Larval fish assemblages and water mass structure off the oligotrophic south-western Australian coast

Larval fish assemblages were sampled using replicated oblique bongo net tows along a five‐station transect extending from inshore (18 m depth) to offshore waters (1000 m depth) off temperate south‐western Australia. A total of 148 taxa from 93 teleost families were identified. Larvae of Gobiidae and Blenniidae were abundant inshore, while larvae of pelagic and reef‐dwelling families, such as Clupeidae, Engraulidae, Carangidae and Labridae were common in continental shelf waters. Larvae of oceanic families, particularly Myctophidae, Phosichthyidae and Gonostomatidae, dominated offshore assemblages. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed larval fish assemblages to have a strong temporal and spatial structure. Assemblages were distinct among seasons, and among inshore, continental shelf and offshore sampling stations. Inshore larval fish assemblages were the most seasonal, in terms of species composition and abundance, with offshore assemblages the least seasonal. However, larval fish assemblages were most closely correlated to water mass, with species distributions reflecting both cross‐shelf and along‐shore oceanographic processes and events. Similarity profile (SIMPROF) analysis suggested the presence of twelve distinct larval fish assemblages, largely delineated by water depth and season. The strength and position of the warm, southward flowing Leeuwin Current, and of the cool, seasonal, northward flowing Capes Current, were shown to drive much of the variability in the marine environment, and thus larval fish assemblages.     

A census of maerl beds in Irish waters

1. Records of maerl beds in Irish waters were compiled from the following sources: Admiralty Charts, published/unpublished ecological/geological accounts, and personal communications/observations. 2. Geographic and depth distributions of maerl records in Irish waters are discussed. Two main areas, Galway Bay–Connemara and South West Ireland, were identified as harbouring the highest concentrations of confirmed records, with maximum depth of confirmed records being approximately 25–30 m. 3. Deposits shown as ‘crl’ markings on older Admiralty Charts may refer to maerl and are situated at greater depths (to 95 m) and are further offshore than confirmed deposits (to 32 m), the latter being based on more recent observations. 4. Although the precise number of maerl beds in Irish waters cannot be assessed from the available records, the minimum number of larger beds (>1 km²), based on confirmed records only, is 35–40 beds located in 18 areas. In addition, along the south‐west coastline numerous smaller spatial aggregations (as small as 1–5 m²) occur. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Linking spatial pattern of bottom fish assemblages with water masses in the North Sea

Understanding the links between large scale spatial structuring of fish assemblages and shaping factors is essential to develop comprehensive ecosystem-based fisheries management. In this study, we investigated spatial patterns of bottom fish assemblages in the North Sea in relation to prevailing water masses in the region. We based our analysis on catch data from the German Small-Scale Bottom Trawl Survey conducted between 1987 and 2005 and used both ordination techniques and Mantel tests. Spatial variability of bottom fish assemblages was larger than inter-annual variability. Five significantly different bottom fish assemblages were associated with the following prevailing hydrographical regimes: i) the English Channel, ii) Continental Coastal, iii) central North Sea, iv) northern North Sea, and v) northern Atlantic water masses. Associations were generated by gradients in relative proportions of abundant species such as grey gurnard ( Eutrigla gurnardus ), dab ( Limanda limanda ), whiting ( Merlangius merlangus ), haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus ) and Norway pout ( Trisopterus esmarki ). Taking into account large scale spatial structuring of catch data Mantel tests confirmed significant correlation between the fish assemblages and hydrographical variables. In summary, our results strongly support the hypotheses that hydrographical features such as water masses, fronts, and residual currents could shape bottom fish associations in the North Sea. Spatial demarcations of bottom fish assemblages indicated by this study can be used to support ecosystem-based fisheries management strategies.     

