NH3 Volatilization,N2O Emission and Microbial Biomass Turnover from 15N-Labeled Manure Under Laboratory Conditions

On irrigated agricultural soils from semi-arid and arid regions, ammonia (NH₃) volatilization and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission can be a considerable source of N losses. This study was designed to test the capture of ¹⁵N loss as NH₃ and N₂O from previous and recent manure application using a sandy, calcareous soil from Oman amended one or two times with ¹⁵N labeled manure to elucidate microbial turnover processes under laboratory conditions. The system allowed to detect ¹⁵N enrichments in evolved N₂O-N and NH₃-N of up to 17% and 9%, respectively, and total N, K₂SO₄ extractable N and microbial N pools from previous and recent ¹⁵N labeled manure applications of up to 7%, 8%, and 15%. One time manured soil had higher cumulative N₂O-N emissions (141 µg kg^?1) than repeatedly manured soil with 43 µg kg^?1 of which only 22% derived from recent manure application indicating a priming effect.     

不同动物排泄物氮的作物利用及对N2O排放的贡献

本文用同一种土壤,在不同水分管理模式下,种植两种作物,以不施 N 作为对照研究了人粪、猪粪、奶牛粪和鸡粪作肥料与尿素等 N 量施用,对小米和水稻籽粒产量、N 素利用率的影响以及对N20排放量的贡献.尿素与4种粪肥对小米和水稻产量、N素利用率和N20排放的贡献并不相同.水稻产量以施用尿素最高,施用鸡粪产量效应最低,与不施N处理接近,但旱作小米以施用人粪最高,其次为尿素和鸡粪处理.水稻和小米对N素的回收率均以尿索为最高,其次为人粪、鸡粪和牛粪,猪粪最低.尿素和4种粪肥处理,在小米播种和水稻移栽后的第2天均出现了N20的排放高峰.由于两种作物水分管理不同,N20排放高峰持续时间不同,水稻长于小米.在水稻烤田前后的干湿交替过程中,不同肥料处理均出现了N20的第2次排放高峰,除牛粪和猪粪处理外,N20 峰值的持续时间长达10天左右.N20排放总量在旱作小米生长季以人粪处理最高,尿素,鸡粪和猪粪处理接近,牛粪处理最低.水稻生长季N20排放量以尿素处理为最高,依次为人粪、鸡粪处理和猪粪处理,牛粪处理最低,与不施N处理接近.     

N Cycle, N Flow Trends in Japan, and Strategies for Reducing N2O Emission and NO3^- Pollution

To feed an increasing population, large amounts of chemical nitrogen fertilizer have been used to produce much of our food, feed and fiber thereby increasing nitrogen levels in soils, natural waters, crop residues, livestock wastes,and municipal and agricultural wastes, with national and international concern about its potential adverse effects on environmental quality and public health. To understand these phenomena and problems, first the nitrogen cycle and the environment are described. Then recent trends for nitrogen cycling through the food and feed system, N2O emissions from fertilized upland and paddy soils, and NO3^- pollution in ground water in Japan are reported. Finally, mitigation strategies in Japan for reducing N2O emission and NO3^- pollution are proposed, including nitrification inhibitors, controlled release fertilizers, utilization of plant species that could suppress nitrification, utilizing the toposequence, government policy, and appropriate agricultural practices. Of all the technologies presented, use of nitrification inhibitors and controlled release fertilizers are deemed the most important with further development of these aspects of technologies being expected. These practices, if employed worldwide, could help reduce the load, or environmental deterioration, on the Earth‘s biosphere.     

