ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF A SPATIALLY DISTRIBUTED SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT DELIVERY MODEL (WATEM/SEDEM) IN NORTHERN ETHIOPIA

Most regional‐scale soil erosion models are spatially lumped and hence have limited application to practical problems such as the evaluation of the spatial variability of soil erosion and sediment delivery within a catchment. Therefore, the objectives of this study were as follows: (i) to calibrate and assess the performance of a spatially distributed WATEM/SEDEM model in predicting absolute sediment yield and specific sediment yield from 12 catchments in Tigray (Ethiopia) by using two different sediment transport capacity equations (original and modified) and (ii) to assess the performance of WATEM/SEDEM for the identification of critical sediment source areas needed for targeting catchment management. The performance of the two model versions for sediment yield was found promising for the 12 catchments. For both versions, model performance for the nine catchments with limited gully erosion was clearly better than the performance obtained when including the three catchments with significant gully erosion. Moreover, there is no significant difference (alpha 5 per cent) between the performances of the two model versions. Cultivated lands were found to be on average five times more prone to erosion than bush–shrub lands. The predicted soil loss values in most parts of Gindae catchment are generally high as compared with the soil formation rates. This emphasises the importance of implementing appropriate soil and water conservation measures in critical sediment source areas prioritising the steepest part of the catchment (i.e. areas with slope >50 per cent). The applicability of the WATEM/SEDEM model to environments where gully erosion is important requires the incorporation of permanent gully and bank gully erosion in the model structure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

上方来水来沙对浅沟侵蚀产沙及水动力参数的影响

 浅沟侵蚀是黄土高原重要的侵蚀类型,上方汇水对坡面浅沟侵蚀具有重要的影响。采用野外放水冲刷试验,定量分析26°坡耕地在上方来水量为5、10和15L/min时对坡下方浅沟侵蚀产沙及其水动力参数的影响。结果表明：上方来水的汇入使浅沟水流流速明显增大,雷诺数、弗劳德数、水流功率和剪切力分别增大33%～76%、21%～47%、29%～72%和18%～42%,阻力系数减少11%～13%,导致浅沟侵蚀产沙量明显增大;除流速和弗劳德数外,其余水动力参数随放水时间的延长呈递增趋势;上方来水使浅沟侵蚀产沙量相对增量与水流功率和剪切力相对增量均呈幂函数关系。     

砒砂岩区植物拦沙作用导致泥沙筛分效应研究

对黄河中上游砒砂岩区两个典型流域(东一支沟和对比沟)进行了实地调查,并对其监测资料进行了对比分析。结果发现,种植沙棘的东一支沟沟床表层泥沙颗粒级配累积曲线及整体粒径呈由上游至下游逐渐变细的分布特征,而没有种植水保植物的对比沟则呈不规则分布;同时发现,东一支沟沟床表层土中粒径大于1mm的粗沙含量比例平均仅为2.0%,而对比沟则达9.93%。研究表明沙棘植被的拦沙固沙作用导致沟床产生了泥沙筛分效应。     

降水和土地利用变化对罗玉沟流域水沙关系的影响

为探讨降水和土地利用变化对流域水沙关系的影响,以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区罗玉沟流域为研究区域,利用流域25年(1986—2010年)的年降水量、年径流量和年输沙量以及土地利用变化资料,分析罗玉沟流域水沙演变规律和水沙关系变化。结果表明:在1986—2010年罗玉沟流域年降水量和汛期降水量基本保持平稳,无明显的增减趋势,而流域年径流量和年输沙量整体呈波动递减的变化趋势,降水与径流相关分析得出,汛期产流产沙对流域年径流量和年输沙量影响最显著。对不同时期流域水沙变化分析,土地利用方式改变,主要是梯田、林草等水土保持措施,对于流域减水减沙作用有限,梯田和林草面积的增加并未明显改变流域水沙关系,淤地坝等工程措施对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区流域减水减沙具有重要作用。研究结果可为黄土丘陵沟壑区水土流失治理及水土保持措施布设提供理论依据。     

