Mercury Transport and Speciation during Electrokinetic Soil Remediation

A 30 V direct electric field was applied to a contaminated soilfrom a chlor-alkali plant for 182 days. The principal soilcontaminats were mercury, polchlorinated dibenzofurans, andlead. When chloride was added to the soil, mercury moved towardsthe cathode, showing that anionic mercury chloride complexes didnot dominate. When iodide was added to the soil solution,mercury moved towards the anode, illustrating the predominanceof an anionic mercury iodide complex. The iodide mobilisedmercury from the soil and transported it rapidly into the anodesolution, so that mercury was removed from the soil. When theexperiment was continued, mercury returned to a cationic formand electromigration transported the mercury back into the soil.This was probably due to the lower iodide concntrations that mayresult from the oxidation of iodide to iodine near the anode.Sequential extraction showed that mercury was strongly bound tothe soil, both before and after the electrokinetic treatment.The heavy metals were found in the `acidic and oxidising', andthe residual fraction of the leaching procedure. Mercury wasmore available after the treatment with iodide.     

重金属-有机复合污染土壤的电动强化修复研究

许多污染场地都呈现重金属和有机污染物叠加的趋势,给修复带来了困难和挑战。以红壤为供试土壤,以铜和芘为代表性污染物,研究了添加表面活性剂羟丙基-β-环糊精（HPCD）和氧化剂H2O2对电动修复该复合污染土壤的影响,其目的是实现重金属和有机污染物的同时去除。结果表明,在所有的处理中,芘和铜都有向阴极迁移的趋势;当提高土柱的pH时降低了芘的氧化和降解,同时也阻碍了土壤中铜的迁移和去除;阳极加10%HPCD,阴极控制酸性条件pH3.5有助于土壤中污染物的解吸和迁移,芘和铜的去除率分别可达到51.3%和80.5%;由于H2O2的不稳定性,添加6%H2O2并未明显提高芘和铜的去除率。     

Removal of Heavy Metals from Soils using Enhanced Electrokinetic Soil Processing

In order to remediate contaminated land, a new process of electrokinetic purging of heavy metals from saturated soil is examined by laboratory experiments. Electrokinetic soil remediation is one of the most promising soil decontamination processes as it has high removal efficiency and time-effectiveness in low permeability soils such as clay. Being combined with several mechanisms-electromigration, electroosmosis, diffusion and electrolysis of water, electrokinetic soil processing can remove non-polar organics as well as ionic contaminants. This study suggests that the removal efficiencies for Pb and Cd are significantly influencedby applied voltage and current, type of purging solutions, soilpH, permeability and zeta potential of soil. The removal efficiencies for Pb and Cd were 75–85% for the kaolinite soil and 50–70% for the tailing soil over the duration of 4 days. For heavy metals, their adsorption capacities on the soil surface and mobilities in soil have significant effects on the removal efficiency.     

生物质炭修复重金属及有机物污染土壤的研究进展

生物质炭是生物质原料在完全或部分缺氧条件下高温热解后的固体产物,它具有丰富的孔隙结构和较高的碳含量。该物质具有巨大的表面积和较强的阳离子交换能力等特殊性质,对受污染土壤中的重金属和有机物都具有很强的吸附能力,有效地降低这些污染物的生物有效性和在环境中的迁移,对改善土壤环境具有重大意义。近年来我国土壤污染严重,利用生物质炭修复受污染土壤的技术得到了广泛的关注。本文简述了生物质炭修复土壤污染的基本原理,探讨了与其他修复方法相比存在的优势,阐述了国内外近年来利用生物质炭修复污染土壤的研究进展,最后展望了今后需要进一步研究的领域。     

土壤重金属复合污染的化学固定修复研究

本文研究糠醛渣、磷矿粉、风化煤3 种修复剂对重金属复合污染土壤的化学固定修复效果.结果表明:糠醛渣、磷矿粉、风化煤3 种修复剂都可一定程度地降低复合污染土壤中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量,其中以风化煤降低土壤有效态Zn、Cu的效果较好,在风化煤添加量为80 g/kg时土壤有效态Zn的含量降低了37.22%,土壤有效态Cu的含量降低了31.22%;磷矿粉处理修复Pb的效果比糠醛渣、风化煤好,在磷矿粉添加量为80 g/kg时,土壤有效态Pb的含量降低了23.79%;3 种修复剂都能显著降低土壤有效态Cd,在磷矿粉添加量为40 g/kg时,土壤有效态Cd的含量降低最显著,较对照降低了83.09%.在本试验条件下,3 种修复剂对4 种重金属复合污染土壤的修复效果,以Cd 较好,其次是Zn,对Pb的修复效果较差.     