外加可溶性碳氮对不同热量带土壤N2O排放的影响

在室内条件下研究了外加可溶性碳、氮对不同热量带经长期施肥的3种农田土壤：黑土、潮褐土和红壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明,在单施氮肥和可溶性碳配施氮条件下,不同热量带土壤N2O排放量从高到低分别为潮褐土（0．868、3．07μg·g^-1）,红壤（0．511、0．731μg·g^-1）,黑土（0．221、0．294μg·g^-1）,且添加可溶性碳显著促进了土壤N2O排放量。在黑土、潮褐土和红壤长期不同施肥土壤中,单施氮肥和可溶性碳配施氮后N2O排放量均表现为化肥＋有机肥土壤〉化肥土壤〉无肥土壤,且与无肥土壤相比,红壤的化肥土壤N2O排放量增加254％,潮褐土化肥土壤增加49．5％,黑土化肥土壤增加1．74％,说明在有效积温越高的土壤上长期施肥对土壤N2O损失的贡献越大。研究结果还表明,外加可溶性碳、氮后,潮褐土铵态氮含量的减少幅度和硝态氮含量的增加幅度均显著高于黑土和红壤,说明潮褐土中氮素损失潜能大。     

N2O, NH3 and NOx Emissions as a Function of Urea Granule Size and Soil Type Under Aerobic Conditions

We examined the influence of various urea granule sizes (< 2, 7.0, 9.9 and 12.7 mm) applied into a silt loam soil (experiment 1) and soil types (sandy, silt and clay loam) treated with the largest granule (experiment 2) on gaseous N loss (except N₂) at field capacity. The prilled urea (PU) was mixed into the soil whereas the urea granules were point-placed at a 5.0-cm depth. For experiment 1, N₂O emission was enhanced with increasing granule size, ranging from 0.17–0.50% of the added N during the 45-day incubation period. In the case of experiment 2, the sandy loam soil (0.59%) behaved similarly with the silt loam (0.53%) but both showed remarkably lower emissions than were found for the clay loam soil (2.61%). Both nitrification and N₂O emissions were delayed by several days with increasing granule size, and the latter was influenced by mineral N, soil water and pH. By contrast, the NH₃ volatilization decreased with increasing granule size, implying the inhibition of urease activity by urea concentration gradients. Considering both experimental results, the NH₃ loss was highest for the PU-treated (1.73%) and the larger granules regardless of soil type did not emit more than 0.27% of the added N over 22 days, possibly because the high concentrations of either mineral N or NH₄ ⁺ in the soil surface layer (0–2.5 cm) and the high H₊ buffering capacity might regulate the NH₃ emission. Similar to the pattern of NH₃ loss, NO_x emission was noticeably higher for the PU-treated soil (0.97%) than for the larger granule sizes (0.09–0.29%), which were the highest for the sandy and clay loam soils. Positional differences in the concentration of mineral N and nitrification also influenced the NO_x emission. As such, total NH₃ loss was proportional to total NO_x emission, indicating similar influence of soil and environmental conditions on both. Pooled total N₂O, NH₃ and NO_x emission data suggest that the PU-treated soil could induce greater gaseous N loss over larger urea granules, largely in the form of NH₃ and NO_x emissions, whereas a similar increase with the largest granule size was mainly due to the total N₂O flux.     

不同施氮方式对玉米产量及N 2O排放的影响

通过3年定位试验,采用静态箱/气相色谱法对壤质草甸土区玉米生产进行了全生长季N2O排放通量的观测,分析了不同施氮方式对N2O排放总量、排放系数和玉米产量的影响。结果表明：减少氮肥用量20%的缓控释肥处理与秸秆还田配化肥处理产量居高,而且二者间差异不显著;秸秆还田促进了农田土壤N2O排放,使得秸秆还田配化肥处理的年均N2O季节排放总量最高,达到1.50 kg N·hm-2;年均N2O季节排放总量与施肥量之间相关系数达到了0.97;随着试验年限的增加,N2O-N季节排放系数受施肥量的影响逐年增加,相关系数从2009年的-0.015增加到2011年的0.624。因此不同施氮方式对N2O季节排放的影响需要通过多年定位来准确把握,同时在研究农田N2O-N季节排放时要适当考虑植株生长过程中N2O的排放。兼顾产量和减排2个因素,建议推广缓控释肥的减量施用。     

