大豆出苗期耐盐性鉴定方法建立及耐盐种质筛选

土壤盐渍化是影响农业生产的重要问题,筛选耐盐大豆资源对于大豆主产区盐渍化土壤的利用具有重要意义。以中黄35、中黄39、Williams82、铁丰8号、Peking和NY27-38为供试材料,以蛭石为培养基质,设0、100和150 mmol L?1 NaCl 3个处理,进行出苗期耐盐性鉴定,分析与生长相关的6个指标,旨在明确大豆出苗期耐盐性鉴定指标和评价方法。结果表明, 150 mmol L?1NaCl处理显著降低大豆的成苗率、株高、地上部鲜重、根鲜重、地上部干重和根干重,并且不同材料间差异显著。基于幼苗生长发育状况的耐盐指数方法与耐盐系数方法对6份种质耐盐性评价结果显著相关。耐盐指数法对植株无损坏、可省略种植对照,节约人力和物力,提高种质鉴定的效率。因此,以150 mmol L?1 NaCl作为出苗期耐盐鉴定浓度,以耐盐指数作为大豆出苗期耐盐鉴定评价指标,鉴定27份大豆资源,获得出苗期高度耐盐大豆(1级) 3份、耐盐大豆(2级) 7份,其中4份苗期也高度耐盐(1级),分别为运豆101、郑1311、皖宿1015和铁丰8号。本研究建立了一种以蛭石为基质,利用150 mmol L?1 NaCl处理,以耐盐指数作为评价指标的大豆出苗期耐盐性鉴定评价的简便方法,并筛选出4份出苗期和苗期均耐盐的大豆,对耐盐大豆种质资源的高效鉴定和耐盐大豆新品种培育具有重要意义。     

盐胁迫对苦豆子、大豆芽期和苗期生长发育的影响

盐胁迫是现阶段影响植物生长的主要非生物胁迫之一。本研究用不同浓度NaCl对苦豆子和大豆W 82种子发芽阶段和幼苗阶段分别进行胁迫处理,统计各浓度盐胁迫条件下种子发芽率和发芽势,并观察幼苗的表型变化。测定处理后胚根的抗氧化酶(POD、CAT、SOD)活性,分析苦豆子和大豆在发芽阶段的耐盐性及两者的差异。结果表明,在1.2%浓度下,苦豆子发芽率下降了29.09%,大豆W 82发芽率下降了77.5%,苦豆子发芽势下降了53.97%,大豆W 82发芽势下降了95%,抗盐性评价分析表明,苦豆子芽期耐盐性强于大豆W 82;苦豆子幼苗萎蔫浓度为1.2%,大豆W 82幼苗萎蔫浓度为0.9%;表型分析表明,苦豆子芽期耐盐性强于大豆W 82。     

大豆农家品种资源芽期耐盐性鉴定及耐盐品种筛选

栽培大豆属于中度耐盐植物,盐胁迫导致其正常的生长发育进程受到抑制。本研究测定了NaCl处理下,18份大豆农家品种资源的发芽率、发芽势、株高、胚轴长、根长、侧根数、干物质积累等指标。明确了NaCl胁迫条件下,发芽率、发芽势、株高、胚轴长、根长、侧根数、干物质积累等指标均呈降低趋势。筛选出耐盐品种G08,盐害指数18.00%。证明了发芽势、发芽率、株高、胚轴长、根长与品种间耐盐性呈显著相关关系,能更好的反应大豆的耐盐性。为大豆耐盐种质创制提供丰富的数据参考和亲本材料,为完善大豆种质资源耐盐性研究和提高盐渍土壤利用效率提供资料依据。     

盐胁迫对野大豆种子萌发特性的影响

野大豆(Glycine sojaSieb.et Zucc)为中国特有种,是栽培大豆的野生近缘种,国家Ⅱ级保护植物。探讨了盐(NaCl)胁迫下野大豆种子的萌发特性,结果表明,随盐浓度的升高,发芽率、发芽指数、发芽势及幼苗活力指数均呈下降趋势,轻微的低盐浓度可促进种子萌发;胚芽和胚根的生长受盐胁迫抑制明显,而低浓度盐可促进胚根的生长;胚芽是对盐分胁迫较敏感的部位。     

