薄膜样品的制作与均匀度测定

液滴法[1]是制作薄膜样品的最简单方法,本文介绍了使用该方法制作薄膜样品的具体步骤.由于样品在自然蒸发过程中具有结晶效应,使得最终形成的样品极不均匀.如果使用这种样品刻度系统的灵敏度曲线,样品的不均匀性会引起严重的实验误差.利用使用X光会聚透镜的XRF系统[2]形成的小束斑,可对样品的均匀度进行分析.另外文中给出了在使用此种样品刻度系统灵敏度曲线时,消除样品不均匀性引起误差的方法.     

ICP-OES法测定两种肋柱花21种矿质元素

【目的】用ICP-OES方法测定肋柱花的矿质元素,分析比较两种肋柱花中矿质元素含量差异,为肋柱花资源的深入开发提供科学依据.【方法】采用硝酸-微波消解样品,结合电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法对大花肋柱花和肋柱花中21种矿质元素进行测定.【结果】大花肋柱花中检出21种矿质元素,肋柱花中检出18种矿质元素,Se、Mo、Cd未检出.此外,两者均具有较高的Ca、Mg、Fe元素含量,Co在两种肋柱花的含量差异最大,Tl相差最小.线性相关系数r在0.999 0~1.000 0之间,检出限低于0.0040mg/kg,加标回收率在88%~106%之间,RSD在0.20%~4.31%.【结论】ICP-OES法线性关系良好,检出限低,灵敏度高,可适用于两种肋柱花矿质元素的测定;两种肋柱花的矿物质含量存在差异.     

测量X光透镜扭曲度实验方法的建立

扭曲度的大小是反映透镜质量的重要参数。通过测定不同透镜的峰位分布曲线和选用不同的光阑测定不同透镜的扭曲度,得知光阑越接近X光透镜的边缘,衍射光的峰位变化越大;选用光阑越大则测得的扭曲度越大。扫描速度定为0.125°／min重复性很好,建立了测量X光透镜扭曲度的实验方法。     

吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组混积岩元素特征及水平井导向控制点技术

吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组混积岩为陆源碎屑与碳酸盐岩混积而成的细粒岩储层,矿物岩石类型复杂多样,岩性识别难度极大,严重制约了水平井开发过程中Ⅰ类"甜点"的钻遇率.以X射线荧光(XRF)分析方法为主,X射线衍射(XRD)方法、岩石薄片、岩心及测录井资料为辅,在综合分析矿物岩石类型及质量分数、元素质量分数的基础上,利用代表碳酸盐岩的Mg元素与代表陆源碎屑的K元素交会建立的岩性解释模型,较好地区分出研究区的6类主要岩性(长石岩屑砂岩、粉细砂岩、云质砂岩、砂质云岩、泥晶白云岩、泥岩);梳理了水平井导向控制点的元素特征,并以实例阐述了钻井过程中井轨迹的元素变化规律,为水平井轨迹导向提供了重要依据.该研究成果不仅对混积岩岩石学具有重要的理论意义,而且对页岩油的开发具有十分重要的实践意义.     

多元素同时分析技术在沉积物重金属分析中的应用研究进展

近年来,沉积物中重金属的含量分布已作为评价水体环境的重要指标,探索建立沉积物重金属多元素同时分析的先进技术迫在眉睫。针对电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)、电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)和X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)具有同时测定多种重金属元素、检出限低、分析结果准确等优点,结合国内外关于沉积物的相关标准方法以及ICP-OES/XRF/ICP-MS在沉积物重金属分析中取得的研究成果,指出我国应尽快完善河流湖泊沉积物中重金属分析方法体系,以适用于我国环境监测不同层次和不同领域的需求。     

石油焦中晶体化合物粉末X射线衍射定性分析

采用粉末X射线衍射(PXRD)定性分析了2个石油焦样品中晶体化合物,采用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)定量分析2个石油焦样品中元素及PXRD定性分析2个石油焦样品灼烧灰分中晶体化合物。研究结果显示,2个样品均为焦炭,1个样品含Fe7S8。并应用Scherrer法测定了其中1个石油焦样品所含的Fe7S8晶体晶粒尺寸。     

X射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）在茶园土壤中总砷含量检测适用性的研究---以昌宁县为例

为满足野外勘测土壤重金属含量的快速性,X射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）得到了广泛使用。本文采用XRF对昌宁县松山村茶园土壤pH、土壤质量、总砷含量进行测定,结合实验室原子荧光光谱法测定结果,比较XRF快递测定土壤重金属的准确性和可靠性,对野外勘测中使用XRF快速检测土壤重金属提供理论参考依据。结果表明：在pH＞5.0时,XRF现场检测数据与实验室检测数据相关系数最高;在砂质土的土壤质地下,XRF现场检测数据与实验室检测数据相关系数最高;在茶园土壤中总砷含量10-40mg/kg的影响下,XRF现场检测数据与实验室检测数据相关系数最高。此外,XRF现场检测数据的平均值与标准偏差均比实验室检测数据高,其最低值和最高值也比实验室检测数据高,测定结果具有可比性。XRF法测定土壤比实验室原子荧光光谱法方便、快捷、操作简单,可以同时测定多种性质,可以在野外勘测中进行使用。     

