层,各种重金属(Cr除外)全量含量均高于背景值.不论是全量还是有效态,在0～20 cm土层中含量基本上高于20～30 cm土层中含量.采用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对测定结果进行评价.以江苏省土壤背景值为评价标准,该地区土壤属轻污染:以国家二级标准为评价标准,该地区土壤未被污染.     

大宝山矿区农田土壤重金属污染及其植物累积特征

对金属矿山选冶活动影响的农田土壤,不同灌溉水源会影响重金属的分布累积特征。根据实际情况将大宝山矿区农田土壤分为污水灌溉区、清水灌溉区、自然修复区和对照区,并进行土壤和植物样品采集,调查研究了土壤的基本理化性质,Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Mn 5种重金属的含量和化学形态分布,以及不同区域植物中重金属的含量。结果表明:污灌区Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn的含量最高,是自然修复区和清水灌溉区的1.75倍~10.51倍,对照区最低;Mn在各采样点的含量无显著差别。土壤Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb含量两两之间显著正相关,Mn与Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb呈负相关关系;土壤pH与重金属环境有效态关系密切。残渣态是5种重金属的主要存在形态,有机态含量也较高;Cd的环境有效态含量占总量的比例是其他4种重金属的2倍左右。稻米中5种重金属在清水灌溉区的含量均比污水灌溉区低,其中Cu和Zn的含量在两区域均未超标(NY861-2004),而Pb和Cd的含量严重超标。重金属在自然修复区和清水灌溉区呈现较低的土壤污染和人体健康风险,该研究数据可为金属矿区土壤污染控制提供科学的依据。     

山东省典型烟区烟叶重金属的外源调查

采集山东省典型烟叶种植片区蒙阴县和临朐县的烟田土壤以及山东省主要的烟草肥料和烟田灌溉水体样品,分析了其中的重金属含量,并与国家相应标准中的限量进行了对比.结果表明:①烟田土壤中As含量为限量标准的9.2％ ～ 84.5％,Cd为23.8％ ～ 86.7％,Cr为12.6％ ～ 43.8％,Hg为0.2％～78.0％,Pb为13.8％～47.9％,目前尚均属安全级别,但个别烟田的土壤As、Cd、Hg含量偏高.②烟草肥料中As含量为限量标准的0.1％～17.5％,Cd为1.0％～71.9％,Cr为0～4.2％,Hg为0.2％ ～ 28.5％,Pb为0.36％～40.6％,目前尚均属安全级别,但天然硫酸钾镁肥和磷肥中Cd含量相对较高.③灌溉水体中As含量为限量标准的0～ 3.9％,Cd为0.5％～1.1％,Cr为0～1.1％,Hg为0～46.9％,Pb为0.5％ ～ 4.5％,绝大部分灌溉水体中重金属含量远低于限量标准,均属安全级别.     

基于GA-SVM的耕地土壤重金属含量高光谱反演方法的研究

为提高耕地土壤重金属含量高光谱反演模型精度,以岳阳县某地区耕地土壤重金属铁（Fe）、砷（As）、铬（Cr）为例,提出了一种遗传算法（GA）优化支持向量机（SVM）的重金属含量反演模型。在对光谱进行SG平滑和10 nm重采样后,利用一阶/二阶微分、倒数对数和连续统去除光谱变换方法增强光谱特征,通过相关性分析筛选最优变换光谱,使用皮尔森相关系数与主成分分析提取各重金属光谱特征变量,分别建立SVM和GA-SVM土壤重金属高光谱反演模型并进行精度验证。结果表明,二阶微分变换光谱与各重金属含量相关性整体最突出;三种重金属在可见光波段490 nm、500 nm、510 nm和530 nm具有共同敏感特征;经GA算法优化SVM参数后,对比SVM回归模型,预测精度有明显提高,其重金属Fe、As和Cr的验证集R2分别为0.968、0.821和0.976;研究结果可为应用遥感技术反演耕地土壤重金属含量提供新的参考。     

海伦县土壤重金属含量的空间变异性研究

兼顾土壤类型和相对均匀性的前提下,在黑龙江省海伦县中部地区采集黑土土壤样品60个(0-20cm),在GIS的支持下,采用经典统计学与地统计学相结合的方法研究了土壤铜、铬、铅、镉、汞、砷含量的空间变异性及分异规律。结果表明,就空间相关域而言,铜含量的空间变异性比铬要大;铅、镉、汞、砷含量存在很好的空间结构性,趋势项可用一次趋势面方程分离,一次趋势面方程代表了这四种元素的宏观分布趋势;铜、铬、铅含量的空间分异表现为起伏变化较大,岛状区域分布较多;铅、镉、汞含量以靠近海伦县县城处相对较高,砷含量不同空间位置上变化相对比较平缓。     

贵州省地道药材GAP基地土壤重金属含量及污染评价

对贵州省11个地道中药材GAP基地土壤中的5种重金属含量进行调查分析,分别以国家土壤环境质量二级标准和区域土壤重金属背景值作为标准对其单项和综合污染指数进行分析评价.结果表明:调查区域内各基地重金属含量水平差异很大,土壤重金属含量的变异系数6.6%～70.4%.调查区域内基地土壤受到了不同程度的污染,部分土壤达不到国家环境质量二级标准的要求.以国家土壤环境质量二级标准作为评价标准的评价结果为:单项污染指数最大2.5,综合污染指数最大1.9,受污染基地占27.3%.以区域土壤重金属背景值作为标准评价结果为:单项污染指数最大4.3,综合污染指数最大3.3,受污染基地占54.5%.在重金属污染因子中,Cd是主要污染因子,其次是Cu、Hg、As.     

Heavy Metal Content of Arable Soils in Northern Belgium

More than 600 arable soils from Flanders (Northern-Belgium) were analysed for their total acid extractable contents of As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in order to determine any increase in the natural background values. Samples were taken at random in several municipalities throughout Flanders. Areas with known historical or actual sources of trace element emissions were omitted although in some cases the distance between those sources and the sampling locations was not more than 20 km. The main soil types were, ranging from north to south: sand, loamy sand, light sandy-loam, sandy-loam and loam. In the coastal area, clay soils (sea polders) were sampled. In addition to the analysis of trace elements, the soil texture class, the pH and the carbon content were determined. Macro- or mesonutrients, Ca, K, P, Mg and Na, were determined from a weak acid extract of the soil samples. Correlations between trace elements and macronutrients provide some information about fertilisation practices and heavy metal sources.A limited number of soils showed slightly enhanced levels for As, Be, Cu, Co, Cr Mn, Ni Pb and Zn. In most cases, this could be linked to the regional industrial activities. However, a clear increase for Cu and Zn, above the natural background could be distinguished in areas with low atmospheric heavy metal deposits. In these cases, the excessive use of animal manure in the past may be the reason for this enrichment. However there was no indication that the Cd content of the soil was raised by the use of large amounts of pig slurry and/or by other common agricultural activities.     

Investigation of the Heavy Metal Sources in Relation to Automobiles

In order to investigate the sources of roadside heavy metal pollution, auto tire, gasoline, gas oil, kerosene, paint for road markings (white, yellow and red), the soot from the discharge spout, auto tire rubber, asphalt pavement, gray paint and anticorrosive on the guardrail were gathered together and analyzed. As a consequence, Pb may be originally from yellow and red road markings, and gray paint or anticorrosive. Hg is mainly emitted from the combustion of premium gasoline and diesel soot is an important source of As, Ni and Zn. Cd and Zn are mainly emitted from the abrasion of tire rubber. The wear of asphalt pavement is considered to be a source of Ni and V.