Larval fish assemblages along the south-eastern Australian shelf: linking mesoscale non-depth-discriminate structure and water masses

We present findings of the first mesoscale study linking larval fish assemblages and water masses along shelf waters off south-eastern Australia (southern Queensland-New South Wales), based on vertical, non-depth discriminate data from surveys in October 2002 and 2003 (spring) and July 2004 (winter). Clustering and ordination were employed to discriminate between larval assemblages and, for the first time, to define water masses from water column temperature frequencies. Surveys yielded 18 128 larval fishes comprising 143 taxa from 96 identifiable families, with small pelagics accounting for 53% of the total. Three major recurrent larval assemblages were identified during the study, each of which matched one of three water masses, namely East Australian Current to the north (EAC; 20.5–23.4°C), Tasman Sea to the south (TAS; 14.8–17.5°C), and mixed EAC–TAS water in between (MIX; 18.3–19.9°C). All three assemblages were present in spring, whereas only EAC and MIX occurred in the more northerly constrained winter survey. Furthermore, boundaries between the EAC, MIX and TAS assemblages were found to be dynamic, with locations shifting temporally and spatially depending on EAC extent. Assemblage composition differed significantly between water masses across surveys, with EAC–TAS being most dissimilar. Such contrast was due to the presence of tropical/temperate taxa in EAC, primarily temperate-associated taxa in TAS, and a combination of EAC–TAS taxa within MIX consistent with the convergence of both waters. Results highlight the strength of employing larval assemblages as indicators of water masses, particularly in view of the potential effect of climate change on spawning habitats of shelf fishes.     

Evaluating effects of water withdrawals and impoundments on fish assemblages in southern New England streams,USA

Abstract Balancing aquatic conservation and water supply is becoming a major global issue for urban landscapes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ecological effects of stream‐flow alterations via water withdrawals and impoundments on fish assemblage structure. Electric fishing data were collected at 33 wadeable streams in Connecticut, located in the Southern New England region of USA. Fish sampling was conducted directly downstream of water withdrawals for municipal and agricultural water supply, and study sites differed in potential water withdrawal rates and the presence of impoundments. Regression analysis showed that water withdrawal rate was more important than other natural and anthropogenic factors (e.g. landcover and stream size) in explaining several fish assemblage metrics. Stream sites with high withdrawal rates were generally characterised by lower proportions of fluvial dependent fishes (fish which need flowing water to complete a portion of their life history) and benthic invertivores (fish which feed on bottom‐dwelling stream insects in riffle habitat), and had a greater percent composition of macrohabitat generalists, particularly members of the family Centrarchidae. Some assemblage metrics responded linearly with increasing magnitude of water withdrawals, but others were non‐linear. Results are consistent with ecological theory that alteration of the natural flow regime will impact stream biota.     

水产养殖用水估价模型研究

水产养殖行业中,水资源利用效率低下,以及环境污染日益增加的主要原因,是水资源稀缺以及环境的消极外部影响的不合理体现所致.根据水产养殖用水的资源特性,水产养殖用水的评价模型已经建立起来了.该模型用水资源影子价格来确定资源水价的比例,用环境外部性来确定环境水价的比例.与此同时,探索和讨论养殖用水评价模型的途径和方法也已经构建起来了.运用水产养殖用水水价估值模型来计算2008年上海淡水池塘养殖用水的价格,其中资源水价部分(P1)为3.07元,环境水价部分(P2)为0.61元,折算系数(r)为0.95,计算得到每吨的价格为3.65元.     

