分子生物学技术在菌根真菌研究中的应用

随着生物技术的迅速发展，以DNA分析技术为基础的分子生物学技术在菌根真菌研究中得到了广泛应用。故此对菌根真菌的研究中所采用的DNA分析技术和同工酶分析等技术作了介绍，并综述了其在菌根真菌分类鉴定、多态性及亲缘关系和菌种持续性等方面研究中的应用成果，还探讨了分子生物学技术在菌根真菌研究中的应用前景。     

分子生物学技术在观赏植物上的应用

观赏植物在改善人居环境中发挥着重要作用,培育具有高观赏价值的新奇植物品种是观赏植物育种的主要方向。分子生物学技术为观赏植物的基础研究和种质创新带来了全新的思路和途径,文中重点介绍了国内外分子标记、基因克隆、基因工程等分子生物学技术在观赏植物上的应用研究进展。     

DNA技术在木材来源鉴定中的应用

DNA技术在木材树种鉴别和产地鉴定方面有较高的准确性,可用于提高木材合法性检验的可信度和木制品产销链跟踪,具有国际通用性和可行性.然而由于DNA技术特点和木材特性,其实际应用尚有一定难度.未来还需加大投资和研发力度,尽快建立公共数据库,发挥其在合法木材贸易中的重要作用.     

森林微生物DNA分析技术及其应用

随着生物技术的飞速发展,以DNA分析技术为基础的现代分子生物学技术得到了广泛应用。作为林业科学一门重要学科,森林微生物学在应用分子生物技术上明显滞后于其它科学,严重影响了学科的发展。在森林微生物分类学、微生物群落生态学、病原微生物防治、共生微生物功能利用等方面,分子生物学技术具有广泛的应用前景。文章在综合国内外有关研究的基础上,结合教学实践,对森林微生物DNA提取、纯化、分析及DNA杂交技术进行介绍,并探讨了DNA分析技术在森林微生物研究中的应用前景。     

基于核糖体DNA ITS序列和叶绿体DNA trnL-F序列的青篱竹属Arundinaria及近缘属系统发育关系的初步研究(英文)

在青篱竹属Arundinaria 系统分类中由于对该属的形态分类标准取舍不一,至今仍存在着严重的意见分歧。本文采用PCR 扩增产物直接测序的方法分析青篱竹属Arundinaria 及近缘属(如苦竹属Pleioblastus、矢竹属Pseudosasa、少穗竹属Oligostachyum、巴山木竹属Bashania、肿节竹属Clavinodum 等)有关争议属的代表种或模式种(毛竹为外类群)等18 种竹种的核糖体DNA ITS 区段序列和叶绿体DNA trnL-F 序列。分别对ITS 序列、trnL-F 序列和ITS 与trnL-F 的组合序列进行系统发育分析。结果表明,和trnL-F 区段序列相比,核糖体DNA ITS 区段序列有较高的系统发育信息位点。通过最简约分析产生的ITS 树、trnL-F 树和ITS 与trnL-F 的组合序列树表明,所得树形基本相似。供试竹种(斑苦竹A. oleosa、仙居苦竹A. hsienchuensis、茶秆竹A. amabilis、长叶苦竹A. chino、苦竹A. amara、宜兴苦竹A. yixingensis、菲白竹A. fortunei、翠竹A. pygmaea、大明竹A. gramineus、巴山木竹A. fargesii、冷箭竹A. faberi、凤竹A. hupehense、鼓节矢竹P. japonica cv. Tsutsumiana、矢竹P. japonica、短穗竹B. densiflorum、肿节竹A. oedogonata、少穗竹A. sulcata)形成一个单系类群,且分为2 个不同的分支。图3 表2 参11。     

刺槐高质量基因组DNA提取方法的研究

高效、稳定的基因组DNA提取是进行分子标记辅助育种研究的关键技术环节之一。以刺槐叶片为材料,将传统的CTAB法进行优化改良,结合组织研磨棒液氮研磨建立刺槐基因组DNA的提取方法。将提取获得的基因组DNA进行SSR分子标记技术研究,获得的条带清晰、稳定．表明提取获得的基因组DNA能很好的满足SSR分子标记的需要。为刺槐遗...     