Pollution and Desorption Kinetics of Heavy Metals at Agricultural Soils in Southeastern Iran

Desorption of heavy metals is an important factor in determining heavy-metal availability in soils. The objective of this research was to determine the applicability of kinetic equations to describe the kinetics of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) desorption at two agricultural soils of Kerman Province in Iran. For Cd and Cu desorption studies, 5 g of the air-dried <2-mm soil fraction was extracted with 25 ml of 0.01 M ethylenediamenetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at pH 7.0 with a shaker for periods of 5 to 2880 min. The desorption patterns of Cu and Cd were generally characterized by an initial fast reaction, followed by a slower continuing reaction. Desorption of Cu and Cd from the two soils was equally well described by the two-constant rate and simple Elovich equations. The results of this study can be used to make better prediction about the mobility and bioavailability of the Cu and Cd in soil.     

Organic Acids for the In Situ Remediation of Soils Polluted by Heavy Metals: Soil Flushing in Columns

To compare the soil remediation effectiveness of saltsof weak organic acids with strongchelating agents, three soils of different textures,all polluted by heavy metals, were washed in a column,at optimum pH, with salts of weak organic acids,namely, citrate, tartarate or oxalate + citrate orchelating agents (EDTA or DTPA). For the clay loam,Cr, Mn, Hg and Pb were removed by citrate andtartarate at levels of 43 to 45, 37 to 41, 91 to 92and 75%, respectively. EDTA and DTPA effectivelyleached only Pb after 20 pore volumes. For the loam,citrate leached 98 and 89% of Cd and Pb after 20 porevolumes, respectively, while tartarate leached out 91and 87% of Cd and Pb. EDTA and DTPA removed 93 to97% of these metals after 20 pore volumes. For thesandy clay loam, 84 to 91, 73 to 84, 56 to 70 and 72to 81% of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were removedrespectively, by citrate and tartarate. EDTA and DTPAremoved 93 to 97% of these metals after 20 porevolumes. An in situ soil remediation simulation wasalso tested using the sandy clay loam in a tub. After12 hr of retention, the citrate solution washed 81, 82,73 and 90%, of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, respectively, aftersix pore volumes. EDTA and DTPA effectively removedall heavy metals, except for Hg, but also extractedlarge quantities of soil nutrients and pollute thesoil by being adsorbed on the soil particles. Thesalts of citrate and tartarate effectively removed theheavy metals from the three polluted soils whileleaching little macro-nutrients and improving soilstructure. Each soil reached C and B levels ofsoil-clean-up criteria after 10 to 20 pore volumes andwithin 10 to 15 hr of flushing.     

基于Web of Science对土壤重金属污染修复研究的计量分析

为了解国内外土壤重金属污染修复技术的最新研究进展、研究热点及发展趋势,通过Web of Science~(TM)核心合集数据库,利用Web of Science(简称WOS)数据库自带的分析工具、Hist Cite引文图谱分析软件、VOSviewer可视化分析软件和Origin 9.1作图软件,从发文量TOP10的国家(地区)、高产作者、来源期刊、重要研究机构、研究方向热点等方面对21世纪以来(2000—2016年间)发表的有关土壤重金属污染修复研究文献进行计量分析。结果表明:该领域研究中国发文量第一,但均篇被引次数较低;高产作者主要来自美国和中国,前三名分别为美国作者Ma L Q、比利时作者Vangronsveld J和中国作者Zhou Q X(周启星);重要研究机构前三名为中国科学院、浙江大学和美国佛罗里达大学;主要期刊有Environmental ScienceTechnology、Journal of Hazardous Materials、Chemosphere和Environmental Pollution等;主要研究热点是植物修复技术以及生物修复、固化/稳定化修复技术;主要研究的土壤重金属对象是镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、类重金属砷(As)等;研究主要涉及的学科是环境科学、生态学、工程学、农学和水资源学等。本文对该领域初学者了解该领域研究方向、发展趋势和研究热点具有指导意义。     

不同种类有机物对污染农田土壤重金属活性的影响

为了解施用不同种类有机物对污染农田土壤重金属行为的影响,布设了田间小区试验,观察研究施用6种不同类型有机物对土壤水溶性重金属和农作物对重金属吸收等的影响。试验设7个处理,分别为对照(不施有机肥)、施新鲜水稻秸秆、新鲜鸡粪、鸡粪堆肥、新鲜猪粪、猪粪堆肥和商品有机肥,动态检测土壤中水溶性重金属含量、田面水中重金属浓度及收获水稻籽粒中重金属含量的变化。结果表明,与不施有机物的对照处理比较,施用各类有机物在试验前期均可明显提高土壤中水溶性重金属和田面水中重金属的含量,总体上以施用新鲜猪粪的最高,其次为新鲜鸡粪,施用商品有机肥的最低。土壤中水溶性重金属含量随试验时间增长逐渐下降。施用各类有机物对水稻籽粒中重金属的积累影响不明显。土壤中水溶性重金属及田面水中重金属含量均与相应的水溶性碳(DOC)浓度呈显著相关性,表明因有机物施用增加土壤中DOC浓度可能是土壤中水溶性重金属含量增加的主要原因;而不同有机物对土壤重金属活性影响的差异可能与有机物本身的分解程度及可释放DOC大小有关。但施用有机物引起的农田土壤水溶性重金属含量的增加是暂时的,对水稻生长后期籽粒中重金属积累的影响不明显。     

