密云水库入库河流水体总细菌和反硝化菌群落组成与结构研究

研究密云水库入库河流水体中总细菌和反硝化菌的群落组成与差异性,为水库的安全管理与水质保障提供基础数据和科学依据。选择对密云水库水质影响最大的5条入库河流（潮河、白河、清水河、对家河和白马关河）,对水体中的总细菌和氮循环功能微生物反硝化菌进行了聚合酶链式反应（PCR）扩增与高通量测序分析。5条入库河流中全细菌主要隶属于6个门,而以Proteobacteria（变形菌门）为优势种群;反硝化菌在门水平的分布则相对简单,主要以Proteobacteria和少量Deferribacteres（脱铁杆菌门）构成。不同入库河流全细菌的群落结构具有空间差异,其中水文特征较为接近的白河和潮河全细菌群落结构具有较高相似性,与其他3条入库河流群落差别较大;水体中全细菌的Shannon多样性和Chao1丰富度均表现出较高水平。氮磷污染较重的对家河和潮河反硝化菌群落结构比较类似,其他3条入库河流之间则相对分散;对家河全细菌和反硝化菌的多样性和丰富度表现出较低水平。清水河水体中的全细菌和反硝化菌群落结构都较少受到已分析的环境因子影响,可能与该河道的人工改造有关。河流水体中全细菌以及关键功能微生物群落特征受到河流的水文、形态和理化指标的综合影响,可以作为水体环境与生态状况的重要指示项目,在今后的水库水环境保护与管理中应予以重视。     

好氧反硝化菌对水质和鱼体饲喂效果的影响研究

以好氧反硝化菌株Bacillus sp.H2作为供试菌株,从水质指标、鱼体生长指标和免疫指标3方面全面考察菌株Bacillussp.H2作为水质改良剂对养殖水体和鱼体饲喂效果的影响。研究表明,菌株Bacillus sp.H2对水体亚硝态氮的平均降解率达到64.04%,总氮最终降解率达到16.0%,COD的最终降解率达到...     

光合细菌对三角帆蚌养殖水体水质的影响

将红螺菌科的红假单胞菌应用于三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cum ingii)养殖水体,测定水化学环境因子和微生态群变化情况。结果表明,光合细菌可稳定养殖水体pH,去除氨氮、亚硝基氮、总氮,降低COD,改变水体氮磷比;光合细菌能有效控制异养细菌、弧菌、气单胞菌数量,对真菌的增殖也有一定抑制作用,避免养殖水体水质恶化。     

鱼类细菌性败血症发病鱼池细菌数量及致病性气单胞菌的初步研究

本文对细菌性败血症发病鱼池细菌数量及气单胞菌的数量、溶血性及致病力进行了研究。结果表明:水温在28.5℃以下时,细菌数量与水温基本成正比,发病池与不发病池的细菌数量无显著性差异;水体中广泛存在气单胞菌,其占水体总菌量比例随水温的上升而升高;发病池及未发病池中均存在能产生hec毒素和不产生hec毒素的嗜水气单胞菌株,两者数量上无显著差异;水体中存在血清型为TPS—30及PBJS—76的嗜水气单胞菌,且大多数对鱼体有毒力,以5×10~7CFU/尾腹腔注射,可使试验鱼大部分或全部发病死亡。     

梭子蟹养殖环境及生物体内细菌的数量动态及区系组成

研究结果表明:随着养殖的结束,池塘水体和底泥中总异养菌数和反硝化细菌、氨化细菌、硫酸还原菌等特殊生理类群的数量均显著降低。从梭子蟹养殖环境及生物体内分离到115株细菌,经鉴定可归于9个属与肠杆菌科的部分属。通过监控养殖环境中异养细菌和弧菌的数量波动,可以预警梭子蟹病害的发生,及时采取有效的应急防治措施。     

Quality Index Method (QIM) Scheme Developed for Whole Nile Tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) Ice Stored under Refrigeration and Correlation with Physicochemical and Microbiological Quality Parameters

ABSTRACT

A quality index method (QIM) scheme was optimized to evaluate the freshness of whole tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) ice stored under refrigerated conditions, which is the most common format of commercialization between primary producers and retailers. QI showed a high prediction accuracy, estimating a rejection point of 10.8 days. Principal component analysis showed the influence of the storage time on sensory, physicochemical (instrumental color and texture profile, total volatile base nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, pH), and microbiological (total aerobic mesophilic count and total aerobic psychrotrophic count) quality parameters and the correlations between them. The suitability of the QIM scheme for assessing the freshness of whole tilapia was demonstrated to be a fast and accurate tool to maintain proper quality control along the production chain.     