基于三维激光扫描的坡沟系统侵蚀产沙过程研究

为了探究野外自然坡沟系统土壤侵蚀过程,研究于黄土丘陵沟壑区典型流域辛店沟内自然坡面开展5场放水冲刷试验,利用地面三维激光扫描技术(Terrestrial laser scanning, TLS)获取高精度地形信息,并采用DEM of difference(DoD)地形变化监测方法计算产沙量,利用实测产沙量评估TLS的监测精度,并探讨了坡沟系统侵蚀/沉积的变化特征。结果表明：(1)累积场次中,DoD不确定性(即level of detection, LoD)平均值(范围)为16.5 mm(16.2～16.8 mm)。单场次中,LoD值平均值为16.4 mm(16.2～16.6 mm);(2)累积场次中,梁峁坡、沟谷坡、坡沟系统TLS扫描所得产沙量相对误差的平均值(范围)为52.63%(26.06%～106.98%),56.68%(30.26%～75.49%)和56.28%(33.37%～73.28%),与实测数据显著相关(R²>0.9,p<0.05)。单场次TLS扫描相对误差波动范围更大且平均值高于累积场次,其值分别为83.70%(4.08%～190.4...     

Evaluating gully erosion using Cs and Pb/Cs ratio in a reservoir catchment

Water erosion in the hilly areas of west China is the main process contributing to the overall sediment of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. The impact of gully erosion in total sediment output has been mostly neglected. Our objective was to assess the sediment production and sediment sources at both the hillslope and catchment scales in the Yangjuangou reservoir catchment of the Chinese Loess Plateau, northwest China. Distribution patterns in sediment production caused by water erosion on hills and gully slopes under different land use types were assessed using the fallout ¹³⁷Cs technique. The total sediment production from the catchment was estimated by using the sediment record in a reservoir. Sediment sources and dominant water erosion processes were determined by comparing ¹³⁷Cs activities and ²¹⁰Pb/¹³⁷Cs ratios in surface soils and sub-surface soils with those of sediment deposits from the reservoir at the outlet of the catchment. Results indicated that landscape location had the most significant impact on sediment production for cultivated hillslopes, followed by the terraced hillslope, and the least for the vegetated hillslope. Sediment production increased in the following order: top>upper>lower>middle for the cultivated hillslope, and top>lower>upper>middle for the terraced hillslope. The mean value of sediment production declined by 49% for the terraced hillslope and by 80% for the vegetated hillslope compared with the cultivated hillslope. Vegetated gully slope reduced the sediment production by 38% compared with the cultivated gully slope. These data demonstrate the effectiveness of terracing and perennial vegetation cover in controlling sediment delivery at a hillslope scale. Averaged ¹³⁷Cs activities and ²¹⁰Pb/¹³⁷Cs ratios in the 0–5 cm surface soil (2.22–4.70 Bq kg⁻¹ and 20.70–22.07, respectively) and in the 5–30 cm subsoil (2.60 Bq kg⁻¹ and 28.57, respectively) on the cultivated hills and gully slopes were close to those of the deposited sediment in the reservoir (3.37 Bq kg⁻¹ and 29.08, respectively). These results suggest that the main sediment sources in the catchment were from the surface soil and subsoil on the cultivated slopes, and that gully erosion is the dominant water erosion process contributing sediment in the study area. Changes in land use types can greatly affect sediment production from gully erosion. An increase in grassland and forestland by 42%, and a corresponding decrease in farmland by 46%, reduced sediment production by 31% in the catchment.     

董志塬沟头溯源侵蚀过程及崩塌中孔隙水压力变化

为研究董志塬沟头溯源侵蚀过程及孔隙水压力变化规律,采用模拟降雨+放水冲刷的方法,研究集水区坡度(1°、3°、5°、7°)和放水流量(3.0、3.6、4.8、6.0、7.2m3/h)对董志塬沟头溯源侵蚀过程和孔隙水压力特征值的影响。结果表明:1)崩塌发生频率由试验初期0～30 min时的6.29%增加到150～180 min时的27.48%。2)放水流量为3.0～7.2 m3/h时,产沙率随试验时间呈对数函数减小。产沙量随坡度和放水流量的增加而加大,建立了产沙量与二者间的多元线性回归方程。3)坡度为1°～7°时,崩塌会增加22.75%～324.59%的产沙率,产沙率突变点出现时间相较于崩塌而言存在"滞后"现象。4)孔隙水压力随试验时间呈显著线性或对数函数关系,孔隙水压力的上升是影响溯源侵蚀崩塌发生的关键因素。研究结果可为黄土高塬沟壑区生态治理提供参考。     

