Effects of Nitrogenous Fertilizer Application on the Establishment of Vegetation System in Weathered Particles of Coal Gob in Shanxi Mining Areas, China

We conducted a greenhouse experiment to investigate the effects of nitrogenous fertilizer application on weathered particles of coal gob (WPCG). Different rates of nitrogenous fertilizer??low N (0.034 g?N?kg^?1 WPCG), medium N (0.068 g?N?kg^?1 WPCG), and high N (0.136 g?N?kg^?1 WPCG)??were applied, and two native grasses (Orchardgrass and Alfalfa) were mix-planted in each pot. The results showed that the biomass production were all significantly increased in low and medium N group compared with that in the control group, respectively, in aboveground or underground part (p?<?0.01), but it was slightly increased in high N group. Compared with the control group, chlorophyll concentrations of Orchardgrass in medium N group and Alfalfa in low N group were all significantly increased (p?<?0.05), but it was the lowest in high N group. N uptake efficiency was the highest in low N group. However, N, P, and K uptake efficiencies were all lowest in high N group. Moreover, the microorganism population in WPCG was greatly improved in low N group. Compared with the control group, the numbers of bacteria, actinomycete, fungi, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria were significantly increased by 438%, 125%, 20%, and 258%, respectively (p?<?0.05). After 120 days growth of Orchardgrass and Alfalfa, the percentage of particle diameter of WPCG was changed. The percentage of fine particles (<3 mm) was increased by 99.4%. In conclusion, it will be a more efficient approach for the quick establishment of vegetation system to apply low nitrogenous fertilizer (0.034 g?N?kg^?1 WPCG) as an immediate treatment for nitrogen deficiency during the primary reclamation period on a large scale.     

煤矸石山优势植物对重金属吸收及富集特征

对六盘水市某煤矿煤矸石山14种优势植物根际土壤污染状况以及对重金属吸收与富集特征进行研究。结果表明:煤矸石风化土壤中重金属Zn、Cu、Cd和Pb有明显积累,Cd的污染最为严重。对各种植物体内的重金属含量分析发现,地上部分中Cu、Pb含量最高的植物为假酸浆,分别为46.79,12.56mg/kg;Zn含量最高的植物是酸模叶蓼,为60.97mg/kg;Cd含量最高的植物是龙葵,为1.84mg/kg。对转移系数和富集系数分析发现,鬼针草、千里光、龙葵、醉鱼草艾蒿和野棉花对Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb具有较强转移能力;假酸浆的地上部分对Cd的富集系数最高,为1.28;假酸浆的地下部分对重金属Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb的富集系数也较高,分别为1.83,0.90,3.20,1.96。因此,假酸浆可作为煤矸石风化土植被恢复的植物,同时也可用于重金属污染土壤的修复植物。     

东北苏打盐碱土壤微生物群落对植被进展演替的响应

研究基于Illumina平台的高通量测序技术,深度解析东北苏打盐碱土植被进展演替下的3种土壤和羊草根系内生微生物群落结构和多样性。碱斑土壤(C)、碱蓬根际土壤(S)、羊草根际土壤(A)以及羊草根系(AE)分别得到1864、1693、1793、730个细菌可操作分类单元(Operational Taxonomic Unit,OTU),分别得到432、316、502、143个真核微生物OTU。在门分类水平上,苏打盐碱土壤以及羊草根系内生的细菌类群主要分布于9个门,其中变形菌门为主要菌门;苏打盐碱土壤以及羊草根系内生的真核微生物类群主要分布于9个门,其中子囊菌门占主导地位。研究结果表明:苏打盐碱土壤植被进展演替使得土壤细菌和真核微生物群落结构差异性逐渐增大,使得苏打盐碱土壤质量和功能更加稳固,生态系统更加稳定;Halomonas、Nitrincola和Wellemia与东北苏打盐碱土壤植被进展演替相关性较大,Pseudomonas和Paenibacillus与以羊草为主的顶级群落形成相关性较大。     

山西葛铺煤矿矿区废弃地植被恢复与重建技术

选耕地作为对照,通过对岚县葛铺煤矿矿区堆土场和排渣场的土壤水分-物理性质及人工模拟降雨时径流量和产沙量的研究,提出适合该区的堆土场与排渣场的植被恢复与重建技术模式.该研究可为我国黄土高原同类矿区的植被恢复与重建提供理论依据和成功模式.     

