施用腐植酸和生物肥对草莓品质、产量及土壤农化性状的影响

通过温室试验探索了追施腐植酸肥料及生物肥对草莓产量、品质及土壤农化性状的影响。试验在满足草莓正常生长所需肥力的基础上追施腐植酸和生物肥,试验设置4个处理,分别为:对照(常规施肥处理)、追施腐植酸肥、追施生物肥、追施腐植酸+生物肥,重复3次,随机排列。研究结果表明:施用生物肥、腐植酸、腐植酸+生物肥能够显著改善草莓长势,盛果期单果重分别提高了8.85%、14.12%和16.23%;显著降低草莓白粉病、灰霉病、烂果病的发生率,进而提高草莓产量,3个施肥处理产量较对照分别提高了7.70%、10.80%和14.70%;施用腐植酸和生物肥能显著提高草莓蛋白质含量、草莓Vc含量及可溶性糖的含量,降低草莓游离酸含量,进而提高了糖酸比,改善口感;施用腐植酸和生物肥能显著改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤有机质含量,3个施肥处理土壤有机质含量分别比对照高0.13、1.51 g·kg-1和1.69 g·kg-1。综上得出,施用腐植酸和生物肥对草莓生长具有积极影响,且2种肥料配合施用效果最佳。     

沼液浓缩配方肥在小白菜生产中的应用研究

为探明沼液浓缩液的农用效果,探讨沼液浓缩配方肥对小白菜产量、养分累积、品质指标的影响。结果表明,沼液浓缩配方肥对于小白菜具有增产提质效果,该结果对于沼液的农用推广具有一定实际意义。     

新型肥料对棉花产量及土壤物化性质的影响

为了探究PPMn型水溶肥混合棉粕腐植酸肥施用对棉田土壤和棉花产量的影响,通过红外光谱和扫描电镜分析两种新型水溶肥的官能团特征和外观特征,并利用田间小区试验研究了两种新型水溶肥对棉田土壤物理性质及团聚体、棉花产量和肥料利用率的影响。结果表明:施用棉粕腐植酸肥(H)、PPMn型水溶肥(P)和两种新型水溶肥混合(HP)对改善土壤物化结构和提升棉花产量均优于常规水溶肥(S)和不施肥(CK),其中HP处理效果最好。HP处理使土壤容重降低8.15%,土壤孔隙度增加7.49%,有效降低了0.25mm土壤团聚体所占比例,显著提升氮磷钾的农学利用效率,棉花产量相对于其他处理增加7.5%~41.0%。     

有机废液对镉污染土壤上白菜生长和镉积累影响

为探究有机废液在镉污染土壤施用对作物生长和环境健康风险的影响，该研究针对豌豆发酵液、玉米浆浓缩液、鸡粪浓缩沼液、糖蜜液和氨基酸母液5种价格低廉且在农业中应用广泛的有机废液，通过盆栽试验分析了施用2 ml/kg的5种有机废液对白菜生长与镉吸收的影响，并从白菜光合作用及抗氧化酶活性等角度进行了效果对比研究。结果表明，除氨基酸母液处理外，豌豆发酵液、玉米浆浓缩液、鸡粪浓缩沼液、糖蜜液处理较对照均可显著增加镉胁迫下白菜叶片净光合速率（P<0.05），促进白菜生长，其中施用玉米浆浓缩液分别使白菜地上部和地下部干质量提高了21.66%和68.75%。与对照相比，施用玉米浆浓缩液使白菜地上部的镉浓度降低了22.06%，并显著提高了白菜超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性（P<0.05），糖蜜液和氨基酸母液处理没有降低白菜镉浓度。施用玉米浆浓缩液、鸡粪浓缩沼液、糖蜜液和氨基酸母液均可显著降低白菜丙二醛含量（P<0.05），提高土壤有效态镉含量。综上，5种有机废液对镉污染条件下白菜生长和镉吸收转运的影响不同，玉米浆浓缩液促进白菜生长并减少镉积累效果最好，氨基酸母液效果最差。     

腐植酸水溶肥部分替代化学氮肥对土壤-水稻体系镉迁移富集的影响

为探明腐植酸水溶肥部分替代化学氮肥对调控镉(Cd)在土壤-水稻体系吸收转运效果,采用盆栽试验方法,设置不施氮肥(CK)、化学氮肥(CF)、替代20%化肥氮(HF1)、替代45%化肥氮(HF2)及替代70%化肥氮(HF3)5个处理,探究腐植酸水溶肥部分替代化学氮肥对Cd高污染酸性稻田土壤有效态Cd含量及水稻各部位Cd吸收、转运和积累的影响。结果表明:施氮和腐植酸水溶肥替代氮肥处理均不同程度降低土壤pH、增加土壤有效态Cd含量,土壤有效态Cd含量随腐植酸水溶肥替代比例增加而升高,但差异不显著;施氮和腐植酸水溶肥替代氮肥处理促进水稻植株各部位对Cd的吸收富集,显著影响器官间Cd的转运。与CF处理相比,HF2和HF3处理分别显著提高Cd转运系数TF叶片/茎秆90.00%和190.00%,分别提高叶片Cd富集系数100.00%和233.33%,分别降低转运系数TF糙米/穗轴35.06%和41.56%,抑制了Cd向稻米迁移分配;施氮能有效促进干物质形成,与CF处理相比,HF2处理显著提高糙米和地上部干物质重,分别达26.82%和23.03%,有利于稻米干物质重形成。本试验条件下,腐植酸水溶肥适宜替代氮肥45%～70%能提高水稻干物质重,有效降低Cd向稻米迁移富集。     