仕望河流域水土保持措施的减水减沙效益研究

黄河河口镇至龙门区间是黄河流域的主要产沙区,该区间河道全长725.1 km,落差607.3 m,比降0.084%,流域面积11.2万km²。而仕望河流域地处黄土丘陵沟壑区与高原沟壑区的过渡地带,是黄河中游吴堡—龙门段西岸的1条1级支流。本文旨在通过对仕望河流域的水沙变化的综合分析探讨而为黄河的综合治理提供一个切实可靠的依据。本文根据1970—1989年水文站的实测资料,分析了该流域的水沙来源和降雨产流产沙关系,并结合2006—2010年的实测资料,对比分析了不同时期该流域降雨、产流、产沙的变化情况。采用水文法分析计算了该流域水土保持、水利措施的减水减沙效益。通过实测资料分析计算,认为仕望河流域水量变化采用双累计曲线法分析结果比较合理,基本反映了降雨和产流产沙的内在联系。对比影响流域产流产沙的自然因素（降雨）和人为因素（水土保持措施）,仕望河流域水土保持措施减水减沙量在总减水减沙量的占比呈逐年增加的趋势,而降雨因素的的影响在逐步递减。近30 a来国家越来越重视水土保持工作,黄土高原地区的水土保持治理工程陆续的实施对流域产流产沙的减少有显著的影响。     

子叶期钵苗补苗末端执行器设计与试验

针对穴盘育苗由于受种子质量和育苗环境因素等影响导致空穴多的问题,为消除穴盘苗空穴,该文研制了蔬菜子叶期钵体苗补苗末端执行器。以72孔标准穴盘培育的子叶期番茄钵体苗为移取对象,以育苗基质配比与含水率、苗龄为因素,以子叶期钵体苗补苗末端执行器从穴孔取出基质的取净率为指标,进行了正交试验,结果表明:幼苗苗龄、基质配比对基质取净率影响显著,基质含水率对基质取净率影响不显著,对常见的基质配比、适宜基质含水率、苗龄16-26 d的穴盘苗基本均能完整、无损地取出,基质取净率最大的较优组合苗龄为26 d、基质配比2∶2∶1、基质含水率74.1%;对苗龄26 d、基质配比2∶2∶1、基质平均含水率75.5%的番茄钵体苗进行取苗、补苗试验,取出无苗基质和钵体苗的成功率均为100%,补苗成功率为100%,为子叶期蔬菜钵体苗补苗提供了性能优良的末端执行器。     

Slope and rainfall effects on the volume of sediment yield by gully erosion in the Souar lithologic formation (Tunisia)

The Souar lithologic formation in semi-arid Tunisia is undergoing severe gully erosion which is threatening soil and water resources. Soil conservation strategies have focused more on terracing than on gully control techniques, since the contribution of gully sediment yield in the overall soil loss from watersheds is unknown. The paper reports investigations into the sediment yield provided by head-cut as well as sidewall–floor erosion of first order gullies on gentle and steep slope catchments underlined by the Souar lithologic formation. We measured mean field sediment volumes evacuated by different headward reaches of 10 and 9 gullies located on gentle and steep slope catchments, respectively. Two equations between the length of the gully head cutting and the corresponding volume of evacuated sediment were established. The treatment with a Geographic Information System (Arc View) of air photographs of six flights from 1952 to 2000 allowed the calculation of the volume of sediment provided both by head cutting and gully sidewalls–floor erosion through the following up of gully extension in eight catchments during the five periods separating the dates of these flights. Total gully erosion was on average 1.66 m³ ha^− 1 year^− 1 for the gentle slopes and 5.603 m³ ha^− 1 year^− 1 for the steep slopes. Sidewalls–floor contribution in total erosion was on average 81.5% for the gentle slopes and 77.8% for the steep slopes. We found out that the mean annual rainfall resulting from 40 mm daily rainfall threshold explained better the variation of annual head cutting sediment yield for these five periods than any other annual rainfall resulting from lower daily rainfall thresholds. Two equations between these two variables were established both for gentle and steep slope catchments.     