珠江广州河段微生物和浮游植物群落与水质特征

2008年5至2010年4月对珠江广州段中大码头和鱼珠码头的环境理化因子、可培养细菌总数、大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群以及浮游植物进行了为期2年的逐月调查。调查期间,2站点总氮平均浓度分别为(7.02±4.18)mg/L和(8.03±5.02)mg/L,总磷平均浓度分别为(0.47±0.29)mg/L和(0.50±0.27)mg/L;可培养细菌总数丰度为103～105个/mL,大肠菌群及粪大肠菌群丰度均在102～103个/mL范围内;浮游植物细胞密度为(1.50～13.17)×106个/L,硅藻门、绿藻门和蓝藻门为主要优势类群。浮游植物最高细胞密度出现在秋季,最低出现在夏季。2站点粪大肠菌群丰度超过地表水Ⅴ类标准,有机污染严重。以浮游植物作为评价指标,珠江广州段为富营养化水体,需加大对生活污水的治理力度。     

山东主要刺参养殖区幼参肠道抗生素耐药菌及耐药基因分布特征

为解析目前刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)苗种携带耐药菌及耐药基因现状,本研究从烟台、威海、青岛3个刺参主要养殖区的6家养殖场采集了幼参,对其肠道内容物中常用抗生素的耐药菌数量、占比和种类进行检测。利用荧光定量PCR技术,对样本中4类抗生素的7种耐药基因分布情况进行分析。结果显示,所检测的6个采样点中均有6种抗生素耐药菌的检出,从耐药菌占比来看,耐药菌占比最高的种类是乙酰甲喹、萘啶酸和四环素耐药菌,占比分别为0.05%~40.06%、2.16%~39.94%和0.06%~23.15%,氟苯尼考、庆大霉素和链霉素耐药菌的占比均不高,占比范围为0.01%~4.15%。由所分离到的98株耐药菌的鉴定结果可以看出,可培养的抗生素耐药菌分为4门5纲30属,主要集中在弧菌属、芽孢杆菌属和嗜冷杆菌属,占检出率的15.30%、13.27%和12.25%。基于属水平的不同抗生素耐药菌种类的分布统计结果显示,各采样点耐药菌种类差异较大,而且弧菌属、芽孢杆菌属和嗜冷杆菌属中均存在同一菌属中有耐多种抗生素的情况。对6个样本7种抗生素耐药基因的丰度检测结果显示,同一类抗生素的不同耐药基因的含量差异显著,除氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药基因aadA的相对拷贝数比例和链霉素以及庆大霉素耐药菌占比之间存在显著相关性(P<0.05)外,其他抗生素耐药基因的丰度与耐药菌占比之间相关性不显著(P>0.05)。研究表明,苗期刺参中存在一定的携带耐药菌和耐药基因的风险。     

条斑紫菜叶状体附生菌及病原菌的初步调查

对条斑紫菜叶状体进行微生态学调查,结果表明：在健康的叶状体上附着异养菌数量为106c．f.u／g,优势菌菌落为黄色和桔红色两种。具有降解琼脂特性的病原菌在健康叶状体上数量很少,它们主要附着于网绳上,这可能是引起紫菜脱落,特别是苗期严重脱落的主要原因。     