Kinetics of Desorption of Heavy Metals from Polluted Soils: Influence of Soil Type and Metal Source

Kinetics of desorption of heavy metal ions (Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn) from the surface (0–15 cm) samples of an acidic soil (Inceptisol) and a neutral soil (Mollisol) spiked with inorganic salts of these metals or through an acidic sludge were studied by the column method. The rate of desorption of soil applied heavy metals was initially rapid and gradually declined with time. In general, the release of heavy metals from soils polluted by inorganic or sludge sources conformed to a multi-site model of first order kinetics; however, the release of Cd and Ni applied through inorganic sources to the neutral soil could be adequately accounted for by single-site model. The double-site model could adequately explain the release of Cd from sludge amended acidic soil and the release of Zn applied though inorganic salt or sludge to the neutral soil. In acidic soil, the apparent desorption rate coefficients of heavy metals applied through inorganic sources were higher than those for the sludge source. In neutral soil, however, the apparent desorption rate coefficients of heavy metals added through sludge were higher than for inorganic sources. Among the heavy metals, the higher apparent desorption coefficient value and percent desorption of Cd indicated a higher potential of this metal for leaching and ground water contamination. The results also suggested that the acidic soil pH might reduce the ability of the soil to naturally sequester heavy metal cations and lead to their leaching.     

化学淋洗和深层土壤固定联合技术修复重金属污染土壤

联合技术用于修复重金属污染土壤是土壤修复领域的研究热点,本研究主要是利用化学试剂淋洗污染土壤,在深层土壤添加固定剂,固定从耕作层淋下来的重金属,旨在形成一种原位修复重金属污染土壤的新方法。     

石油污染物在土壤上的吸附/解吸实验研究进展

石油类污染物在土壤上的吸附/解吸影响到其污染特性、降解作用及对环境的毒害作用。研究者们从不同角度对石油污染物在土壤上的吸附/解吸特征、规律和机理等进行研究,为治理污染及修复已被污染的土壤提供了可靠的依据。本文综述了国内外对石油类污染物在土壤中吸附/解吸的实验研究的历史、已取得的成果以及具有代表性的实验,指出了现有实验研究中存在的问题及发展趋势。     

污泥施田后土壤和玉米植株中重金属分布特征

对施污泥剂量分别为10、30和60thm-2的土壤,采用修正的BCR三步连续提取法分步提取并分析Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的不同形态。利用高压密封消解技术和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)分析Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn在玉米器官中的分布及其转移富集特征。施污泥土壤中重金属主要以残渣态存在。施污泥量为常规用量的6倍时,即相当于连续6年施污泥的土壤中重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量基本未超过我国土壤环境质量标准。4种重金属在弱酸性土壤中残渣态含量比例的高低依次为CuZnCdPb。施污泥土壤上Pb、Cd在玉米各器官中的平均含量顺序为:茎叶根籽粒;Cu为:根茎叶籽粒;Zn为:根籽粒茎叶。玉米对于各元素的EC值按高低顺序依次为CuZnCdPb。     

壳聚糖修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展

壳聚糖是一种来源广泛、具有良好的生物相容性、生物降解性的高分子材料,其含有大量氨基、羟基等活性基团,能与重金属离子进行螯合,发生吸附作用。壳聚糖还具有改良土壤、促进植物生长,诱导植物抗逆的作用,在重金属污染农田土壤修复中具有独特的应用优势。综述了近年来国内外有关壳聚糖修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展,探讨了壳聚糖对土壤重金属污染修复的潜力,阐述了壳聚糖在重金属原位钝化修复、土壤淋洗修复、强化植物提取修复三个方面的应用,并指出壳聚糖在重金属污染土壤修复中存在的问题以及对其在未来修复重金属污染土壤的发展进行了展望,以期为壳聚糖重金属修复技术的推广和应用提供参考。     