黑土区治理后侵蚀沟道融雪侵蚀观测研究

融雪侵蚀是季节性积雪区水土流失的重要组成部分,融雪作用对侵蚀沟发育的影响对侵蚀沟防治有重要意义。通过野外实地监测和测量,对东北黑土区治理后侵蚀沟融雪侵蚀过程及沟坡细沟形态特征进行分析,探讨水土保持措施对融雪侵蚀的防控效果。结果表明:除侵蚀沟G2未产流外,侵蚀沟G1和G3在融雪中期径流率和泥沙含量明显高于融雪末期和融雪初期。融雪径流率和泥沙含量的日动态变化过程均呈先增加后下降的趋势。融雪期3条侵蚀沟沟坡细沟平均宽度变幅为6.7~9.4cm,平均深度变幅为3.3~4.3cm。阳坡出现细沟的条数,细沟密度,细沟割裂度,平均细沟复杂度和细沟侵蚀平均深度明显高于阴坡,说明阳坡的破碎程度及细沟侵蚀程度大于阴坡。细沟主要以宽浅槽型为主,宽深比为1.91~2.18。水土保持措施在融雪期间作用明显,侵蚀沟G2水土保持措施的拦水拦沙效果达到100%,侵蚀沟G1和G3大部分融雪侵蚀的泥沙也在沟道内沉积。     

排土场平台-边坡系统沟蚀形态演变与产沙特征

排土场是露天采矿区主要泥沙来源的人造地貌之一,控制排土场土壤侵蚀对矿区高质量发展具有重要意义。该研究采用野外放水冲刷试验,研究排土场平台-边坡系统沟蚀演变及产沙特征。结果表明：1）沟蚀演变中的主导侵蚀方式存在阶段性转变,侵蚀沟形态发育特征也呈阶段性差异,平台侵蚀沟分为沟头形成阶段,溯源-拓宽阶段和稳定阶段3个发育演变阶段;边坡侵蚀沟依次经历覆土层下切阶段,覆土层拓宽阶段,红土层下切阶段和侵蚀减缓阶段。2）边坡是平台-边坡系统主要沙源,其累积产沙量占平台-边坡系统的88.15%～90.16%;覆土层下切阶段和红土层下切阶段是边坡的主要产沙阶段,其累积产沙量分别占边坡的29.72%～53.36%和19.06%～48.88%。3）平台和边坡侵蚀速率均与径流功率的响应关系较优,在平台沟蚀的溯源-拓宽阶段和稳定阶段为线性响应;在边坡沟蚀的覆土层下切阶段和红土层下切阶段为指数响应,拓宽阶段和侵蚀减缓阶段为线性响应。模型建立中需进一步考虑此种响应规律随沟蚀发育演变产生的变化,研究结果可为排土场水土保持措施布设和科学认识沟蚀过程与特征提供参考。     

典型黑土区陡坡植草水土流失防治效果研究

[目的]研究陡坡生物防治与影响因素的变化关系,为侵蚀沟治理、水土保持植被措施配置等决策提供科学依据。[方法]设置2个坡度,7种草本植被配置模式,于2018年6—9月开展了自然小区水土流失监测。[结果] 1∶1.5和1∶1.2坡比边坡草本建植当年分别较裸地平均减流27%和26%,减沙52%和21%,坡度由34°增加到40°,地表径流虽未增加,但土壤侵蚀量明显增加;影响产流产沙的降雨因子主要有雨量,I_(30),E,EI_(30),坡度变陡,相关性增强;建植草无芒雀麦和紫花苜蓿混播减流减沙效果最好,紫花苜蓿、无芒雀麦、早熟禾3种草种混播减流效果优于单播;1∶1.2坡比边坡随着植被盖度的增加减沙效果逐渐增强,且在植被盖度大于50%时减沙效果接近1∶1.5坡比边坡。[结论]在无芒雀麦和紫花苜蓿混播草本配置下,1∶1.2坡比削坡在侵蚀沟治理时可采用,能减少20%的削坡占地面积。     