不同水稻品系芽期耐盐性比较分析

为研究不同水稻品系在芽期耐盐性,为今后培育耐盐品种提供优良种质资源,本研究以7个水稻品系为实验材料进行芽期耐盐试验,用不同浓度NaCl（盐浓度分别为0、0.125、0.15、0.2 mol/L）胁迫后,对水稻的发芽势、发芽率、根长、芽长、芽鲜重以及主根数目进行测定分析,并通过多元分析对各品种相关指标进行统计分析。试验结果表明：随着盐浓度的升高,不同水稻品系的各项指标均有不同程度的降低。其中,0.15 mol/L盐处理下,‘S83’,‘S85’号水稻品系表现出一定的耐盐性,‘S88’号水稻品系表现出较强的耐盐性。多元统计分析结果表明,在高盐胁迫下‘S88’号水稻品系具有较强的耐盐性。     

大豆耐盐性遗传的研究

利用耐盐品种与盐敏感品种配制杂交组合，根据后代耐盐性的分离表现，研究大豆耐盐性的遗传方式。耐盐×耐盐组合F1、F2及F3代仍表现耐盐；敏感×敏感组合F1、F2及F3代均表现对盐敏感；耐盐×敏感及其反交组合，F1代表现耐盐，F2代耐盐和敏感植株分离比率为3∶1。F2代耐盐株衍生的F3代品系中，纯合耐盐株系和耐盐性分离株系的     

盐胁迫下不同耐盐性的陆地棉品种脱落规律及机理

NaCl胁迫下研究了三个不同耐盐水平(不耐盐、稍耐盐、较耐盐)的棉花材料的蕾、花、铃脱落及其规律.低浓度NaCl(0.20%)仅对耐盐性差的材料的脱落率的有显著影响,不耐盐材料的脱落率的次序是蕾＞花＞幼铃＞大铃,对稍耐盐材料的蕾、花也存在显著影响.在高浓度NaCl(0.40%)下,脱落率取决于材料的耐盐性,其脱落率次序是:不耐盐材料＞稍耐盐材料＞较耐盐材料,耐盐性与脱落率呈负相关,耐盐性高的材料其脱落率较低.不同耐盐性能的材料的蕾、花、铃脱落率存在显著差异;不耐盐材料的脱落率依次为:蕾=花＞幼铃＞大铃;较耐盐材料的脱落率依次为:蕾＞花=幼铃＞大铃;较耐盐材料的脱落率依次为:蕾＞幼铃＞花,在NaCl(0.40%)以下的浓度都不会对较耐盐材料的大铃产生影响.     

水稻耐盐种质的鉴定评价

进一步鉴定现有水稻材料的耐盐性,为水稻耐盐育种提供种质资源和耐盐亲本。以通过花粉管通道技术获得的耐盐品系和当地水稻育成品种共21份为试验材料,评价各材料在盐胁迫下发芽期和苗期的耐盐性。结果表明：在150 mmol/L NaCl处理下,各材料发芽率及芽的生长均受到不同程度抑制,其中,材料D-1,D-3,D-4,D-7,D-13,‘长白10号’,‘节9’和D10在盐处理下的发芽率较高,相对盐害率较低,耐盐性均表现为极强,耐盐级别为1级,芽长盐处理(T)与非盐处理(CK)的比值较高,说明其受到盐的抑制较小,芽期耐盐能力较强;用100 mmol/L NaCl对各材料幼苗处理8天后,材料‘长白10号’、D-10、‘节10’、D-13、‘天井4号’、D-14、D-11、D-2、D10和D-8的相对死叶率较低,盐处理地上部和地下部含水量与未用盐处理的相比下降幅度较小,可溶性糖积累量较多,说明其渗透调节能力较强,属于苗期较耐盐的材料。     

大豆萌发期耐盐生理初步研究

大豆萌发期耐盐生理初步研究邵桂花，万超文，李舒凡（中国农科院作物育种栽培研究所，北京，１０００８１）（中国农科院作物品种资源研究所，北京，１０００８１）根据我们多年研究结果表明，大豆不同品种间存在明显的耐盐差异，同一品种的耐盐性也随发育阶段的不同而改...     