晋陕蒙接壤地区煤炭开发产生的生态环境问题及其对策

晋陕蒙接壤地区以煤炭资源丰富而著称于世,在该区域煤炭资源开发利用的同时,局部地区已经显现出一系列生态环境问题,如不加以重视并及早采取防治措施,就可能出现严重的环境问题,进而严重影响当地经济的可持续发展。针对这些问题提出了对策与建议。     

广西喀斯特地区植被演替对土壤质量的影响

以植被演替空间序列代替时间序列的方法,在野外选取广西喀斯特地区4个主要植物群落演替阶段即草地、灌草地、灌丛、乔林的典型样地,对土壤物理、化学和生物学性状进行了比较研究,以探讨植被演替对土壤质量的影响。结果表明：不同的植被演替导致了土壤物理、化学和生物学性质的显著差异。随演替的正向进行,土壤综合肥力指标值（Q I）呈增长趋势,其土壤质量综合指数分别为：草地（0.09）、灌草地（0.16）、灌丛（0.61）、乔林（0.89）。自然植被的正向演替是提高土壤质量的有效途径。导致草地和灌草地土壤质量相对较低的主要因素是植物生产力较低,土壤养分积累较少,土壤有机质等养分含量较低,土壤微生物数量较少,土壤酶活较低。土壤微生物数量结合土壤酶是反映土壤生物学活性和土壤质量的较好指标。     

黄土丘陵区纸坊沟流域植被自然演替阶段的识别与量化分析

量化分析和识别自然植物群落所处的状态,对于植被自然恢复人工调控具有重要的指导意义.利用灰色关联分析法(Grey Relational Analysis,简称GRA法),通过建立参照系,对安塞5个不同恢复时间的自然群落所处的状态进行分析,结果表明,该方法可以比较准确地识别不同自然恢复群落在演替中的位置和状态,5个自然群落的排序为:沙棘>铁杆蒿>白羊草>赖草>猪毛蒿.就不同指标对识别指标的贡献率看,衡量植被演替程度的指标,如演替指数、演替度贡献率较大.而有机质、含水量、重要值、丰富度指数及恢复度与植被恢复状态的识别指标的关联系数都在0.5以上.这表明,除传统的演替指标外,要准确识别植物群落所处的状态,物种之外的其他因素亦具有非常重要的地位.但灰色关联分析法作为一种基于参照系与系列数据间相似度的有效而准确的识别模型,在植被研究中的应用较少,仍需开展较深入的工作.     

新疆苇湖梁煤矿塌陷区的动态监测分析

由于采煤塌陷常常会带来环境恶化、土地沉降等问题,这成为了制约城市快速发展的瓶颈。以新疆苇湖梁煤矿塌陷区作为研究区,通过2002年、2006年、2009年和2013年4期预处理后的高分遥感影像为基础,采用人机交互的解译方法对塌陷区的相关信息进行提取,并结合空间格局和动态度的方法对地面塌陷信息进行定性研究与定量分析。结果表明,苇湖梁煤矿塌陷区逐渐向东扩展,塌陷区内的地质灾害数量呈持续上升趋势,尤其是2006—2009年地质灾害增速最快;2002—2013年塌陷回填区面积增加了92.45hm2,空间上3个相互独立的塌陷回填区已有汇合的趋势,说明塌陷区的恢复治理速度明显加快。     