Big impacts from small abstractions: The effects of surface water abstraction on freshwater fish assemblages

1. Abstractions and diversions are prevalent in river networks worldwide; however, specific mechanisms and measures reflecting changes in functional characteristics of aquatic assemblages in response to flow abstraction have not been well established. In particular, the influence of small takes on fish assemblages is poorly understood.
2. Field surveys and stable‐isotope analyses were used to evaluate the impact of differing levels of flow abstraction on fish assemblage structure, and native–non‐native patterns of coexistence, associated with small surface water abstractions in four streams in New Zealand. Study design accounted for longitudinal processes (spatial autocorrelation) to isolate the effects of abstractions on fish assemblages.
3. Reaches with reduced flows downstream of abstraction points had significantly lower fish abundances per metre of stream length, probably because of decreased habitat size, altered interspecific interactions and barriers to movement. The loss of larger fish in reaches with high abstraction resulted in shallower mass–abundance slopes and shorter stable isotope‐derived food‐chain lengths, likely to have been caused by fewer trophic links in the food web. The large fish absent from these reaches were flow‐sensitive introduced salmonids, resulting in higher relative abundances of small‐bodied native fish, probably as a result of predatory and competitive release.
4. Quantification of metrics designed to characterize ecosystem functioning as well as abundance and species composition indicated that small water abstractions can alter both the structure and composition of stream fish assemblages and modify the outcomes of native–non‐native species interactions. Thus, a better understanding of the effects of small abstractions could be used to improve the strategic management of fish in invaded riverscapes.

     

石狮市近岸海域水质分析与评价

2015年1至12月对石狮市近岸水域水质进行监测,检测样品的p H值、溶解氧、化学需氧量、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、石油类等6项理化指标,并采用单因子污染指数法及富营养化水平评价法对石狮市近岸海域水质状况进行分析与评价。结果表明,2015年石狮近岸海域水质p H值、溶解氧、化学需氧量符合相应海洋功能区划的环境质量要求,但部分海域水质无机氮、活性磷酸盐及石油类含量超标。     

利用浮游动物评价不同类型养殖水体营养状况

2008年8月对湖南省常德市6种不同养殖类型水体(三角帆蚌养殖水体、外河、粗放式养殖水体、滤食性鱼类养殖水体、草食性鱼类养殖水体、肉食性鱼类养殖水体)的浮游动物进行了调查.结果显示:三角帆蚌养殖水体和滤食性养殖水体中优势种为砂壳虫(Difflugia),草食性鱼类养殖水体和肉食性鱼类养殖水体中优势种为萼花臂尾轮虫(Br...     

Amazon River water in the northeastern Caribbean Sea and its effect on larval reef fish assemblages during April 2009

During April to June 2009, a large bolus of Amazon River water impacted the northeastern Caribbean Sea. Shipboard observations collected near Saba Bank, the U.S. and British Virgin Islands, and the Anegada Passage showed low surface salinity (35.76 ± 0.05 Practical Salinity Unit (PSU)), elevated surface temperature (26.77 ± 0.14°C), high chlorophyll‐a (1.26 ± 0.21 mg m^?3) and high dissolved oxygen (4.90 ± 0.06 mL L^?1) in a 20‐ to 30‐m thick surface layer in the riverine plume. The water was ~1°C warmer, 1 PSU fresher, 0.3 mL L^?1 higher in oxygen and 1.2 mg m^?3 higher in chlorophyll‐a than Atlantic Ocean waters to the north, with Caribbean surface waters showing intermediate values. Plankton net tows obtained in the upper 100 m of the water column revealed larval fish assemblages within the plume that were significantly different from those of the surrounding waters and from those encountered in the area in previous years. The plume waters contained higher concentrations of mesopelagic fish larvae from the families Myctophidae and Nomeidae, which as adults typically inhabit offshore, deep water habitats. Concentrations of larvae from inshore and reef‐associated families such as Scaridae, Serranidae, Labridae and Clupeidae were lower than those found outside the plume in similar shallow areas, particularly in near‐surface waters. An event like the one observed in 2009 had not been documented in at least the past 30 yr, and yet it was followed by another similarly extreme event in 2010. The ecological implications, including any long‐term consequences of such recent extreme events, are important and merit further study.     