不同高梁品种种子萌发耐盐能力评价

对103份高粱种质资源在发芽期进行耐盐性鉴定.结果表明,随着盐浓度的升高,发芽率、发芽势呈现出下降的趋势.不同品种(系)间的耐盐能力存在着明显的差异,按盐害百分率分级,1级品种(相对盐害率＜20%)11份,3级品种(相对盐害率20%～40%)27份,5级品种(相对盐害率40%～60%)32份,7级品种(相对盐害率60%～80%)18份,9级品种(相对盐害率≥80%)14份.其中芽期耐盐性强(耐盐级别3级以上)的高梁品种38份,占供试材料的36.8%.     

Differential Cl−/Salt Tolerance and NaCl‐Induced Alternations of Tissue and Cellular Ion Fluxes in Glycine max,Glycine soja and their Hybrid Seedlings

The salt‐sensitive Glycine max N23674 cultivar, the salt‐born Glycine soja BB52 population, and their hybrid 4076 strain (F₅) selected for salt tolerance generation by generation were used as the experimental materials in this study. First, the effects of NaCl stress on seed germination, tissue damage, and time‐course ionic absorption and transportation were compared. When qualitatively compared with seed germination appearance in culture dishes, and tissue damages on roots or leaves of seedlings, or quantitatively compared with the relative salt injury rate, the inhibition on N23674 was all the most remarkable. After the exposure of 140 mm NaCl for 1 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 2 days and 4 days, the content of Cl^? gradually increased in the roots and leaves of seedlings of BB52, 4076 and 23674. Interestingly, the extents of the Cl^? rise in roots of the three experimental soybean materials were BB52 > 4076 > N23674, whereas those in leaves were just on the contrary. Secondly, by using the scanning ion‐selective electrode technique (SIET), fluxes of Na⁺ and Cl^? in roots and protoplasts isolated from roots and leaves were also investigated among the three experimental soybean materials. After 140 mm NaCl stress for 2, 4 and 6 days, and when compared with N23674, slighter net Cl^? influxes were observed in root tissue and protoplasts of roots and leaves of BB52 and 4076 seedlings, especially at the cellular protoplast level. The results indicate that with regard to the ionic effect of NaCl stress, Cl^? was the main determinant salt ion for salt tolerance in G. soja, G. max and their hybrid, and the difference in their Cl^?/salt tolerance is mainly attributed to the capacity of Cl^? restriction to the plant above‐ground parts such as leaves.     

Chloride tolerance in soybean and perennial Glycine accessions

Diversity for chloride tolerance exists among accessions of perennial Glycine. Accessions whose tolerance thresholds exceed those of Glycine max cultivars may be useful germplasm resources. Soybean cultivars including ‘Jackson’ (sensitive) and ‘Lee’ (tolerant) and 12 accessions of perennial Glycine were evaluated for sodium chloride tolerance after 14 days in hydroponic culture at 0, 5, 10, and 15 g L^-1 NaCl. Sodium chloride had adverse effects on the growth of G. max cultivars and perennial Glycine accessions; however differential responses to salinity were observed among accessions. Considerably greater variation in sodium chloride tolerance existed among the perennial Glycine accessions than among the G. max cultivars. Sodium chloride tolerance thresholds ranged from 3.0 to 17.5 g L^-1 NaCl for the perennial accessions but only ranged from 5.2 to 8.0 g L^-1 for the cultivars, based on a Weibull model of leaf chlorosis. All G. max cultivars were severely injured or killed by NaCl at 10 g L^-1 and above. Five tolerant perennial Glycine accessions, G. argyrea 1626, G. clandestina 1388 and 1389, and G. microphylla 1143 and 1195, were significantly lower in leaf chlorosis score than any of the G. max cultivars at the 10 g L^-1 NaCl treatment. Two accessions, G. argyrea 1626 and G. clandestina 1389 were able to tolerate 15 g L^-1 NaCl with only moderate visual injury while all other accessions were severely injured or killed at this salt level. Variability for chloride tolerance observed among the perennial Glycine accessions has potential utility for developing enhanced salt tolerance in soybean. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

