香蕉叶斑病的药剂防治研究

通过室内筛选和田间试验,得到防治香蕉叶斑病的3种化学药剂组合和1种生物农药组合。复配药剂12.5%腈菌唑乳油+45%咪鲜胺水乳剂、40%氟硅唑乳油+45%咪鲜胺水乳剂和12.5%戊唑醇可湿性粉剂+12.5%腈菌唑乳油2年的田间防效均在71.6%～75.7%,显著高于1%中生菌素水剂+4%枯草芽胞杆菌水剂的防效。     

几种药剂对草莓炭疽病的效果

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了48%波尔多液可湿性粉剂、50%咪鲜胺可湿性粉剂、40%福美锌可湿性粉剂和70%代森联干悬浮剂4种药剂对草莓炭疽病菌的室内毒力。结果表明,4种药剂对菌丝生长的EC50的大小顺序为:50%咪鲜胺40%福美锌70%代森联48%波尔多液,50%咪鲜胺的EC50为6.24 mg/L。并选取毒力较好的50%咪鲜胺可湿性粉剂和40%福美锌可湿性粉剂进行了田间药效测定,48%波尔多液可湿性粉剂作为对照。试验发现:50%咪鲜胺可湿性粉剂在田间的效果最好,其800 mg/L处理在田间2次药后7 d的防效达到了80.26%,与对照药剂48%波尔多液可湿性粉剂间存在显著性差异。     

药剂对稻曲病菌的毒力测定及复配研究

为筛选防治稻曲病的有效单剂和复配组合,采用菌丝生长速率法,测定烯唑醇、腈菌唑、丙环唑、咪鲜胺、苯菌灵、多菌灵、戊唑醇、井冈霉素、松脂酸铜9种杀菌剂及互相复配后对稻曲病菌的毒力,并比较了不同复配组合的协同作用.结果表明:稻曲病菌对烯唑醇最敏感,EC5o为0.145 μg/mL;井冈霉素对稻曲病菌的毒力作用最弱,EC50为13.6 μg/mL.从252种不同比例复配的药剂中,筛选出12种增效配方,其中烯唑醇和咪鲜胺复配(1∶10),协同系数高达3.70,增效作用最大;烯唑醇和咪鲜胺(1∶10)对稻曲病菌的毒力作用最强,EC5o为0.06μg/mL,其次是烯唑醇和咪鲜胺(1∶20)与烯唑醇和腈菌唑(10∶1),EC50分别为0.10μ/mL和0.11μg/mL.田间试验结果也表明:烯唑醇与咪鲜胺(1∶10)复配,对稻曲病的平均防效为79.2％,高于其他常用药剂.     

海藻渣复配微生物菌剂防治黄瓜苗期枯萎病的协同增效作用

海藻渣资源化高效利用对环境保护具有重要意义.通过比较海藻渣与棘孢木霉菌剂、解淀粉芽胞杆菌菌剂单一和复配使用对黄瓜苗期枯萎病的防效和寄主防御反应的影响,明确海藻渣和复合菌剂协同增效作用.结果表明,1％海藻渣+3.0×105 cfu/g棘孢木霉菌剂+2.0×108 cfu/g解淀粉芽胞杆菌菌剂(T1)拌土处理对枯萎病防效达...     

藜麦黑茎病拮抗细菌的筛选及与杀菌剂协同防治作用

为安全高效防治藜麦黑茎病,减少化学药剂施用量,筛选出对藜麦黑茎病菌Ascochyta caulina有良好抑制作用的拮抗细菌,分别采用平板对峙法和菌丝生长速率法测定拮抗细菌及杀菌剂对藜麦黑茎病菌的室内毒力;初步筛选出抑菌效果良好的拮抗菌和杀菌剂,采用稀释涂布平板法测定不同杀菌剂与拮抗细菌的相容性,并采用Horsfall法确定最佳复配比例,以确定的最佳复配比例进行田间防效测定。试验初步筛选出2株对A.caulina具有较好抑菌活性的拮抗细菌LS3和LS10,及室内毒力较高的2种杀菌剂戊唑醇和咪鲜胺。经过生物相容性试验最终选出戊唑醇和拮抗细菌LS3为最佳组合,其中,戊唑醇对A.caulina的EC₅₀为1.78μg/mL,LS3菌株对其EC₅₀为2.37×10⁵ cfu/mL,LS3初步鉴定为芽胞杆菌Bacillus sp.;在各自EC₅₀浓度下戊唑醇和LS3体积比为6∶4复配时对A.caulina抑制率达59.24%,IR值为1.003,具有加和作用,为最佳复配比例。以筛选出的0.5%木质素磺酸钠作为...     