外源DNA导入木豆及其在育种上的应用

外源ＤＮＡ导入木豆及其在育种上的应用＊易鹏侯开卫周家齐马显达张建云王芳关键词木豆、外源ＤＮＡ导入、育种木豆（Ｃａｊａｎｕｓｃａｊａｎ（Ｌ．）Ｍｉｌｓｐ．）系南亚热带分布较广的具有较高经济价值的木本植物。国外对这一树种有专门的研究所进行综合性研究。国内...     

分子生物学技术在森林病虫害研究中的应用

介绍了分子生物学技术在森林病虫害研究上的应用,渉及蛋白质技术、核酸技术、分子互作及生物芯片技术等方面的内容。     

分子生物学技术在水环境微生物研究中的应用

简述了核酸杂交技术、聚合酶链式反应（PCR）扩增技术、分子指纹技术和克隆基因文库技术4种分子生物学技术,综述了4种技术在海洋、湖泊、河流和其它水生态系统中微生物多样性的研究进展,研究内容大致可分为三个方向：一是人类活动对水环境微生物多样性的影响;二是种群结构和污染之间的规律;三是菌株的筛选和利用,使人们可以在水环境保护、治理过程中变得更加高效、有的放矢。     

DNA改组(DNA Shuffling)技术在生物医药领域的应用

DNA 改组是实现人类快速进化蛋白质的强有力工具。它是一种高通量的随机突变筛选技术,能在短时间内对靶序列进行多次重组并选择出最佳性能的突变体。本文综述了近年来 DNA 改组技术在生产蛋白药物、疫苗、基因药物等方面的应用。     

Biochemical and molecular genetic markers in biosystematic studies of forest trees

Biochemical and molecular markers have proven to be powerful tools for discerning biosystematic, biogeographic, and phylogenetic relationships. Biosystematic information can be important for guiding traditional breeding programs, gene transfer, interspecific hybridization, and gene conservation. A phylogenetic framework is usually necessary, but frequently ignored, for making valid statistical tests in studies of adaptive evolution. Several studies have indicated a strong correlation between biochemical races and traits important to growth and adaptation, suggesting that evolutionary legacy may affect genetic architecture of fitness traits — with consequences for seed transfer, breeding strategies, and tolerance of climate change. A number of methods for phylogenetic analysis exist, but differ in their assumptions. Use of an inappropriate method — such as a method that assumes constant rates of evolution when rates in fact vary — can lead to incorrect phylogenies. Because of their complexity, phylogenetic topologies are often difficult to determine unambiguously; estimates of statistical confidence should therefore accompany phylogenetic trees if they are to be regarded as providing new knowledge, or strong confirmation, of relationships. Molecular genetic markers are more expensive than biochemical markers such as allozymes and terpenes, but they provide increased accuracy and expanded scope of biosystematic inference, and facilitate statistical analyses of phylogenetic trees.Abbreviations BMGMs biochemical and molecular genetic markers - cpDNA chloroplast DNA - OTU operational taxonomic unit - rbcL chloroplast gene encoding ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit - rbcS nuclear gene encoding ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit - rDNA ribosomal DNA - RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphism - UPGMA unweighted pair group method of clustering using averages This is paper 2708 of the Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University.     