滇池流域群落演替对森林水源涵养能力的影响

利用"空间代替时间"的方法对滇池流域4个主要天然森林群落(灌木林、针叶林、针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林)的物种多样性和森林水源涵养能力进行分析,旨在了解群落演替对森林林冠层、枯落物层和土壤层水文效应的影响。结果表明,(1)随着灌木林→针叶林→针阔混交林→常绿阔叶林的演替顺序,物种数和丰富度逐渐降低,Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数呈"U"型趋势,并以常绿阔叶林最大,分别为1.61,0.68,0.36。(2)群落演替能增加林冠郁闭度,并显著增加林冠降雨截留率;林冠截留率与降雨量存在指数关系,即y=aebx;4种群落类型中,常绿阔叶林林冠郁闭度最大,为0.86,降雨截留率达到100%时的临界降雨量最高,为5.90mm。(3)群落演替能增加森林枯落物总蓄积量和有效拦蓄量,并以常绿阔叶林(顶级群落)最高,分别为11.35,8.37t/hm2;枯落物未分解层和半分解层在分别浸水8h和6h时达到饱和状态,且持水量与浸水时间的关系为Q=aln(t)+b。(4)0-20cm森林土壤容重随着群落演替过程逐渐降低,以常绿阔叶林最低(0.89g/cm3),灌木林最高(1.40g/cm3);自然含水率、总孔隙度和持水力逐渐增加,并以常绿阔叶林最高,分别为25.31%,49.79%,148.40t/hm2,灌木林最低,分别为19.91%,38.63%,42.20t/hm2。(5)随着群落演替的进行,森林优势种逐渐明显,均匀程度逐渐增加,群落逐渐趋于稳定,且森林林冠层、枯落物层和土壤层水源涵养能力逐渐增加。     

山西省煤炭开采对水土资源的影响

山西省煤炭资源丰富,开采历史悠久。煤炭开采一方面给山西带来了巨大的经济效益,推动了社会经济快速发展,另一方面也给当地的水土资源带来了难以恢复的负面影响,土地资源残遭破坏,地下水位严重下降,水质遭到重度污染。为了社会经济持续发展,需要遵照地下矿藏资源开发与地上水土资源、生态环境保护并重的方针,采取下决心关停小煤窑、加强固体废弃物的综合利用、出台煤炭开采对水土资源的补偿政策、倡导工矿企业回报社会等对策措施。     

晋西黄土区植被群落特征研究

对晋西黄土区封禁12年的小流域木本植物群落基本特征研究发现，所调查的36种木本植物在6种小生境(阳坡、半阳坡、半阴坡、阴坡、梁峁顶、沟底)中所占地位各不相同，可见在同一地区不同小生境植物演替的规律是不一样的。对不同生境的Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pie指数及均匀度计算与分析结果表明，通过人为措施干预的植物群落的生物多样性指数、生态优势度指数、均匀度均较高，群落的稳定性较好，林分已经迭到了相对稳定的林相结构。同时，提出了不同生境的主要群落类型。     

Phytosequestration of Metals in Selected Plants Growing on a Contaminated Okhla Industrial Areas, Okhla, New Delhi, India

Contamination of metal ions in soil and water represents more pressing threats to resources as well as human health. The present research was carried out to screen the phytosequester plants growing in industrial waste- and wastewater-affected industrial areas of Okhla, New Delhi, India. Accumulation trend of metal Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As from soil and wastewater by plants were collected for study. Among aquatic plants Hydrilla verticillata, Marsilea quadrifolia, and Ipomea aquatica were found to be highest metals accumulator, Eclipta alba and Sesbania cannabina among terrestrial plant were highest accumulator of metals. Among the algal spp. Spirulina platensis and Phormidium papyraceum were the most efficient in accumulating Cd and Hg. The maximum bioconcentration factor (BCF) was recorded in Hygroryza aristata for the metals (Hg, Cd) in M. quadrifolia (Cd, Cr), in E. alba (Cr, Cu), and in S. platensis (Hg, Pb). However, the translocation factor (TF) of metals was found more in M. quadrifolia followed by I. aquatica than other plants. Among all the plants, H. verticillata showed high TF and low BCF values for toxic metals (Pb, Cr) and was suitable for phytostabilization of these metals. Our study showed that native plant species growing on contaminated sites may have a potential of phytosequestration of these metals.     

Study on Vegetation Root Strength of Pioneer Plants for Forest Areas in Taiwan

Forest plant roots may restrain the occurrence of shallow landslides for forest land and pioneer tree species can also reduce runoff and soil erosion;thus they are useful practical ecological materials for landslide control and erosion control. In this study, two important pioneer plant species ; Formosan Alder （Alnus formosana Makino） and Roxburgh Sumac （Rhus chinensis Mill. Var, roxburghi i（DC. ） Rehd. ） were selected at landslide areas under vegetation treatments for soil and water conservation. In order to obtain the root strength model for the factors affecting pulling resistance and root tensile strength, experimental materials were tested and the data were analyzed using regression techniques. These models could be used to provide the index of slope stability and to quantify the root-strength using non-destructive methods.     