砒砂岩地区沙棘“柔性坝”拦沙与生态效应试验研究

沙棘植物“柔性坝”是一种防止沟道土壤侵蚀、拦沙保水的新型生物工程,尤其适合生态环境恶劣的砒砂岩地区。在内蒙古砒砂岩地区鄂尔多斯市准格尔旗东一支沟开展了沙棘植物“柔性坝”野外拦沙保水实验,泥沙颗粒级配分析结果表明,沟道“柔性坝”坝系普遍发生了淤积,与下游刚性谷坊配套使用可天然分选沟道里的泥沙——拦粗淤细,将粗沙拦截在沟道里,细沙淤在下游谷坊中,拦沙效果非常明显。“柔性坝”沟道土壤水分监测表明,沙棘植物“柔性坝”沟道土壤剖面含水量年内动态变化有着明显的差异,“柔性坝”可显著调节沟道土壤水分,提高水源涵养能力,促进“柔性坝”自我繁殖,实现坝体的自我增长。     

淤地坝相对稳定模型实验研究

根据黄土高原典型小流域的水沙条件 ,建立概化的室内比尺模型 ,通过多次放水实验后对沟道沟底高程、沟底平均比降以及坝前淤地的平均高程等参数进行测量。对测量数据分析发现 ,随着放水次数的增加 ,各参数变化越来越缓慢 ,最终达到相对稳定 ,从而验证了淤地坝实现泥沙冲淤平衡、达到相对稳定的可能性。分析了促使淤地坝实现水沙相对稳定的原因     

Urban sediment particle size and pollutants in Southern Brazil

Background, aim and scope

Studies of particulate-associated pollutants, or PAPs, in urban areas have become necessary due to their potentially deleterious effects on the environment. However, it is not just the sediments themselves which are problematic but also their particle size composition, which has a great influence on their capacity to adsorb and transport pollutants. This paper presents the particle size distributions and concentrations of five metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) of urban sediments collected from paved streets and gully pots from 20 cities in southern Brazil. The cities have different characteristics and hence sources of PAPs associated with differing geologies, soil types and type of urbanisation. Studies of this nature enable elucidation of the relationship between diffuse sources such as streets and gully pots and the likelihood of PAPs to subsequently pollute the urban aquatic environment.

Materials and methods

Sediment samples were taken at random from paved streets and gully pots in 20 cities in Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil by means of a portable vacuum cleaner to avoid loss of finer particles. The particle sizes of the samples were measured using a Cilas® 1180 laser particle analyzer, and the concentrations of five metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined by wet acid digestion (HCl–HF–HClO₄–HNO₃) followed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy on the <63-µm fraction.

Results

It was found that in comparison to sediments collected from the streets, gully pot sediments were more heterogeneous in terms of particle size and also that sediment samples from the gully pots were predominantly coarser than those originating on the streets. From the gully pot results, analysis of the modal particle diameter enabled the cities to be divided into three categories. The concentrations of metals in the street sediments were similar across all 20 cities, with all concentrations above background values.

Discussion

The fact that concentrations of metals in the street sediments were above statutory guideline values and that the coarser material was deposited in the gully pots suggests that the finer, more polluted sediment is not retained in the gully pots but is transported to the nearest local receiving watercourse. This finding has implications for management strategies for reducing pollution in urban environments.

Conclusions

High concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the <63-µm fraction of street sediments, in combination with coarse material retained in the gully pots, indicate that metals could be transferred quite rapidly from the diffuse source of pollutants, on impermeable street surfaces, to receiving watercourses.

Recommendations and perspectives

Studies of urban sediment particle size and geochemistry enable predictions to be made of sediment behaviour in urban environments. This will inform management strategies such as the possibility of including sustainable urban drainage systems in future management plans, in which it is useful to know how efficient the drainage system is from the point of view of sediment deposition in the urban aquatic environment and the potential for pollution of receiving waters.     

放水冲刷条件下坡面植被空间布局对坡沟系统侵蚀产沙的影响研究

植被在有效防治水土流失、改善生态环境中具有不可替代的重要作用。研究表明,土壤表面没有植被的降雨侵蚀量是未扰动森林土壤的16倍[1]。Zheng在子午岭林区的研究也发现,当地表植被生长良好时,降雨、地形、坡度等因素对土壤侵蚀量的影响很小。而土壤表层一旦失去植被保护或根系的固结时,降雨和地形等因素对侵蚀的作用则十分     

Using in situ solid phase microextraction (SPME) for depth profiling in sediments treated with activated carbon

Purpose

Sediment contamination in US waterways is an expensive and complicated issue, and as acceptance of nontraditional sediment remediation strategies broadens, novel and efficient methods to assess and monitor the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in contaminated sediments will play an important role.