12种杀菌剂防控莴笋菌核病效果研究

为筛选对莴笋菌核病有较好防效的杀菌剂,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了12种杀菌剂对莴笋菌核病病菌的毒力,对其中5种毒力较强的杀菌剂进行了田间防效验证。咪鲜胺、戊唑醇、苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯、抑霉唑、多·福和菌核净对莴笋菌核病病菌的室内毒力较强,EC_(50)分别为0.0136、0.0263、0.2092、0.2880、0.8806、1.1088、1.3635μg/mL;上述5种药剂对莴笋菌核病的田间防效分别为85.89%、82.39%、75.24%、71.81%和64.73%。在生产上,推荐轮换使用咪鲜胺、戊唑醇或苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯3类药剂,可提高对该病的田间防效,并延缓病菌抗药性的产生。     

不同药剂对柑橘炭疽菌的毒力测定及田间防病效果

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了13种杀菌剂单剂及咪鲜胺与苯醚甲环唑复配组合对柑橘炭疽菌的室内毒力,并比较了不同复配组合的协同作用。结果表明,供试药剂对柑橘炭疽菌均具较好的抑制作用,多数杀菌剂EC50均低于1 mg/L,炭疽菌对咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑的敏感性较强,EC50分别为0.079 0、0.150 9 mg/L。将咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑进行复配,质量比为6∶4时抑菌活性最高,EC50为0.056 7 mg/L,增效系数为1.72。田间试验表明,25%咪鲜胺微乳剂和25%苯醚甲环唑微乳剂质量比6∶4复配剂1 000倍液、2 000倍液、3 000倍液均表现出较好的防治效果,施药3次后的防效分别为94.01%、91.45%、87.50%,明显高于其他药剂。     

防治山东省特色小宗作物姜炭疽病试验研究

为了明确450 g/L咪鲜胺水乳剂和25％嘧菌酯悬浮剂防治姜炭疽病的防治效果和安全性,本研究采用菌丝生长速率法、喷雾法分别测定了2种药剂对姜炭疽病菌的室内活性、田间防效以及对姜的安全性.室内活性试验结果表明,咪鲜胺和嘧菌酯对姜炭疽病均具有较高活性,EC50值(120h)分别为0.076mg/L和1.59mg/L.安全性...     

叶菌唑与4种杀菌剂复配对小麦赤霉病的毒力及防效

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了叶菌唑分别与咪鲜胺、戊唑醇、丙硫菌唑和氟啶胺的几种不同配比复配剂对禾谷镰孢菌的室内联合毒力,并通过田间试验评价复配剂对小麦赤霉病的防效。结果表明,叶菌唑、咪鲜胺、戊唑醇、丙硫菌唑和氟啶胺对禾谷镰孢菌的有效抑制中浓度(EC_(50))分别为0.016 3～0.038 3、0.014 7、0.280 7、0.094 5、0.230 0μg/mL,复配剂叶菌唑∶咪鲜胺1∶2和叶菌唑∶戊唑醇1∶1具有增效作用,SR值分别为1.540 5和1.515 3。按此比例制备了30%叶菌唑·咪鲜胺水乳剂和20%叶菌唑·戊唑醇悬浮剂用以进行田间防效试验,结果显示,这2个复配剂的田间防效均与用量呈正相关性,且一次防效均在65%以上,并且对小麦安全,这一结果表明叶菌唑与咪鲜胺、戊唑醇这2种不同作用机制的杀菌剂可以复配使用,大大延缓了小麦赤霉病菌抗药性的进一步加剧,为赤霉病的综合防控和抗药性治理提供依据,具有良好的市场开发前景。     

贝莱斯芽胞杆菌SDTB038与化学药剂协同防治草莓枯萎病的研究

草莓枯萎病是设施草莓连作种植中的重大病害,本试验通过对前期筛选到的生防菌株进行形态学观察、生理生化指标和分子生物学检测,将筛选的菌株SDTB038鉴定为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了8种化学杀菌剂对草莓枯萎病菌的毒力,其中多菌灵、苯醚甲环唑和肟菌酯室内毒力较高。菌株SDTB038与化学杀菌剂协同防治的盆栽试验表明,药后21 d,单施10⁸ cfu/mL SDTB038发酵液对草莓枯萎病的防治效果为50.66%,对该病害具有明显的防控作用。10⁸ cfu/mL SDTB038发酵液分别与29 mg/L肟菌酯和20 mg/L苯醚甲环唑混用,对草莓枯萎病的防治效果分别达62.56%和74.01%,两组混用组合的协同作用显著。试验结果表明,10⁸ cfu/mL SDTB038发酵液能够减少化学药剂的用量,提高防治效果,推广应用价值大。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Transgene herbizidresistente Kulturen