福建省野生大豆耐盐种质的筛选

盐害是一种重要的非生物胁迫之一,限制植物的生长并降低作物的产量和品质,野生大豆是栽培大豆的近缘野生种,含有诸多优异的基因。为评价野生大豆的耐盐性,试验采用漂浮育苗方法,以NaCl致死浓度为评价指标,对244 份野生大豆苗期的耐盐性进行鉴定。结果表明野生大豆种质致死浓度最低为200 mmol/L,最高为300 mmol/L,并从中筛选出致死浓度为290 mmol/L 耐盐种质14 份,占供试材料的6%,致死浓度为300 mmol/L 的耐盐种质2 份,占供试材料的1%;致死浓度为200 mmol/L 的盐敏感种质15 份,占供试材料的6%;致死浓度为270 mmol/L的材料最多,共计36 份,占供试材料的15%,其次是致死浓度为220 mmol/L 的材料32 份,致死浓度为280 mmol/L 的材料29 份。综上表明野生大豆种质资源耐盐性差异较大,含有丰富的遗传变异,有望筛选出优异的耐盐种质,用于耐盐QTL的定位和耐盐机理的研究。     

Genomewide association analysis of salt tolerance in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

Salinity is a common abiotic stress causing soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield loss worldwide. The use of tolerant cultivars is an effective and economic approach to coping with this stress. Towards this, research is needed to identify salt‐tolerant germplasm and better understand the genetic and molecular basis of salt tolerance in soybean. The objectives of this study were to identify salt‐tolerant genotypes, to search for single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and QTLs associated with salt tolerance. A total of 192 diverse soybean lines and cultivars were screened for salt tolerance in the glasshouse based on visual leaf scorch scores after 15–18 days of 120 mM NaCl stress. These genotypes were further genotyped using the SoySNP50K iSelect BeadChip. Genomewide association mapping showed that 62 SNP markers representing six genomic regions on chromosomes (Chr.) 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 18, respectively, were significantly associated with salt tolerance (p < 0.001). A total of 52 SNP markers on Chr. 3 are mapped at or near the major salt tolerance QTL previously identified in S‐100 (Lee et al., 2014). Three SNPs on Chr. 18 map near the salt tolerance QTL previously identified in Nannong1138‐2 (Chen, Cui, Fu, Gai, & Yu, 2008). The other significant SNPs represent four putative minor QTLs for salt tolerance, newly identified in this study. The results above lay the foundation for fine mapping, cloning and molecular breeding for soybean salt tolerance.     

Differences in Ion Accumulation and Salt Tolerance among Glycine Accessions

Salinity reduces crop yield by limiting water uptake and causing ion‐specific stress. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is sensitive to soil salinity. However, there is variability among soybean genotypes and wild relatives for salt tolerance, suggesting that genetic improvement may be possible. The objective of this study was to identify differences in salt tolerance based on ion accumulation in leaves, stems and roots among accessions of four Glycine species. Four NaCl treatments, 0, 50, 75 and 100 mm , were imposed on G. max, G. soja, G. tomentella and G. argyrea accessions with different levels of salinity tolerance. Tolerant genotypes had less leaf scorch and a greater capacity to prevent Na⁺ and Cl^? transport from soil solution to stems and leaves than sensitive genotypes. Magnitude of leaf injury per unit increase in leaf Na⁺ or Cl^? concentrations was lower in tolerant than in susceptible accessions. Also, plant injury was associated more with Na⁺ rather than with Cl^? concentration in leaves. Salt‐tolerant accessions had greater leaf chlorophyll‐meter readings than sensitive genotypes at all NaCl concentrations. Glycine argyrea and G. tomentella accessions possessed higher salt tolerance than G. soja and G. max genotypes.     