Phytoremediation Possibilities of Boron-Contaminated Environments by Wild Plants Growing on Boron Reserve Areas in Turkey

Turkey has almost 70% of the total boron (B) in the world, and B-reserve areas form a special habitat in terms of plant–environment relationships. In this study, these relationships were used to investigate phytoremediation possibilities for B-contaminated environments. Field studies were carried out in seven different open B mine sites and their environments in four different provinces of Turkey. At the end of chemical analyses of soil and plant samples, 11 wild and potential phytoremediator plant species were determined; two of them were aquatic whereas nine were terrestrial. Some of the species were halophytes. Puccinella distans subsp. distans (Poaceae) and Gypsophila perfoliata subsp. perfoliata (Caryophyllaceae) showed both the greatest tolerance and greatest B accumulation ratios. The results of the present study could be used as a tool to improve effective and environmentally friendly management strategies for both aquatic and terrestrial environments contaminated with high B concentrations.     

风沙区采煤塌陷对沙质地貌及植被生境的影响

为了探究风沙区采煤塌陷引起的“二次荒漠化”问题与治理对策,通过野外分区调查及统计分析,对塌陷区塌陷边缘、塌陷中部及塌陷盆地引发的塌陷裂缝变化、植被位移及倾斜、干沙层及风蚀/风积情况进行了详细的研究。结果表明:塌陷边缘形成的裂缝宽度、密度最小,塌陷中部次之,塌陷盆地最大,而裂缝错落和地表破损变化则反之;塌陷区植被平均位移长度达60 cm以上,倾斜率变化为5.67~28.63,主干根部风蚀/风积最大深度达-30.52 cm/+25.41 cm,以塌陷边缘最为严重;植被的位移长度和倾角变化与塌陷裂隙高度和地表破碎呈正线性相关;塌陷边缘干沙层平均厚度达14 cm以上,比对照增大了4~6 cm,而塌陷中部和塌陷盆地变化在11 cm左右,比非塌陷增加了1~4 cm;塌陷边缘风蚀率高达83.34%,塌陷中部次之52.06%,而塌陷盆地风积率为51.84%。塌陷边缘对沙质地表和植被生境影响最为强烈,为生态修复的重点区域,建议采煤塌陷后及时进行分区治理,避免“二次”荒漠化现象的发生。     

中阳黄土丘陵沟壑区林草复合模式的气候生态效应

以山西省中阳县为例,在评价退耕还林地豆科牧草气候生态适应性的基础上,对比纯林杂草地,计算分析林草复合模式对气候资源利用率的影响,旨在为当地退耕还林技术模式的优化选择提供理论依据.结果表明：沙打旺、草木樨及紫花苜蓿3种豆科牧草均适合于试验区幼林地种植.其中,沙打旺生育期天数最长,水热系数最高.2002年及2003年牧草生育期间,侧柏-沙打旺复合模式（M1）、侧柏-草木犀复合模式（M2）、侧柏-紫花苜蓿复合模式（M3）分别可使光能利用率提高49.1%（2002）、66.0%（2003）, 66.2%、85.1%,76.6%、97.2%、热量资源利用率分别提高73.4%（2002）、66.2%（2003）,94.8%、85.1%,97.6%、85.8%,降水利用率分别提高79.3%（2002）、81.2%（2003）,116.9%、100.4%,77.3%、64.0%和气候资源综合率分别提高70.6%（2002）、81.3%（2003）,104.7%、100.5%,71.7%、69.2%.M2和M3气候资源时间利用效率略低于对照,但M1气候资源时间利用效率（ET）要高于对照,2002年与2003年分别可使ET提高16.1%和16.7%.     