桂林市4个城中湖泊夏季浮游植物群落结构与水质评价

2013年夏季对桂林市4个城中湖泊——木龙湖、桂湖、榕湖和杉湖(统称"四湖")浮游植物的种类组成、细胞密度和主要水环境指标进行调查,并评价了其水质现状;根据四湖特点及水流方向,从上至下依次分别在每个湖泊中央和两湖交汇处各设定1个采样点,共计8个,依次为四湖入口(S1)、木龙湖(S2)、桂湖入口处(S3)、桂湖(S4)、桂湖与榕湖交汇处(S5)、榕湖(S6)、榕湖与杉湖交汇处(S7)和杉湖(S8)。结果表明,四湖总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)浓度较高,平均浓度分别为0.86 mg/L和0.088 mg/L,TP在所有样点都超过Ⅲ类水标准。调查期间共检出浮游植物7门、58属、117种,以绿藻和硅藻为主;其中绿藻门27属、54种,硅藻门16属、37种,蓝藻门7属、12种,裸藻门3属、9种,黄藻门3属、3种,隐藻门和金藻门各1属、1种。细胞密度范围为18.97×104~550.74×104个/L,平均值为304.87×104个/L。四湖的叶绿素(Chl-a)浓度范围为1.09~18.85 mg/m3,Shannon-Wiener指数(H)介于1.39~3.97,Margalef指数(d)介于2.49~3.35,Pielou指数(J)介于0.25~0.71,Simpson指数(D)介于1.42~8.89,反映出四湖浮游植物种类分布较为均匀、群落稳定性较好、对外界抗干扰能力较强;桂林四湖总体上为Ⅲ类水标准,按水流方向依次处于贫营养-中营养-轻度富营养状态。     

Development of Quality Index Method Scheme for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Stored in Ice: Shelf-Life Assessment by Physicochemical,Microbiological, and Sensory Quality Indices

ABSTRACT

Sensory methods are the most interesting methods to estimate fish quality. Among these, the recently developed quality index method (QIM) has gained popularity, as shown by the multiple publications of QIM schemes in the last years. The objective of this study was to create a new QIM scheme (QIM sensory table and corresponding point system) for the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), basing the definition of the rejection point on sensory, physicochemical (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, total volatile basic nitrogen, pH, and color measurements), and microbiological criteria (counts of mesophiles, psychrotrophs, and Pseudomonas spp.). A new QIM scheme was developed and is proposed for use in the future; it will be useful for practical evaluations of carp freshness in all steps of the production chain, and it will contribute to a more effective use of the species as an alternative for human food supply.     

Microbial Quality,Safety, and Sensory Acceptability of X-ray Treated Fresh Channel Catfish Fillets

This study was designed to determine if treatment with low dose X‐ray irradiation changes microbial quality (microbial load), safety (Listeria monocytogenes incidence), and sensory characteristics (aroma, appearance, and texture) of fresh aquacultured Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fillets during refrigerated storage. Fillets were treated to 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 kGy using an X‐ray irradiator and stored at 3°C for 17 days. Fillet aerobic plate count (APC), psychrotrophic plate count (PPC), total coliform count (TCC), and L. monocytogenes incidence were measured every 4 days during storage. A Difference-From-Control test was used to measure aroma, appearance, and texture. Fillet microbial counts were significantly different (p < 0.05) with time, irradiation dose, and the interaction of these two treatments. As expected, APC, PPC, and TCC increased as storage time increased. Overall L. monocytogenes incidence was 40%, 27%, 0%, and 7% at 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 kGy, respectively. Aroma of irradiated and non‐irradiated catfish fillets was significantly different, with greater aroma differences recorded as storage time increased due to progressional spoilage of the untreated controls. However, there were no significant aroma differences noted among the different irradiation doses. Neither appearance nor texture was significantly different between any treatments throughout testing. This study indicated that exposure to low dose X-ray irradiation improved the microbial quality and safety of fresh catfish fillets without affecting sensory acceptability at time of purchase.     

新疆伊犁河周丛藻类群落结构及其水质生物学评价

周丛藻类是新疆跨境河流土著、特有鱼类重要的基础饵料资源,研究其种群结构及评价水质,以保护该地区渔业资源与生态环境。2013年5、7、9、10 月,在新疆跨境河流——伊犁河全流域选择8个样点,对周丛藻类群落结构进行了系统的调查分析。结果表明,伊犁河周丛藻类隶属5门41属145种,其中硅藻门种类数最多,113种（占77.9%）,依次是蓝藻门14种（9.7%）、绿藻门13种（9.0%）、裸藻门4种（2.8%）和黄藻门1种（0.7%）。优势种主要为硅藻门的嗜盐舟形藻、偏肿桥弯藻、普通等片藻以及蓝藻门的皮状席藻等。研究期间,伊犁河周丛藻类的密度和生物量的均值分别为1331.7×106 ind/m2、1908.5 mg/m2。Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数的平均值分别是0.73、3.24、0.60和3.91。Pearson相关性分析显示,伊犁河周丛藻的密度与流速呈极显著的负相关,与总氮呈极显著的正相关,与水温、盐度、氟化物、总硬度、钙离子呈显著的正相关;周丛藻类的生物量与流速呈极显著的负相关,与水温、硝态氮、氟化物、总氮呈显著的正相关。基于生物多样性指数（Shannon-Wiener、Margalef、Pielou）、指示生物法与硅藻耐受性指数等方法的水质评价结果大体上一致,综合评价结果：昭苏解放大桥、雅玛渡和伊犁河大桥水质相对较差为β-中污型,其余采样点水质均处于较好状态为寡污型。整体上伊犁河流域水质趋于良好。     