不同土地利用方式下土壤温度与土壤水分对黑土N2O排放的影响

采用静态箱一气象色谱法,对黑土区3种不同土地利用方式（草地、裸地和农田）下土壤氧化亚氮（N：O）的排放特征及其与土壤温度和土壤水分的关系进行研究。结果显示：试验监测期间（2011年5月27日-9月30日）,不同土地利用方式下,土壤N：0累积排放量分别为草地52．08mgN·m^-2裸地64．43mgN·m^-2农田70．16mgN·m^-2,农田土壤N：O累积排放量比草地和裸地分别高出35％和9％,草地、裸地和农田的N2O平均排放通量分别为16．56、20．36、21．44μgN·m^-2·h^-1。草地和裸地中,土壤N2O排放通量与土壤温度和土壤水分（充水孔隙度,WFPS）相关性均不显著,但在农田中,土壤N20排放通量与土壤温度（5cm和10cm）和土壤水分（5cm）均呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）。另外,土壤N2O累积排放量与土壤硝态氮和矿质氮含量均呈正相关关系。研究表明,黑土草地开垦可促进土壤N2O的排放,且不同土地利用方式下土壤N2O排放的主要影响因子不同。     

N2O, NO, and NH3 Emissions from Soil after the Application of Organic Fertilizers, Urea and Water

Agricultural soil is a major source of nitrous oxide (N₂O), nitric oxide (NO) and ammonia (NH₃). Little information is available on emissions of these gases from soils amended with organic fertilizers at different soil water contents. N₂O, NO and NH₃ emissions were measured in large-scale incubations of a fresh sandy loam soil and amended with four organic fertilizers, [poultry litter (PL), composted plant residues (CP), sewage sludge pellets (SP) and cattle farm yard manure (CM)], urea fertilizer (UA) or a zero-N control (ZR) for 38 days. Fertilizers were added to soil at 40, 60 or 80% water-filled pore space (WFPS). The results showed that urea and organic fertilizer were important sources of N₂O and NO. Total N₂O and NO emissions from UA ranged from 0.04 to 0.62%, and 0.23 to 1.55% of applied N, respectively. Total N₂O and NO emissions from organic fertilizer treatments ranged from 0.01 to 1.65%, and <0.01 to=" 0.55%=" of=" applied=" n,=" respectively.=" the=" lower=">₂O and NO emissions from CP and CM suggested that applying N is these forms could be a useful mitigation option. Comparison of the NO-N/N₂O-N ratio suggested that nitrification was more dominant in UA whereas denitrification was more dominant in the organic fertilizer treatments. Most N was lost from PL and UA as NH₃, and this was not influenced significantly by WFPS. Emissions of NH₃ from UA and PL ranged from 62.4 to 69.6%, and 3.17 to 6.11% of applied N, respectively.     

N2O,NO, and NH3 Emissions from Soil after the Application of Organic Fertilizers,Urea and Water

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Agricultural soil is a major source of nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO) and ammonia (NH3). Little information is available on emissions of these gases from...     

Relationships Between Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Yield of Spring Wheat Under Different Water and Nitrogen Levels

ABSTRACT

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the relationships between foliar carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) and above ground dry matter (ADM) at different stages during a plant's life cycle, and grain carbon isotope discrimination and grain yield (GY) at maturity of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different nitrogen (N) and water levels. Results showed that ADM and GY both increased significantly with decreasing water stress, while the effects of nitrogen on ADM and GY varied with the water conditions. Foliar and grain carbon isotope discrimination decreased with increasing water stress and increasing nitrogen levels. For all water conditions, relationships between carbon isotope discrimination (foliar and grain) and yields (ADM and GY) were significantly positive (P < 0.001) at various growth stages. However, at the same water level, the correlations were complex, and under well-watered conditions, ADM and GY were strongly and negatively correlated with foliar and grain carbon isotope discrimination at all growth stages (P < 0.001). The correlations were inconsistent and not significant at moderate water level, but were positive under drought. Our results showed that water and nitrogen both significantly affected the relationships between yield and carbon isotope discrimination of spring wheat, that there are interactions between these two parameters, and that environmental conditions such as water and fertilizer must thus be considered in future research on the relationship between yield and carbon isotope discrimination of spring wheat.     