山西省红枣生产状况的分析研究

枣树生产是一个事关全国贫困地区1 000多万农民生计的致富产业,尽管山西省在枣树栽培生产中取得了前所未有的成绩,但是在发展过程中也还不同程度地存在着一些不可回避的现实问题,通过发展优良品种、合理规划、注重栽植管护、推广先进经验、强化技术创新体制、建立标准化红枣基地等措施,以经济利益为纽带,形成区域经济特色优势,一定能够获得较好的社会效益、经济效益和生态效益。     

Succession of plant and soil microbial communities with restoration of abandoned land in the Loess Plateau, China

Purpose

There have been a number of studies on the succession of vegetation; however, the succession of soil microbes and the collaborative relationships between microbes and vegetation during land restoration remain poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to characterize soil microbial succession and to explore the collaborative mechanisms between microbes and vegetation during the restoration of abandoned land through quantitative ecology methods.

Materials and methods

The present research was carried out in the succession of a 5-year abandoned land and its conversion to Hippophae rhamnoides shrubs, Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation, and a naturally regenerated forest (mixed forest). Soil bacterial, archaeal and fungal characteristics were tested by real-time quantitative PCR assays and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. The richness, diversity, and evenness indices were employed to analyze plant and microbial communities’ structure. The stability of plant and microbial communities was tested using Spearman’s rank correlation. The relationships between the regeneration scenarios and environmental factors were determined through canonical correspondence analysis.

Results and discussion

The aboveground biomass was significantly different among the sites. Soil bacterial, archaeal, and fungal rRNA gene abundances did not increase significantly with increasing soil organic carbon content. There were higher correlation coefficients between plant and total microbial communities on the richness, diversity, and evenness indices and ratios of positive to negative association compared to ones between plant and individual bacteria, archaea, and fungi. Soil bulk density, clay, pH, and litter were the primary significant environmental factors affecting the structure of plant and microbial communities. The positive relationships between plant and soil bacteria, fungi, and total microbe communities, as well as the negative relationships between plant and archaea, were demonstrated.

Conclusions

The results suggested that plants promote the growth of soil bacteria and fungi during the process of community succession on a small scale; however, plants inhibit the growth of soil archaea.     

基于土壤-稻米镉传输模型的太湖流域水稻禁产区筛选研究

为了保障太湖流域稻米安全,采用建立土壤-稻米镉传输模型及基于模型输出结果的地质统计学方法筛选稻米禁产区。监测数据的统计结果表明,本区域稻田土壤Cd超过土壤环境质量标准（0.3mg.kg-1）的比率为4.85%,2005年的监测结果与60年代背景值相比土壤Cd平均含量增加了50%。采用逐步回归分析分别建立了晚稻及高、低吸收型早稻土壤-稻米Cd传输模型。结果表明,除水稻自身内因影响其对土壤Cd的吸收外,在大田条件下土壤Cd含量、Zn含量、土壤pH值、土壤质地（土壤粘粒含量、土壤砂粒含量）等是影响水稻吸收Cd的主要环境因子。以土壤-稻米Cd传输模型输出结果为数据源,采用地质统计学中的序贯高斯条件模拟值法计算研究区不同类型稻米禁产区,结果表明研究区有0.05%的区域种植晚稻存在超标情况,1.47%的区域种植高吸收型早稻存在超标情况,所有的稻田如种植低吸收型早稻都不会导致稻米Cd超标,这一结果与采用《土壤环境质量标准》（GB15618—1995）二级值筛选的3.3%的超标区有较大的差别性,说明仅以《土壤环境质量标准》（GB15618—1995）为依据筛选稻米禁产区有其应用限制性。     

基于修正介电常数模型的煤矿区复垦土壤压实评价

模拟复垦机械对试验区土壤进行不同程度的压实,在探地雷达获取土壤介电常数的基础上,检验并修正了4种经典复合介电常数模型,并结合野外试验对修正后的模型通用性进行了验证。结果表明,土壤介电常数与土壤压实指标(土壤紧实度、容重、孔隙率等)相关系数89%,可以表征土壤压实状况;原有复合介电常数模型虽然存在误差不能直接使用,但模型计算值与实测值相关系数0.99,修正后二者拟合误差1%;在野外试验中,基于修正后的介电常数模型反算的土壤压实指标(容重、孔隙率)与实验室测量值误差率5%,通用性较好。表明在科学布设测线以保证探地雷达准确获取土壤介电常数的前提下,可以通过修正后的复合介电常数模型对煤矿区复垦土壤压实状况进行全面客观的评价。