Materials and methods

In this project, solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers inside perforated steel tubes were used as in situ passive samplers to measure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in sediment before and after treatment with activated carbon (AC). Two modes of waterjet amendment injection were used to apply the AC. In the first treatment, a single 2-min injection was shot into the center of a test vessel, and in the second treatment, multiple 7-s injections in a grid were placed in sediment.

Results and discussion

In the single injection, no treatment was observed 5 cm away from the injection, while at 2.5 cm, >90 % decrease of PAH pore water concentration was observed, indicating a similar bioavailability decrease. In the multiple injection experiment, >90 % PAH pore water level reductions were observed throughout the test vessel. Highly contaminated and less contaminated sediments were mixed with 0–5 % AC by weight to develop AC treatment curves. Over 99 % reduction in PAH pore water concentrations and bioavailability was observed in the less contaminated sediment at 3 % AC, while 99 % reduction was never reached even at 5 % AC addition in the highly contaminated sediment. Different treatment curves were observed for the different contaminated sediments. In situ equilibration times were 120, 215, and 250 h for phenanthrene, pyrene, and benzo(a)anthracene, respectively.

Conclusions

The results show that in situ SPME is a viable method to observe AC treatment and evaluate reductions in pore water concentrations and bioavailability.     

赣南稀土尾矿堆积区水土流失规律初探

赣南是我国重要的离子型稀土矿生产基地,但在其开采的同时也对矿区周围的土壤与环境造成影响,特别是稀土尾矿的水土流失问题尤为严重。本文选择典型的尾矿水土流失区,采用野外测量等方法对矿堆的主要水土流失类型及其强烈程度进行研究,同时对典型水土流失路径进行实地监测。结果表明:尾矿水土流失区沟道平均侵蚀模数约为3.73×104 t/(km2?a),坡面细沟平均侵蚀模数为1 651.2 t/(km2?a),水土流失情况极其严重。在降雨过程中,侵蚀沟内路径为侵蚀状态,侵蚀深度不断增加,在距沟头66 m处侵蚀深度开始减小,径流流出冲沟后到距离侵蚀沟出口处大约60 m的地方侵蚀深度为0 cm,之后随着距离的增加,泥沙开始逐渐沉积,水土流失状态转为堆积。     

Sediment–pore water partition of PAH source contributions to the Yellow River using two receptor models

Purpose

Understanding the fate and behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) sources in aquatic systems is important for the efficiency of control policies. In this work, a new approach??organic carbon-normalized sediment?Cpore water partition coefficients of PAH source contributions (logK??_Osource)??was developed to study the sediment?Cpore water partition of PAH source contributions. The focus of this study was the Yellow River, which is the second largest river in China and one of the largest rivers in the world.

Materials and methods

Sixteen priority US Environmental Protection Agency PAHs were analyzed in 14 surface sediments and 11 pore water samples. Principal component analysis?Cmultiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) and Unmix models were employed to estimate the source contributions of PAHs in sediments and pore water samples. Finally, logK??_Osource values were calculated according to the modeled source contributions of PAHs.

Results and discussion

??PAHs (sum of the 16 PAH concentrations) in 14 sediment samples and 11 pore water samples from the Yellow River were 1,415?±?726?ng?g^?1 dry weight (dw) and 123?±?57.4???g?l^?1, respectively. The source apportionment results indicate the following: (1) for sediment samples, the contributions to ??PAHs from vehicular emissions, coal combustion, and petrogenic sources were 41.07?C61.05, 38.83?C45.56, and 11.18?C14.92?%, respectively, and (2) for pore water samples, vehicular emissions were the most significant contributor (45.51?C69.39?%), followed by petrogenic sources (29.80?C34.22?%) and coal combustion (7.35?C21.59?%). Coal combustion had the highest logK??_Osource values (4.15?C4.26) among the three categories, followed by vehicular emissions (3.51?C3.57) and petrogenic sources (3.30?C3.43).

Conclusions

The possible categories of PAH sources identified by hierarchical cluster analysis, PCA-MLR, and Unmix models were consistent, indicating that vehicular emissions, coal combustion, and petrogenic sources were three important categories. The logK??_Osource values indicate that contributions from coal combustion had a higher partition for the sediment phase compared with the other two source categories.