不同氮肥管理方式对华北粮田2排放和作物产量的影响分析

通过华北小麦和玉米田已发表文献分析,明确不同施氮量、氮肥基追比及氮素调控措施对土壤N2O排放和作物产量的影响。结果表明：高氮水平下减少氮肥用量并调整基追比有助于减少土壤N2O排放;添加硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）对小麦和玉米产量的提高和土壤N2O的减排效果均较好。兼顾华北粮田N2O减排和作物产量,小麦季推荐合理施氮量167~174 kg·hm-2,基追比1：1,添加DCD,土壤N2O总排放量为0.31 kg·hm-2,籽粒产量6200 kg·hm-2以上;玉米季推荐合理施氮量177~181 kg·hm-2,基追比2：3~1：2,添加DCD,土壤N2O总排放量1.70 kg·hm-2,籽粒产量9000 kg·hm-2以上。     

两种土壤不同施氮水平对稻田系统的氮素利用及环境效应影响

在非完全淹水稻田中,研究了不同施氮水平分次施氮对植株氮吸收、土壤中氮素的积累和渗漏水氮素污染的影响,结果发现:水稻植株氮积累量随施氮水平的增加迅速提高,但施氮超过225kg/hm2后,水稻吸氮基本保持不变;土壤中的氮累积情况表明,小于75kg/hm2的施氮不利于土壤肥力的保持,超过225kg/hm2后土壤氮累积严重;渗漏水平均含氮浓度与施氮水平密切相关,相关系数为0.943。分次施氮的效果表明,植株吸氮高峰集中在拔节期至孕穗期,土壤氮累积在基肥施后迅速增加,渗漏水含氮量的高峰集中在每次施肥后的小段时间内,特别是基肥施后达到其最大值。这说明通常施用占总施氮量50%以上的稻田基肥可能是引起土壤氮累积、流失和地下水污染的重要原因,应宜减少。     

Effects of Enhanced UV-B Radiation on N2O Emission in a Soil-Winter Wheat System

An outdoor pot experiments was conducted to investigate the effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from soil-winter wheat systems. The enhanced UV-B radiation treatments were simulated by 20% increase in its intensity. N₂O fluxes were measured with a static opaque chamber-gas chromatograph method. The results showed that enhanced UV-B radiation did not change the seasonal patterns of N₂O emissions. Compared to the controls, the enhanced UV-B radiation reduced N₂O fluxes by 16.4% (p?=?0.015) during the elongation-booting stage, while it had no significant effects on N₂O fluxes in the turning-green and heading-maturity phases. During the turning green-overall heading span, the accumulative N₂O was largely decreased by the enhanced UV-B radiation (p?<?0.05). From the overall heading to maturity, however, the effects of enhanced UV-B on N₂O emissions were not pronounced (p?>?0.10). At the elongation-booting stage, enhanced UV-B increased soluble proteins content in leaves, NO ₃ ^- -N and NO ₄ ⁺ -N content in rhizosphere soil, and soil microbial biomass C (C _mic) and N (N _mic; p?<?0.05), as well as microbial biomass C:N ratio changing from 5.0 to 6.8. Our findings suggest that the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on N₂O emissions differed with winter wheat developmental stages. To assess the overall effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on N₂O emissions from agroecosystems, nevertheless, more field measurements deserve to be carried out in various cropping systems.     

外源氮输入影响下沼泽化草旬湿地土壤有机碳矿化和N2O排放动态研究

采用室内模拟实验,研究沼泽湿地土壤N2O排放和有机碳矿化对不同外源氮输入浓度的响应特征.整个培养期(23 d)内N2O排放量为2696.85(N0),5362.61(N1),8288.48(N2),7903.84(N3)μg/kg,处理间差异达到极显著水平(p<0.01),随氮输入量增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,表明适当的氮输入促进土壤N2O排放,过量的氮输入则对土壤N2O排放有一定的抑制作用.各氮输入处理有机碳矿化速率在培养期内各阶段都低于对照,各氮输入处理之间差异不显著,表明氮输入降低有机碳矿化速率.氮输人对土壤微生物量碳影响不大,而土壤微生物置氮随氮输入量增大而增大.     