Avian studies and research opportunities in the Luquillo Experimental Forest: A tropical rain forest in Puerto Rico

The Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF) located on the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico has a rich history of ecological research, including a variety of avian studies, and is one of the most active ecological research sites in the Neotropics. The LEF spans an elevational range from 100 to 1075 m over which five life zones and four forest types are found in a warm, humid subtropical climate. A total of 23 bird species breeds here and another 76 species, mostly migrants, are known to occur. The food web of the forest in the lower elevations is especially well studied, which allows an assessment of the role of birds in the food web. The LEF is noted for its high densities of Eleutherodactylus frogs and Anolis lizards, which may depress insect densities thereby contributing to the low species richness and densities of most insectivorous birds. The signature species of the forest is the endangered Puerto Rican Parrot (Amazona vittata) that has been the focus of intensive long-term research and recovery efforts, which have spawned research on associated species, including long-term studies on the Pearly-eyed Thrasher (Margarops fuscatus) and botfly (Philornis spp.) ectoparasitism. Given the frequency of hurricane disturbance to the LEF and studies providing baseline for comparisons, research has made major contributions to an understanding of the effects of hurricanes on forest ecosystems including bird populations and their resources. We summarize these and other studies from the LEF to characterize the avifauna and its environment while noting studies with management implications and identify opportunities for future ornithological studies.     

思茅松大配子体DNA的提取及ISSR反应体系的建立

为建立思茅松大配子体ISSR分子标记的反应体系,以思茅松种子样本作为供试材料,比较不同思茅松胚乳DNA提取方法的效果,通过紫外分光度计、DNA琼脂糖电泳和PCR扩增分别予以检测并比较。结果表明SDS法优于CTAB法。同时,通过单因子分析法对ISSR-PCR反应体系中的模板DNA用量,Taq DNA聚合酶用量,Mg2＋浓度,dNTP浓度、引物浓度等主要影响因子进行优化,确立适用于思茅松的ISSR分子标记反应体系。对该体系进行稳定性检验,结果表明该反应体系适合思茅松ISSR-PCR扩增。     

Reprint of: Lessons from long-term studies of harvest methods in southwestern ponderosa pine-Gambel oak forests on the Fort Valley Experimental Forest, Arizona, U.S.A.

The Fort Valley Experiment Station (now Fort Valley Experimental Forest) has contributed many long-term studies to forest research. This paper focuses on a “Methods of Cutting” study initiated in 1913 on the Coulter Ranch Unit of Fort Valley and how that long-term study yielded important ecological and management lessons. We quantified the historical and contemporary forest patterns at this ponderosa pine-Gambel oak site, which was harvested using three different harvesting systems in 1913 (seed tree, group selection, and light selection) and was partially excluded from livestock browsing in 1919. Using nine historically stem-mapped permanent plots for the following three stand structural scenarios: 1913 pre-harvest (modeled), post-harvest (actual), and 2003-2006 (actual) conditions, we examined the short- and long-term consequences of harvest and livestock grazing land-use and stand dynamics. We assessed changes in spatial pattern under each harvesting system and in each structural scenario, and lastly, we examined spatial and temporal tree recruitment patterns as observed in the contemporary (2003-2006) conditions. The seed tree harvests effectively converted the spatial patterns from aggregated to random and left few trees, while the group selection and light selection had varying effects, but consistently exaggerated the spatial patchiness of the stand. By 2003-2006, all plots were aggregated at all scales and were one large patch of predominately small trees. Sites that were harvested, but excluded from livestock browsing had 40% more trees in 2003-2006. Contemporary recruitment patterns were significantly aggregated under all harvesting systems, but were most strongly aggregated if the site received a group selection or light selection cut. For group and light selection, pine seedlings initially established in stump patches created by harvesting and then proceeded to fill-in the remaining area, with recruitment rarely found under the residual pine or oak trees. Long-term data sets, such as these established by the Fort Valley Experimental Forest in 1913, are essential for quantifying the impact of historical land-use practices on contemporary forest composition and structure. Ignoring land-use legacies may lead to the misinterpretation of stand dynamics and development, and therefore should be explicitly quantified and incorporated into future management and restoration activities.     