水质标识指数法在太湖渔业生态环境评价中的应用

根据2009—2014年太湖整个湖区平水期和丰水期的实际监测结果,依据GB 3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》,选取溶解氧(DO)、化学需氧量(COD_(cr))、高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))、氨氯(NH_3-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)6项参数作为主要评价指标,应用水质标识指数法对太湖水环境状况分别综合水质评价。单因子水质标识指数评价结果表明,太湖主要污染因子的污染程度排列次序是:TPTNCOD_(cr)COD_(Mn)NH_3-NDO,TP、TN的超标造成太湖出现严重的富营养化问题,DO全年处于Ⅰ—Ⅱ类水质。综合水质标识指数评价结果表明:2009—2014年间,太湖丰水期水质总体优于平水期,且有继续变好的趋势,能达到水环境功能区目标要求。     

北黄海四季水团划分及化学特性比较

在对2006年7月～2007年10月北黄海4个航次调查资料分析的基础上,对北黄海四季水团进行了基本划分,并将各季水团内的DO及营养盐浓度进行了比较。结果表明,由冬到秋,每个季节北黄海水体由表到底分别可划分为4、7、5、5个水团;其中辽南沿岸水和黄海水团是常年存在的;鸭绿江冲淡水和黄海冷水团于春、夏、秋季存在,冬季消失;渤、黄海混合水团是秋季消失;其他水团则是季节性的存在。在冷水团存续期间,其内部营养盐的浓度均处于较高水平,尤其在秋季,为整个海区的最高值,PO4-P均值高达0.9μmol/L。     

Multi-criteria evaluation approach to GIS-based land-suitability classification for tilapia farming in Bangladesh

Site selection is a key factor in any aquaculture operation, because it affects both success and sustainability. It can, moreover, solve conflicts between different activities, making rational use of the land. This study was conducted to identify suitable sites for development of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farming in Sitakunda Upazila (sub-district), Bangladesh, using GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation of water and soil quality, topography, infrastructure and socio-economic factors. ASTER image and eighteen thematic layers were analyzed using ENVI and ArcView software to identify the suitable areas for tilapia farm development. A constraint layer was used to exclude areas from suitability maps that cannot be allowed to implement tilapia farming. A series of GIS models were developed to identify and prioritize the most suitable areas for tilapia farming. The output of the model clearly indicates the location and extent of tilapia farming areas on different suitability scales, i.e. most suitable (7,744 ha), moderately suitable (2,479 ha), and not suitable (838 ha). Model outputs were assessed against field verification data, and were consistent. Because existing aquaculture covers only 1,540 ha of land in the study area, the potential for expanding tilapia farms should take into consideration socio-political and environmental issues. The results are encouraging in terms of tilapia culture development and suggest that grassland–agriculture areas could be used for sustainable development of tilapia farming to diversify the economic activities of rural communities.     

Status and conservation of euryhaline fish in Irish waters

1. Ireland's fish fauna comprises at least 31 species that could be classified as euryhaline. This group includes 12 diadromous species, 3 non-migratory species, and 16 essentially marine and/or estuarine species. Twenty-four species are regarded as indigenous, 6 as occasional vagrants from other biogeographical zones and one was introduced by man during the last century. Fourteen species are considered to be widespread, 11 local, and 6 rare. 2. The biology of euryhaline fish makes them particularly vulnerable to any degradation of the coastal and estuarine environments. However, relatively few studies have been carried out on the biology and distribution of most species of Irish euryhaline fish. This lack of basic information is of particular concern, considering that 35% (11) of our euryhaline species are considered to be threatened. 3. Although 8 of our euryhaline species are listed in the Red Data Book on Irish Vertebrates(Whilde, 1993) and in various annexes and appendices of the Bern Convention (Anon, 1982) and EU Habitats Directive(Anon, 1992), only one of these species (Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.) is currently afforded protection by any specific national legislation in Ireland. It is recommended that research should be directed at assessing the current status of our euryhaline fish and that appropriate national protection should be afforded to threatened species. ©1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Natural food evaluation and water quality in zero water exchange culture of Litopenaeus vannamei fertilized with wheat bran