Nitrogen Removal and N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O Emission During Low Carbon Wastewater Treatment Using the Multiple A/O Process

With the organic carbon of acetate (SBR-A) and propionate (SBR-P), the effect of organic carbon sources on nitrogen removal and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission in the multiple anoxic and aerobic process was investigated. The nitrogen removal percentages in SBR-A and SBR-P reactor were both 72%, and the phosphate removal percentages were 97 and 85.4%, respectively. During nitrification, both the NH₄ ⁺-N oxidation rate in the SBR-A and SBR-P had a small change without the influence of the addition of nitrite nitrogen (NO₂ ^?-N). With the addition of 10 mg/L NO₂ ^?-N, the nitrate nitrogen (NO₃ ^?-N) production rate, N₂O accumulation rate and emission factor had increased. At the same time, the N₂O emission factor of SBR-A and SBR-P reactors increased from 2.13 and 0.87% to 4.66 and 2.08%, respectively. During exogenous denitrification, when nitrite was used as electron acceptor, the N₂O emission factors were 34.1 and 8.6 times more than those of NO₃ ^?-N as electron acceptor in SBR-A and SBR-P. During endogenous denitrification with NO₂ ^?-N as electron acceptor, the accumulation rate and emission factor of N₂O were higher than those of NO₃ ^?-N as electron acceptor. High-throughput sequencing test showed that the dominant bacteria were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes in both reactors at the phylum level, while the main denitrification functional bacteria were Thauera sp., Zoogloea sp. and Dechloromonas sp. at the genus level.     

The Maturity and CH4, N2O,NH3 Emissions from Vermicomposting with Agricultural Waste

This study investigated the maturity and gaseous emissions from vermicomposing with agricultural waste. A vermicomposting treatment (inoculated Eisenia fetida) was conducted over a 50-day period, taking tomato stems as the processing object and using cow dung as the nutrient substrate. A thermophilic composting treatment without earthworm inoculation was operated as a control treatment. During the experiment, maturity indexes such as temperature, pH, C/N ratio, and germination index (GI) were determined and continuous measurements of earthworm biomass and CH₄, N₂O, and NH₃ emissions were carried out. The results showed that the temperature during vermicomposting was suitable for earthworm survival, and the earthworm biomass increased from 10.0 to 63.1 kg m^?3. Vermicomposting took less time on average to reach the compost maturity standard (GI 80%), and reached a higher GI (132%) in the compost product compared with the thermophilic composting treatment. Moreover, the decrease of the C/N ratio in vermicompost indicated stabilization of the waste. The activities of earthworms played a positive role in reducing gaseous emissions in vermicompost, resulting in less emissions of NH₃ (12.3% NH₃-N of initial nitrogen) and total greenhouse gases (8.1 kg CO₂-eq/t DM) than those from thermophilic compost (24.9% NH₃-N of initial nitrogen, 22.8 kg CO₂-eq/t DM). Therefore, it can be concluded that vermicomposting can shorten the period required to reach compost maturity, can obtain better maturity compost, and at the same time reduce gaseous emissions. As an added advantage, the earthworms after processing could have commercial uses.     

Nitrous Oxide Emission from Soil with Different Fertilizers,Water Levels and Nitrification Inhibitors

The effects of urea, (NH₄)₂SO₄, KNO₃, and NH₄NO₃ on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission from soil at field capacity and submerged condition were studied during 120 days in the laboratory. Soils in both moisture regimes gave higher emissions in the beginning, which were reduced later. Total emission of N₂O was higher at submergence as compared to field capacity regardless of fertilizer type. At field capacity soil fertilized with ureaemitted the highest amount of N₂O (1903 μg N₂O-N kg^-1 soil) during 120 days while at submerged condition, soil with NH₄NO₃ gave the highest emission (4843 μg N₂O-N kg^-1 soil). In another study, the efficacy of seven nitrification inhibitors in reducing the emission of N₂O-N from soil fertilized with urea was tested in the laboratory. Nitrapyrin, 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methylpyrimidine (AM), and dicyandiamide (DCD) reduced the emission to 12, 24, and 63% that of urea, respectively, whereas sodium thiosulphate, sulphur, acetylene,and thiourea had no effect on emission of N₂O. In submerged conditions none of the inhibitors reduced the emission.     