含氨基酸水溶肥料在设施辣椒和豇豆上的田间效应研究

以辣椒和豇豆为供试材料,研究在辣椒和豇豆根部灌施含氨基酸水溶肥料对其植株生长、果实品质、产量、土壤中微生物数量以及土壤酶活力的影响。试验结果表明:与对照灌施等养分化学肥料相比,灌施含氨基酸水溶肥料显著提高了辣椒和豇豆植株的株高,促进了作物的生长;产量上,第一季辣椒和豇豆增产幅度分别达到8.6%和14.7%,第二季的增产幅度分别为7.0%和11.7%。相比于氨基酸水溶肥,灌施含有甲壳素的氨基酸水溶肥对辣椒和豇豆生长有一定的促进作用;品质上,灌施含氨基酸水溶肥料能有效降低辣椒的硝酸盐含量,提高其Vc含量,同时提高了豇豆的可溶性糖含量和Vc含量,整体上改善了辣椒和豇豆的品质;而从微生物数量上看,灌施含氨基酸水溶肥料显著增加了辣椒和豇豆生长土壤中细菌和放线菌的数量,降低了真菌数量,减轻了由于连作带来的真菌化现象;从辣椒和豇豆土壤中的酶活看,与化肥对照相比,两种作物土壤中脲酶和蔗糖酶的活性均有所提高,说明灌溉含氨基酸水溶肥料能有效提高豇豆和辣椒土壤中酶的活性。而相比于单独灌施含氨基酸水溶肥料,从产量上看,灌施含有甲壳素的氨基酸水溶肥的第一季辣椒和豇豆的增产幅度分别达到1.5%和1.1%,第二季分别达到2.1%和4.1%,表明氨基酸水溶肥中的甲壳素,有增强含氨基酸水溶肥料增产效果的趋势。     

施用高浓度Cu、Zn沼液盆栽对土壤理化性状及重金属含量的影响

以潮土、红壤为供试土壤,以玉米、小白菜和紫花苜蓿为供试作物,采用盆栽试验的方法,研究了高浓度的Cu、Zn猪场沼液施用30天后(盆栽开始30天)对几种土壤理化性质和不同形态重金属含量的影响。结果表明,与不施用沼液的对照相比,施用高浓度Cu、Zn猪场沼液使潮土p H下降、红壤pH显著升高,土壤p H值的这一变化在3种供试作物上表现相同;土壤脲酶、磷酸酶活性显著提高,而过氧化氢酶活性变化因土壤类型而异;土壤交换态和铁锰态Cu、Zn含量显著提高,且在红壤上的提高幅度显著大于潮土。研究认为,高浓度Cu、Zn猪场沼液施用于农田在改善土壤肥力性状的同时,也会使土壤重金属Cu、Zn含量特别是有效态含量增加,导致潜在环境风险增大。     

含腐植酸水溶肥对芥菜生长的影响探究

为了解含腐植酸水溶肥对芥菜生长的影响,采用对比试验,研究了含腐植酸水溶肥对芥菜经济性状及产量的影响。结果表明,施用含腐植酸水溶肥改善了芥菜的株高、叶片数、单株重等经济性状,增产效果显著。     

腐植酸肥与菌肥配施对果园土壤性质及葡萄产量、品质的影响

旨在探讨不同腐植酸肥和菌肥配施对"克瑞森"葡萄产量和品质的影响,为葡萄园的科学合理施肥提供可靠的依据。研究了两种不同腐植酸肥和菌肥在5种梯度配比下对葡萄产量和品质及果园土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:1)不同腐植酸肥和复合微生物菌剂配施提高了土壤有机质含量,降低了土壤p H值,增加了土壤中有效养分含量;2)腐植酸肥处理"克瑞森"葡萄果实糖酸比较对照高,果面色泽鲜红,且糖酸比越大,果面色泽越暗且红色越深;3)施用腐植酸肥和菌肥处理葡萄单果重普遍偏高,产量也较高;尤其T5处理,从单粒重、穗重、产量上来看都明显高于其他处理,且果实含糖量能达到23.2%,糖酸比26.4∶1,与其他处理之间差异显著。综合上述结果,采用腐植酸肥和复合微生物菌剂混合处理可得到较高的产量和良好的果实品质,可考虑大范围推广。     

不同施肥处理对盆栽八仙花生长及土壤肥力的影响

为解决当前在八仙花规模化生产中施肥盲目的问题,探究适宜八仙花生长发育的优质肥料种类。试验以八仙花‘花手鞠’品种为供试材料,设置6个施肥处理,分别为：CK（不施肥）、T1（水溶肥）、T2（有机肥）、T3（有机肥+水溶肥）、T4（控释肥）、T5（控释肥+水溶肥）,分析比较不同施肥处理对八仙花生长、生理特性及叶片矿质元素含量、土壤理化性质和酶活性的影响。结果表明：(1)与CK相比,各施肥组除胞间CO2浓度及土壤pH和电导率外,其它生长、生理、光合特性、土壤理化性质及酶活性均呈增加趋势;(2)与其它各施肥处理相比,T5处理植株的株高、冠幅、叶宽、茎粗,叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、可溶性蛋白含量以及全氮、全磷含量,蒸腾速率、气孔导度及净光合速率,土壤的电导率,碱解氮和有效磷含量及脲酶和蔗糖酶活性均最高;(3)与单一施用有机肥相比,有机肥和水溶肥混合施用,八仙花的株高、冠幅、枝长、叶宽分别显著升高了24.8%、19.9%、26.2%、24.7%,叶片的可溶性糖及全氮含量分别显著升高了64.8%、25.3%,土壤养分含量及脲酶活性也有所上升但未达显著水平。综合分析结果可得：单一或混合施入水溶肥、有机肥、...     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.