耐盐红螺菌科细菌对淡水 池水质及细菌类群的影响

对耐盐红螺菌科光合细菌应用于淡水斑点叉尾Hui、彭泽卿养殖后，水化学环境因子、细菌类群及养殖生物的变化进行了研究。结果表明，鱼池泼施光合细菌后，水体NH4^+-N、NO2^--N、NO3^--N和COD下降，溶氧和pH上升；细菌类群及数量变化大致是：光合细菌提高3－50倍（多数在15－20倍）, 硝酸细菌提高3倍，硝酸细菌提高4－5倍；斑点叉尾Hui养殖池的主要异养细菌肠杆菌科细菌提高9．4％，气单胞菌属降低7．5％，彭泽鲫养殖池的主要异养细菌假单胞菌属降低16％，肠杆菌科提高21％；养殖生物的养殖效果是：斑点叉尾Hui鱼苗个体增重提高15．7％，彭泽卿苗个体增重提高12．8％。     

养殖大黄鱼加工和冰藏过程中鲜度和细菌类型的变化

通过对养殖海水以及捕获、加工、流通和冰藏等整个供应链过程养殖大黄鱼的温度履历、感官、化学、微生物的品质监测,评估养殖海水、碎冰和加工过程中大黄鱼细菌卫生状况,分析其在整个过程鲜度和细菌相变化。结果表明,养殖海水和碎冰的菌落总数分别为4.99±0.41 lg cfu/g和3.90±0.32 lg cfu/g,大肠菌群数分别为30~450 MNP/100 g和低于30 MNP/100 g;新捕获养殖大黄鱼的菌落总数为3.82±0.38 lg cfu/g,假单胞菌数为3.13±0.58 lg cfu/g,嗜冷菌数为2.82±0.60 lg cfu/g,大肠菌群数为低于30 MPN/100 g;冰藏第18天时TVBN含量为28.62±0.51 mg/100 g,菌落总数、假单胞菌数、嗜冷菌数和大肠菌群数分别为6.24±0.06lg cfu/g、6.01±0.25 lg cfu/g、5.68±0.21 lg cfu/g和30 MPN/100 g。养殖海水和新捕获鱼中细菌种类繁多,革兰氏阴性菌分别占其总菌株数的64.9%和56.8%;革兰氏阳性菌分别占其总菌株数的27.0%和42.0%;优势菌群为黏性威克斯菌、腐败希瓦氏菌和假单胞菌属。加工结束后,假单胞菌(34.9%)、玫瑰小球菌(32.6%)和缺陷短波单胞菌(14.0%)成为主要菌群。冰藏第4天时仅分离出4种不同类型的细菌,腐败希瓦氏菌比例上升明显,冰藏第10天和第18天时,所占比例分别为63.5%和69.1%,是冷却链养殖大黄鱼产品的优势腐败菌。     

西洞庭湖区养殖水体浮游植物调查与水质评价

于2008年8月对湖南省西洞庭湖区40个典型养殖水体的浮游植物和水质理化指标进行了调查与分析。结果表明,40个养殖水体中共发现浮游植物67属101种,优势种类为铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）、银灰平裂藻（Merismopedia glauca）、卷曲鱼腥藻（Anabaena circinalis）、水华鱼腥藻（Anabaena flos-aquae）、小席藻（Phormidium tenue）、十字藻（Crucigenia apiculata）、二形栅藻（Scenedesmus dimorphus）、四尾栅藻（Scenedesmus quadricauda）、集星藻（Actinastrum hantzschii）、卯形隐藻（Cryptomonas ovata）、羽纹脆杆藻（Fragilaria pinnata）、简单舟形藻（Navicula simplex）、尖针杆藻（Synedra acus）。浮游植物平均密度高达3．19×10^7个／L,变动范围9．46×10^4～1．32×10^9个／L。浮游植物密度与蓝藻密度存在良好的相关性,相关系数达到0．940（P〈0．0001）。Shannon—Wiener多样性指数（H＇）的变化范围为1．00～3．74。利用浮游植物细胞密度和多样性指数作为水体状况评价指标,初步评价表明,对于人工养殖水体而言,采用半精养模式的水体污染程度相对最轻。     