我国河流N_2O饱和度与释放系数变化及其与河流氮水平的关系研究

通过选择我国3个不同流域的河流,研究了河流N2O饱和度与释放量的时空变化及其与河流氮水平的关系,并评估了IPCC关于河流N2O的释放系数。结果显示,河流硝态氮和氨氮的浓度变化范围分别为0.023～5.24（均值1.29±0.822）mg N.L-1和0.020～40.3（均值2.54±5.47）mg N·L-1;相应地,河流N2O饱和度和释放量的变化范围分别为90%～8213%（均值407%±1010%）及0.250～1960（均值58.3±221）μg N.m-2·h-1。不同河流N2O饱和度均呈现明显的季节变化特征,N2O饱和度几乎持续处于过饱和状态,表明河流N2O是大气N2O的源。不同类型的河流,其氮浓度水平、N2O饱和度与释放量均有显著差异,城市纳污型河流——南淝河,其氨氮浓度、N2O饱和度和释放量显著高于其他河流,均值分别达（12.5±6.10）mg N·L-1、1760%±2620%及（363±548）μg N m-2·h-1。研究发现,除南淝河外,所有径流主导型的河流,其N2O饱和度与NO3-含量存在显著线性正相关关系,说明高NO3-含量的河流能增加N2O的表观产量。除南淝河以外的河流N2O释放系数变化范围为0.05%～0.87%,均值为0.20%,较为接近IPCC的参考值0.25%。但我们的研究建议采用修正后的河流N2O释放系数（均值为0.10%）,该系数更能体现河流释放N2O的实际情况。     

膨松剂对厨余垃圾堆肥CH4、N2O和NH3排放的影响

厨余垃圾有别于混合生活垃圾,具有高有机质含量和高含水率等特点,单独堆肥会产生大量CH4、N2O、NH3和渗滤液,为减少厨余垃圾堆肥过程污染物的排放,该文以居民小区产生的经大类粗分后的厨余垃圾为研究对象,以菌糠为膨松剂,设置15%、25%、35% 3个添加质量比（湿基）的堆肥处理,以纯厨余垃圾单独堆肥为对照处理,研究菌糠作为膨松剂对厨余垃圾堆肥过程中CH4、N2O、NH3和渗滤液排放的影响及其最佳添加比例。结果表明,堆肥过程中,添加菌糠可以完全避免厨余垃圾堆肥过程中渗滤液的产生;堆肥结束时,添加15%和25%菌糠的处理堆肥达到腐熟标准,但添加35%的菌糠使堆肥高温期缩短,不利于有机质分解;与对照处理相比,添加15%、25%和35%比例的菌糠均可以减少堆肥过程中CH4和NH3的累计排放量,且减排量与添加比例正相关,但只有添加15%菌糠的堆肥处理明显降低了N2O的排放量;添加质量比为15%和25%菌糠的堆肥处理,CH4和N2O排放总量比厨余垃圾单独堆肥分别减少45.8%、19.6%,而添加质量比为35%的菌糠使CH4和N2O排放总量为厨余垃圾单独堆肥的1.14倍（每t物料,干基）。综上,菌糠作为食用菌种植废弃物,可用作厨余垃圾堆肥膨松剂,在适宜的添加比例条件下,能够在避免堆肥过程中渗滤液产生的同时,减少CH4、N2O和NH3的排放量。研究结果可为厨余垃圾堆肥过程温室气体减排、氮素损失控制和工艺改进提供理论依据和试验基础。