桁拖网不同网目结构网囊对主要鱼类的选择性研究

为评价东海近海桁拖网渔具对主要鱼类的尺寸选择性,使用对比作业法,在吕四渔场开展了4个航次的、不同网目结构网囊(菱形、方形及横向使用的菱形网目)的选择性试验.在选择性分析中,将几何相似原理运用于选择性曲线模型(Richards曲线),使用假设检验理论对选择性曲线模型进行简化.对不同主要鱼类渔获数据的拟合结果显示,模型具有良好的拟合性,但存在航次间差异;模型简化结果显示,选择性曲线可以简化为Logistic曲线.选择性分析结果显示,对于短吻舌鳎,横向使用的菱形网目网囊L50(50%选择体长)最大,而SR(选择范围)最小,菱形网目网囊L50最小,而SR最大;对于棘头梅童鱼和小黄鱼,菱形网目网囊的L50最小,SR最大,横向使用的菱形网目网囊L50最大,而方形网目网囊SR最小;除不同结构的网目扩张程度不同以外,鱼体体型结构的特殊性以及网囊结构也可能是导致选择性差异的主要原因.     

桁拖网不同网目结构网囊对主要鱼类的选择性研究

为评价东海近海桁拖网渔具对主要鱼类的尺寸选择性,使用对比作业法,在吕四渔场开展了4个航次的、不同网目结构网囊(菱形、方形及横向使用的菱形网目)的选择性试验.在选择性分析中,将几何相似原理运用于选择性曲线模型(Richards曲线),使用假设检验理论对选择性曲线模型进行简化.对不同主要鱼类渔获数据的拟合结果显示,模型具有良好的拟合性,但存在航次间差异;模型简化结果显示,选择性曲线可以简化为Logistic曲线.选择性分析结果显示,对于短吻舌鳎,横向使用的菱形网目网囊L50(50%选择体长)最大,而SR(选择范围)最小,菱形网目网囊L50最小,而SR最大;对于棘头梅童鱼和小黄鱼,菱形网目网囊的L50最小,SR最大,横向使用的菱形网目网囊L50最大,而方形网目网囊SR最小;除不同结构的网目扩张程度不同以外,鱼体体型结构的特殊性以及网囊结构也可能是导致选择性差异的主要原因.     

一种估计Logistic模型参数的方法及应用实例

分析了Logistic函数的解析性质,得到了曲线上三个关键点和三个不同的增长阶段,利用差分和最小二乘法,给出了Logistic模型的一种便于使用的参数估计方法.并通过实例,建立Logistic模型对我国城镇居民家庭平均每百户彩色电视机拥有量的增长变化趋势进行了分析和预测.     

一种精确测定X光透镜发散度的实验方法

为了建立精确测定X光透镜发散度的实验方法,提出了有效X光源的概念,这样可以得到X光束发散度的准确值．推导出了X光束发散度的理论计算公式．零点扫描实验方法证明了理论公式的正确性．晶体转动实验方法测量了X光束的发散度,与理论值符合得很好,晶体转动实验方法建立．晶体转动实验方法应用到对X光透镜发散度的测定可以消除分析晶体不完整性的影响,精确性很高．     

Scanning electron microscopes: is high resolution possible?

Experiments with this scanning microscope have produced extremely encouraging results so that we feel Confident in predicting high resolution and high contrast after some obvious modifications are made in the system, such as providing a good objective lens. Experience with conventional lenses indicates that the instrument behaves in a predictable manner and there is no reason to doubt that the resolution can be as good as that of a conventional microscope. The use of quadrupole lenses will depend on calculations now being performed. There is cause for optimism; high resolution may also be possible with this kind of lens. Experience with field emission shows that the technology is not difficult and that there is more than enough current available for any conceivable use. Energy-loss measurements have been made on a variety of materials. It is attractive to consider the possibility of chemical analysis of selected areas of a specimen. We believe that a very crude form of analysis may indeed be possible. The principal advantage of the use of energy-loss techniques, however, may be in the availability of another contrast mechanism. The ability to "see" small details may be considerably enhanced. Finally, we are experimenting with the possibility of using transmitted electrons of different energy losses to produce different colors on a color television display. This should add an extra element to the picture contrast which may be of some value.     