三峡库区汝溪河浮游植物动态及其与水质的关系

为了探究浮游植物与环境因子之间的相关关系,为汝溪河水质预警、水华防治等水环境保护提供科学依据;从汝溪河上游至回水区共设置6个采样点,包括未受影响的自然河流水体、过渡区水体和回水区水文类型,于2012年9月至2013年8月进行了逐月周年采样,分析浮游植物群落结构及水体环境的时空动态。结果表明,调查期间共检出藻类8门117属,非回水区样点优势种以硅藻为主,回水区段以绿藻、蓝藻、甲藻和隐藻为优势种。6个样点Margalef多样性指数（d）为1.38~3.09,Shannon-Wiener指数（H）为1.15~3.60,Pielou均匀度指数为（Y）为0.31~0.90,浮游植物的种类和数量随季节和水域不同呈现差异。应用污染指示种、多样性指数和综合富营养化指数评价汝溪河水质,显示其水质为中营养-轻度富营养或α-中污型至β-中污型水体。结果表明,受库区回水顶托的影响,汝溪河回水区水质较差,需要重点关注。     

The Chemical and Sensory Quality of Smoked Sturgeon (Huso huso): A Case Study

In this study, the tail flesh of sturgeon acquired from the fish market in Be?ikta?-Istanbul, Turkey was put through hot smoking. The chemical composition of raw and smoked sturgeon was determined. The protein, lipid, ash, and moisture of the muscle tissue in raw and smoked sturgeon were found to be 17.63 to 17.49, 6.07 to 9.59, 0.79 to 2.71, and 75.42 to 68.40%, respectively. Both the raw fish and the smoked fish meat were categorized to possess high quality characteristics with pH, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), and trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N) values. After smoking, the skin color lightness (L*) of raw fish was determined to decrease, while the flesh color lightness of raw fish was determined to increase. The redness (a*) and the yellowness (b*) of both the skin and the flesh were determined to increase. Sensory parameters of color, smoke aroma, flavor, texture, chewiness, and overall acceptance for smoked sturgeon was described as excellent and its flesh tasty.     

用综合污染指数法分析评价黄河陕西段的水环境

2013年-2015年,逐月监测分析了黄河陕西段府谷、吴堡、龙门、洽川、港口、汾河入黄口和渭河入黄口7个段面22项水质指标,并用综合污染指数法进行评价。结果显示:黄河陕西段处于4级中度污染水平,5级较重污染段面汾河入黄口(P=9.26)1个,其余6个段面处于4级中度污染水平(2.04≤P≤4.67)。主要污染物为总氮、总磷和有机物,部分段面还受到重金属汞、砷、铜、锌的影响,所有段面未受有机氯和有机磷的污染。同期断面比较,上游污染轻于下游,污染逐年下降。     

Comparison of Moist and Dry Cooking on Sensory Quality,Consumer Acceptance and Marketability of Canned Bighead Carp

Abstract

Canned bighead carp has shown potential as a freshwater fish product. Canned products made from bighead carp loins that had been either cooked in steam or a convection oven were evaluated by a consumer panel of 90 individuals. The consumers were not told the identity of the fish under consideration. Acceptability was estimated by use of hedonic scales for sensory attributes, open-ended questions about how the products compared to similar canned fish products, and the just right scale for attribute direction for change. Willingness to pay compared to similar products also was determined for each product. Both carp products were light in color and contained less than 1% crude lipids. Acceptability of both products was good with the steam-cooked carp products being slightly more preferred in most categories. For the sensory attribute, “overall liking,” 54% of panelists rated the steam-cooked product as either like very much or like moderately. Likewise, over 60% of panelists indicated that either carp product was better than or equal to canned tuna and that they would be willing to pay as much for either product as tuna.