农田土壤重金属污染的农业生态修复技术

总结了常见的农田土壤重金属污染的农业生态修复技术,包括合理施用化肥、施用生物有机肥、秸秆还田、调整作物种植结构、筛选重金属低积累作物品种和耐性作物品种、深耕深翻、控制土壤水分以及施用石灰等修复措施,并对农田土壤重金属污染修复技术的前景进行了展望。     

北京市农业土壤重金属状态评价

以北京市土壤重金属背景值为标准,对比分析了农业土壤中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Ph、Hg 8种重金属的含量及累积情况,并采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法进行了土壤重金属污染评价。结果表明,北京市农业土壤存在着一定的Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd累积趋势,其含量的平均值分别为53．61、21．95、65．42、9．14、0．125mg·kg^-1,比相应的背景值高79．9％、17．4％、13．8％、28．9％、5．0％;Ni和Pb的累积则不明显,平均值比相应的背景值低7．9％、29．2％,分别为24．84和19．04mg·kg^-1;而Hg含量的平均值与背景值一致,为0．08mg·kg^-1。从单因子评价结果来说,Cr污染指数在1．06-2．93之间,所有的样点都处于轻度或中度污染状态;As、Cu、Zn、Cd的污染指数相对较小,平均值分别为1．29、1．17、1．13、1．05,有50％以上的样点处于轻度污染状态;而Ni、Ph、Hg的污染指数均小于1,有60％以上的样点处于清洁或尚清洁状态,污染较轻。若从综合评价结果来说,综合污染指数处于0．96～2．16之间,平均值为1．45,几乎所有的土壤样点都属于轻度污染状态。     

Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge-Amended Thai Soils

Plough and subsoil layers of two majoragricultural soil series, Rangsit and Thonburi, foundin Bangkok area of Thailand were studied fordetermining the bioavailability and solubilitybehavior of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe)following application of sewage sludge from awastewater treatment plant and a series of laboratoryexperiments. The soils contained low indigenous heavymetals while the sludge contained higher amounts ofheavy metals but in an acceptable range forapplication as plant nutrient source in agriculturalsoil. Applications of sewage sludge increased pH ofthe acid soil and available plant nutrients to thesoils. The heavy metal concentration levels in thesoils also increased. Most partitioned into easilymobile pools and later into sparingly mobile poolsfollowing 12 weeks of incubation time. Bioavailabilityforms of Cd in soil solution were low but that of Cu,Zn, and Mn remained elevated even at 12 weeks of thereaction time. Applied inorganic Zn depressed Cdsorption capacity of two soils studied but it had noeffect on Cd desorption.     

尾矿库尾砂及周边农田土壤重金属形态分布及其生物有效性

采用BCR（community bureau of reference）连续提取法对大宝山矿山槽对坑尾矿库尾砂和周边农田土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的形态分布及其生物有效性进行了分析。结果表明,尾砂中Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn残渣态占绝对优势,占其总量的百分数均在85%以上。农田土壤中Cd、Cu和Zn都以残渣态为主,分别占其总量的60%、60%和90%以上,Pb以残渣态和可还原态为主,占其总量的93.44%。农田土壤重金属有效性较尾砂大,尾砂和农田土壤重金属生物有效性均以Pb为最高。     

博尔塔拉河沿岸土壤重金属含量特征与有机质、pH值的关系

以博尔塔拉河沿岸表层土壤中重金属As,Cd,Ni,Cr,Pb与有机质及pH为研究对象,并对它们之间关系进行研究。结果表明:土壤中5种重金属元素As,Cd,Ni,Cr,Pb平均含量分别为22.37,52.52,27.50,0.48,28.92mg/kg。土壤有机质平均含量为27 431mg/kg。土壤pH值为6.5~7.5,平均值为6.94。研究区土壤性质与土壤重金属含量间关系复杂:有机质含量与As,Cd,Cr,Pb含量呈显著正相关,有机质易与重金属离子形成络合物,从而降低重金属离子活性,导致土壤重金属含量增加;pH值与As,Cd,Pb含量之间呈显著负相关,随pH值增大,有效态As、有效态Cd和有效态Pb在土壤中含量明显减少。通过对土壤有机质、pH与重金属含量的关系研究,发现土壤有机质、pH是影响土壤重金属含量的重要因素。     

Distribution of Heavy Metals in Calcareous and Non-Calcareous Soils in Spain

The distribution of chemical forms of Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, Ag, Pb, Cu, Mn and Zn in eight contaminated soils from Spain was studied using a sequential extraction procedure that fractionates the metal into soluble-exchangeable, specifically sorbed-carbonate bound, oxidizable, reducible and residual forms. SEM and EDXA analysis was used to analyse the soil matrix to determine the distribution of heavy metals. The residual, reducible and carbonate-sorbed forms were dominant. Metals were generally dispersed throughout the soil matrix and could not be located by SEM-EDXA.