Genetic studies on saline and sodic tolerances in soybean

Salt-affected soils are generally classified into two main categories: saline and sodic (alkaline). Developing and using soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) cultivars with high salt tolerance is an effective way of maintaining sustainable production in areas where soybean growth is threatened by salt stress. Early classical genetics studies revealed that saline tolerance was conditioned by a single dominant gene. Recently, a series of studies consistently revealed a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for saline tolerance located on linkage group N (chromosome 3) around the SSR markers Satt255 and Sat_091; other minor QTLs were also reported. In the case of sodic tolerance, most studies focused on iron deficiency caused by a high soil pH, and several QTLs associated with iron deficiency were identified. A wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.) accession with high sodic tolerance was recently identified, and a significant QTL for sodic tolerance was detected on linkage group D2 (chromosome 17). These studies demonstrated that saline and sodic tolerances were controlled by different genes in soybean. DNA markers closely associated with these QTLs can be used for marker-assisted selection to pyramid tolerance genes in soybean for both saline and sodic stresses.     

水稻品种对几种逆境的多重耐性及与ABA的关系

从一些耐旱和耐冷品种中筛选出几个具多重耐性的品种,其中大黄谷耐渗透胁迫和盐胁迫,芝麻糯耐盐和冷胁迫,桂溪和湘中籼2号耐渗透胁迫,也较耐冷胁迫.以大黄谷、芝麻糯和桂溪为材料,研究了多重耐性与ABA积累的关系.在渗透胁迫、盐胁迫和冷胁迫下,各水稻品种内源游离ABA含量迅速积累,耐性品种积累的ABA量都较敏感品种高,     

盐胁迫对大豆幼苗子叶各细胞器超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的影响

大豆幼苗子叶各细胞器的SOD活性以细胞溶质为最高,约占80％;线粒体次之,为11％;叶绿体部分最少,9.0％左右。各细胞器的SOD对盐胁迫反应敏感程度不同,依次为叶绿体>线粒体>细胞溶质。品种间,各细胞器之间以及对照和处理间差异均达到显著水平,10ds/m和15ds/m差异不显著。电泳酶谱的扫描结果表明,在盐胁迫条件下SOD_a(Mn SOD)最为稳定,SODb_1b_2b_3、SODc_1c_2c_3(Cu—Zn—SOD)将随盐胁迫增强依次从叶绿体到线粒体,从SODc_3、SODc_2到SODc_1、SODb_3逐渐减弱或消失。耐盐品种和敏感品种的主要差异集中在叶绿体SOD酶谱上,推断SODc_1c_2c_3与大豆耐盐性有关。     

大豆不同器官Na+含量与苗期耐盐性的相关分析

29个大豆品种用1/2 Hoagland营养液培养,待真叶完全展开后加入100 mmol L^–1 NaCl胁迫处理。叶片盐害症状明显时(第8天),根据盐害症状划分大豆苗期耐盐级别,并分别取根、茎、叶和子叶,用原子吸收光谱仪测定其Na⁺含量。结果表明,大豆茎、叶和子叶Na⁺含量与耐盐级别呈极显著正相关。利用不同器官Na⁺含量聚类,发现I级和II级苗期耐盐品种聚为一类,而III~V级苗期盐敏感品种聚为一类。耐盐品种叶片和子叶的Na⁺平均含量极显著(P≤0.01)低于盐敏感品种,茎Na⁺平均含量差异达显著水平(P≤0.05),而根Na⁺平均含量差异不显著。因此,叶片和子叶Na⁺含量能有效区分苗期耐盐和盐敏感大豆品种。水培条件下,以叶片或子叶Na⁺含量作为生理指标鉴定大豆苗期耐盐性的方法,为大豆苗期耐盐种质鉴定、耐盐基因挖掘和品种培育创造了条件。