The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of organic fertilizer on the availability of natural food (plankton and benthos) and water quality. Two fertilization protocols were adopted using inorganic and organic fertilizers with shrimp (stocked treatment) and their controls (unstocked treatment). Experimental units consisted of 12 circular fiberglass tanks (500 l) with estuarine sediment, individual aeration and no water exchange. In stocked treatments were used 40 juveniles/m², and they were fed with 35% crude protein marine shrimp ration, three times a day. Under the organic fertilization protocol, the plankton showed higher abundance of Nitzschia and rotifers, the phytobenthos consisted mainly of Nitzschia, Amphiprora and Oscillatoria, the epibenthos was represented mainly by nematodes and rotifers, and the macro-invertebrates were mainly oligochaetes. In relation to inorganic fertilization, the plankton was represented mainly by Coscinodiscus and rotifers, the phytobenthos consisted mainly of Amphiprora and Oscillatoria, the epibenthos was represented mainly by nematodes and rotifers, and the macro-invertebrates were mainly oligochaetes. Dissolved oxygen was higher for organic fertilizer (6.16 ± 0.98 mg/l) than for inorganic (5.92 ± 1.19 mg/l) while the other water quality parameters did not present significant differences. Survival was similar in the two fertilization regimes (96.6%). Final body weight was 11.89 ± 1.73 g for the inorganic fertilizers and 12.28 ± 1.71 g for organic fertilizer. It is concluded that wheat bran showed good performance in the water quality without exchange, in the availability of natural food, and in the growth and survival of the shrimps in the microcosms.     

枸杞岛近岸3种生境鱼类群落组成及岩礁区底栖海藻对鱼类群落结构的影响

2005年—2006年及2010年5—6月对枸杞岛近岸岩礁生境分布的底栖海藻进行观测和潜水采样,发现岩礁生境潮下带底栖海藻组成模式分以大型底栖海藻铜藻为优势种和以孔石莼等小型藻类为优势种两类。2009年2月—2010年1月利用组合刺网对枸杞岛海域岩礁、沙地和贻贝筏式养殖区3种生境的鱼类进行了逐月采样,通过采用方差分析、聚类和非度量多维标度等统计分析手段发现:(1) 岩礁生境鱼类以底栖趋礁杂食性为主,沙地生境鱼类以中下层洄游肉食性为主,贻贝筏式养殖区生境鱼类大型个体占优;(2) 岩礁生境鱼类多样性较高,大型底栖海藻生长的岩礁生境中鱼类群落组成较小型底栖海藻生长的岩礁生境稳定。前者为枸杞岛近岸优势种群繁衍提供有利条件,对鱼类幼体和小型个体有诱集作用,为鱼类捕食者提供更多样化的食物选择,鱼类群落较稳定;后者易受外界鱼类迁移的影响,个体数量和生物量月间差异大。     

微山湖水域重金属分布特征及水质评价

2010年4月对山东微山湖6种重金属分布特征进行研究,结果表明,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、Cd平均含量分别为0.035 9、0.148 0、0.112 0、0.038 0、0.040 0、0.003 7 mg/L;总体表现为运河区>河口区>养殖区。相关分析表明,6种重金属含量具有较强的相关性。逐步回归分析发现,不同重金属受总悬浮物、有机悬浮物、无机悬浮物的影响程度存在较大差异。对微山湖重金属污染现状进行分析表明,Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cd、Cr平均超标倍数分别为2.59、1.35、0.61、0.07、0.02、0倍;超标率分别为100%、60%、70%、20%、20%、0;微山湖重金属污染达到重度污染水平,Cu、Pb为主要的污染元素。     

日照市近岸海域水质变化趋势调查及评价

系统调查了日照市近岸海域近5年水质变化情况,并依据《海水水质标准》(GB3097-1997)对水质情况进行分析,针对部分监测数据较高的情况进行水体富营养化评价。经分析和评价,日照市近岸海域水质总体良好。