The effects of topography on forest soil characteristics in the Oregon Cascade Mountains (USA): Implications for the effects of climate change on soil properties

Forest soil measurements were made at over 180 sites distributed throughout the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) in the Oregon Cascade Mountains. The influences of both elevation and aspect on soil variables were measured in the early (1998) and late summer (1994). Increased elevation significantly increased soil moisture, mean annual precipitation, soil organic matter, labile C and mineralizable N, microbial activities, extractable ammonium, and denitrification potentials. In contrast, bulk density, pH and soil temperature (1998 only) were significantly lower at the higher elevations. Relative to labile C, mineralizable N was preferentially sequestered at higher elevations. Aspect significantly affected annual mean temperature and precipitation, soil moisture and temperature, soil organic matter, mineralizable N, extractable ammonium, denitrification, and microbial activities. There were no significant higher statistical interactions between elevation and aspect on climatic or soil factors. Soil organic matter (SOM) accumulation at higher elevations is likely driven by a reduction in decomposition rates rather that an increase in primary productivity, however, SOM accumulation on north facing slopes is probably due to both a decrease in decomposition and an increase in primary production. Models of climate change effects on temperate forest soils based on elevational studies may not apply to aspect gradients since plant productivity may not respond to temperature–moisture gradients in the same way across all topographical features.     

林业专用吊运车在大苗移植中的应用和效益分析

为解决大苗出圃运输人抬肩扛难题,提高树木移植机械化水平,河北农业大学教学实验林场根据生产实际需要,结合现代农机的发展成果,研发了适合苗圃林地大苗移植的“林业专用吊运车”。该吊运车在大苗出圃运输中所需人员只2名,是人工搬运的1／2,苗木完好率达到98％以上,高出人工搬运18％左右,每搬运一棵大苗所需的时间为5min,工作效率大为提高。     

湖南浏阳大围山实验林场鸟类资源及保护对策

１９９２～１９９７年,对大围山实验林场鸟类资源进行了初步调查,共发现鸟类１１１种．隶属１４目３４科．其中东洋界种类占总种类的４６．０％;留鸟占５３．３％．属国家一级保护动物有白颈长尾雉;国家二级保护动物有白鹇、凤头鹃隼等１０种;省重点保护鸟类有环颈雉、红嘴相思鸟等１０种．其香农－维纳多样性指数为１．５１９４,均匀度指数为０．７４５５．并根据ＲＢ频率指数,确定了优势、常见、少见和偶见种．最后,就资源现状提出了保护对策     

毛白杨油酸去饱和酶基因PtFAD2的克隆与表达分析

以毛白杨为材料,结合生物信息学和分子生物学技术,利用现有的杨树基因组EST序列库资源,通过同源序列搜索,经过多次拼接合并,获得了理论的杨树油酸去饱和酶基因PtFAD2 cDNA序列;首次利用RT-PCR方法从杨树这个物种中成功克隆得到毛白杨PtFAD2全长编码序列cDNA(GenBank注册号:DQ316788),该cDNA长1 276bp,开放阅读框编码388个氨基酸.RT-PCR半定量研究表明:PtFAD2在叶片、茎、根不同组织中的表达量基本一致,并且在4℃低温处理过程中转录表达量没有变化,说明短时间内该基因表达不受低温诱导.     

“青林”核桃实生后代速生性状遗传特性及选择效果研究

以林果兼用型核桃优良品种“青林”及其实生后代为材料,随机区组设计,研究了核桃树高、胸径、材积的遗传力和选择效果。研究表明,“青林”核桃树高、胸径、材积的遗传力分别为0．74、0．73和0．72。对树高的选择强度为0．32,胸径选择强度为0．31,留种率为85％时,中选优树的平均树高、平均胸径和平均材积都显著好于剩余群体。研究为核桃林果兼用型品种的选育和选择提供了依据。     

辽宁省阜新市林木种质资源普查试点及成果应用分析

2014年对辽宁省阜新市林木种质资源进行全面普查(试点),结果表明:阜新地区现有木本植物53科、106属、320种(含主要变种),其中:裸子植物5科、10属、27种,被子植物48科、96属、293种。对普查成果按不同类别进行应用分析,指出应加大推广林木良种资源、加速推进优良乡土树种资源良种化进程、做好保护珍贵树种资源工作、严格落实古树名木资源保护、合理配置园林绿化树种,为林业部门正确制定种质资源保护管理对策提供初步技术依据。