Zusammenfassung Herbizidresistente Kulturpflanzen nehmen unter den derzeit weltweit angebauten gentechnisch veränderten Ackerbaukulturen Sojabohne, Baumwolle, Raps und Mais den weit überwiegenden Anteil ein. Als Ursachen für die rasche Zunahme der Anbauflächen herbizidresistenter Sorten sind unter anderem die Unzulänglichkeiten der für diese Kulturen bestehenden Herbizidlösungen sowie die Zunahme der pfluglosen Bestellverfahren zu sehen. Im Gegenzug hat die Minimalbodenbearbeitung aufgrund der Einführung der Herbizidresistenztechnologie, insbesondere in Sojabohne, ein ausgeprägtes Flächenwachstum erfahren.Als Entscheidungskriterien für die Wahl des Unkrautbekämpfungssystems unter Einbezug des Anbaus herbizidresistenter oder konventioneller Sorten lassen sich aus den Erfahrungen der vergangenen 8 Jahre anführen: Sortenleistung, erhöhte Kulturverträglichkeit und zeitliche Anwendungsflexibilität, Wirkungssicherheit einer Nachauflaufbehandlung in Trockenregionen, Wirkungsbreite, Wirkungsdauer und Bekämpfung resistenter Unkrautbiotypen. Aufgrund fehlender Zulassungen und Kennzeichnungsvorschriften in wichtigen Exportmärkten sind für den Anbau transgener Sorten in Übersee auch Vermarktungseinschränkungen sowie für den Anbau in Europa Haftungs- und Koexistenzregeln wichtige einzelbetriebliche Entscheidungsparameter.Fortschritte erfährt die Herbizidresistenztechnologie kurz- und mittelfristig in der Weiterentwicklung bereits praktizierter Spritzfolgen und Tankmischungen zu Fertigformulierungen der Komplementärherbizide mit residualen Partnern. Zur Bekämpfung und Vorbeugung der Ausbreitung neuer herbizidresistenter Biotypen werden die Komplementärherbizide mit Partnern anderer Wirkungsmechanismen kombiniert. Weitere Entwicklungen sind die Kombination verschiedener transgener Merkmale mit der Herbizidresistenz sowie die Ausweitung von den derzeit dominierenden Kulturen auf weltweit weniger bedeutsame Kulturen, in denen die Entwicklung neuer konventioneller Herbizidwirkstoffe bisher wenig erfolgreich war oder im Verhältnis zum Aufwand nur bedingt attraktiv ist. Für die langfristige Entwicklung könnte die Plastidentransformation zur Verhinderung einer unerwünschten Ausbreitung transgener Merkmale Bedeutung erlangen.     

Pathogenic fungi involved in root rot of peas in the Netherlands and their physiological specialization

Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.     

Surveys of cereal diseases and pests in the Netherlands. 3. Monographella nivalis and Fusarium spp. in winter wheat fields and seed lots

Data from surveys of winter wheat fields in the period 1974–1986 and of seed lots in the period 1962–1986 and identifications of diseases on plant samples were compiled to describe the occurrence of snow mould (Monographella nivalis) andFusarium spp. On average,M. nivalis dominated overFusarium spp. The complex ofFusarium spp. constituted mainly ofF. culmorum, followed byF. avenaceum andF. graminearum. M. nivalis was dominant in May on stem-bases and in July on leaves and leaf sheaths. On seedsM. nivalis predominated only in years with low temperatures in July and August.Average brown footrot infection in the field was 4% tillers in May and 5% culms in July. Brown footrot intensity in July was high in cropping seasons with high precipitation in October and with low temperatures in October, November and December. In July during the early eighties, an average of 8% of leaves and 6% of flag leaf sheaths were infected byM. nivalis. Average ear blight incidence was 1.2% glumes infected. Seed contamination by these pathogens averaged 16% in the years 1962–1986. The contamination was high in years with high precipitation in June, July and August. Aspects of cv. resistance and yield loss are illustrated.