迈克耳逊干涉实验的设计新思路

通过薄透镜测焦距的实验装置组装一台迈克耳逊干涉仪,能将几何光学实验顺利过渡到波动光学实验,该方法对充分合理开发实验室资源,深刻理解物理概念和不同实验装置的设计思路很有益处。     

Automatic X-ray quarantine scanner and pest infestation detector for agricultural products

This paper presents a new automatic and effective quarantine system for detecting pest infestation sites in agricultural products, e.g. fruits. This work integrated mechanical design, mechatronics instrumentation, X-ray and charge-coupled device (CCD) image acquisition devices, LabVIEW-based analysis and control software, and image diagnosis algorithms into the automatic X-ray quarantine scanner system. Based on the LabVIEW development platform, a friendly graphical user interface (GUI) was designed for assisting the operations of quarantine scanner system. To enhance the accuracy and efficiency of pest quarantine process, a control scheme for performing start-up procedure of the system, parameter setting and calibration of the X-ray source and line-scan sensor, and automatic inspection for pest were developed. A novel pest infestation detector consisted of image processing algorithms were also proposed to aid the operator in identifying possibly infested fruits. The image processing procedures include contrast enhancement, median filtering, mathematical morphology operators, and adaptive thresholding by statistical z-test for identifying the infested sites of fruit on an X-ray image. Experimental results show that the X-ray quarantine scanner and pest infestation detector are able to locate the infested sites with highly successful rate up to 94% on the 4th day after eggs implanted. Furthermore, both intact and egg-implanted fruits were used to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and precision of the proposed system. The evaluation results are respectively 96.8%, 98.6%, 97.7%, and 98.7%, which are significantly better than traditional visual inspection.     

基于数码显微目镜传递系统的皮肤科远程会诊系统设计与实现

本研究采用普通光镜加装数码显微目镜系统后,使其具有数码功能,再由计算机接收、存储、显示和分析显微图像,装配成医学显微图像数字化系统,实现了对皮肤科实验室中性传播疾病病原体的检测、真菌的鉴定和皮肤病理显微图像的数字化处理,并借助网络平台进行远程实时传递实施皮肤科实验室病原微生物检查项目和病理片的远程会诊,使用方便、效果理想、价格低廉、便于推广。     

Vision in annelid worms

In a first electrophysiological study of worm vision, electroretinograms were measured in two alciopid worms: Torrea, taken at the surface, and deep-sea Vanadis. Both forms possess a primary retina in the focal plane of the lens, and accessory retinas lying beside the lens. Such accessory retinas occur also in deep sea fishes and cephalopods. In Torrea the primary retina peaks in sensitivity at 400 nanometers, the secondary retina at 560 nanometers. Both together could serve as a depth guage, since 560 nanometers attenuates much faster in seawater than 400 nanometers. The Vanadis eyes peaked in sensitivity at 460 to 480 nanometers, a property shared with deep-sea forms of other phyla; and appropriate, since these wavelengths penetrate seawater most deeply, and also are the wavelengths of maximum bioluminescence.     

苜蓿皂苷对X射线照射小鼠造血系统的影响

为研究苜蓿皂苷(Alfalfa saponin)对X射线照射小鼠造血系统的影响,选取雄性SPF级昆明系小鼠90只,随机分为对照组和试验组,研究25、50和100mg/ml的苜蓿皂苷对X射线照射强度为4.0Gy小鼠造血系统的影响和不同剂量X射线对添加25mg/ml的小鼠造血系统的影响。结果表明:1)预防性给予25mg/mL苜蓿皂苷,可显著减轻4.0Gy的X射线对小鼠外周血白细胞(White blood cells,WBC)、红细胞(Red blood cells,RBC)和血小板(Platelets,PLT)数量的降低程度(P0.05),增加照射小鼠的骨髓有核细胞(Bone marrow nucleated cells,BMC)数(P0.05),显著降低微核率(P0.05)。2)预防性给予25mg/mL的苜蓿皂苷,相同照射剂量的试验组小鼠白细胞、红细胞、血小板和骨髓有核细胞数显著高于对照组(P0.05),微核率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。3)随照射强度增加,25mg/ml的苜蓿皂苷保护小鼠受辐射损伤的能力下降。综上,苜蓿皂苷可缓解X射线对小鼠造血系统和染色体的损伤,苜蓿皂苷浓度与射线强度存在量效关系,需要根据不同的照射强度添加不同浓度的苜蓿皂苷。     

Capillary tube scanning applied to cell growth kinetics

We have developed an optical scanning instrument which may become a valuable aid in a variety of cell studies. Cell multiplication can be readily monitored with the instrument. By varying the chemical environment in which the cells are tested, questions of research and clinical interest may be quickly and conveniently answered. It appears possible to investigate the chemotherapeutic value of experimental agents, and to scan the sensitivity of a given population of neoplastic cells to a variety of chemotherapeutic agents at several concentrations. The optical scanning system may also be used to investigate certain metabolic pathways of cells in tissue culture, to determine drug resistance, and to assess the effects of medium composition on cell growth. Our studies of BrdU resistance in mouse lymphoma cells were done primarily to demonstrate the potential of this optical scanning method, and we do not intend to continue the cytokinetic studies at present. We trust that others will be stimulated to investigate further applications of this instrumental approach to problems in cell biology.     

X射线照相对平面缺陷检测能力的研究

In this paper,the telation between sensitivity and defect is discussed for detecting plane defects using the X-ray photograph. We propose the concept of the critical width.The critical width for the middle and thin plates is O.O1mm.