Apparent digestibility of soybean coproducts in extruded diets for Nile Tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus

Soybean coproducts are important protein sources in aquaculture because of their amino acid profile. Tilapia can be reared on soybean coproducts as the only source of dietary protein without compromising growth. This study estimated apparent digestibility coefficients for five soybean coproducts for juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fed with extruded diets. A reference diet and test diets consisting of 70% reference diet and 30% coproduct ingredient were formulated, along with 5.0 g kg^?1 chromic oxide (Cr₂O₃) as a marker. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) for dry matter (ADCDM), gross energy (ADCGE) and crude protein (ADCCP) for soybean coproducts were estimated as 84.2–88.4%, 86.9–91.1% and 96.8–97.9%, respectively. ADCDM and ADCCP values did not vary among the ingredients, but low‐protein soybean meal exhibited lower ADCGE values than did soybean protein concentrate. ADCs of all amino acids were >95%, and mean ADCs for amino acids were similar to the values observed for ADCCP. Soybean coproducts had good nutritional value in extruded diets fed to tilapia. Methionine, histidine and valine were the limiting amino acids in all evaluated ingredients.     

An evaluation of increasing linolenic acid level in the diet of Macrobrachium nipponense: Lipid deposition,fatty acid composition and expression of lipid metabolism‐related genes

To determine the effects of linolenic acid (LNA, 18:3n‐3) in oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense), an 8‐week feeding experiment was conducted using six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic semi‐purified diets containing 0.07 g/kg (control), 7.3 g/kg, 16.6 g/kg, 20.2 g/kg, 27.3 g/kg and 36.3 g/kg LNA. The hepatopancreas lipid content decreased significantly when dietary LNA content was >20.2 g/kg. Fatty acid analysis revealed that the percentage of 18:3n‐3 in the hepatopancreas significantly increased with increasing dietary LNA levels, while 20:5n‐3, 22:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 levels in the hepatopancreas decreased in a curvilinear manner as dietary LNA increased. Additionally, qRT‐PCR results revealed that hepatopancreas mRNA expression of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC) decreased with increasing dietary LNA, while the greatest carnitine palmitoyl transferase‐1(CPT1) mRNA expression was observed in the 2.73 g/kg and 36.3 g/kg groups. Furthermore, hepatopancreas mRNA expression of acyl‐CoA delta‐9 desaturase (SCD) and fatty acyl elongase 6(elovl6) was downregulated when prawns fed the diets containing >20.2 g/kg LNA. These results indicate that dietary 18:3n‐3 could decrease lipid deposition through increased fatty acid β‐oxidation and modulated fatty acid synthesis, and alter fatty acid composition by regulating fatty acyl elongase and fatty acyl desaturase mRNA expression in the M. nipponense.     

An evaluation of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) testes meal in diets for pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): effect on palatability,digestibility and growth performance

This study compared the nutritional profiles of menhaden fishmeal and pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) testes meal and investigated the nutritional values of the testes meal based on its effect on palatability, digestibility and growth performance of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The testes meal replaced 0–91% of fishmeal protein in a control diet containing 150 g kg⁻¹ fishmeal. Replacement of 69% of the fishmeal protein in the control diet significantly increased feed intake of shrimp from 0.61% to 1.10%. The apparent digestibility coefficient of dietary protein increased significantly when 91% of the fishmeal protein was replaced by the testes meal. Replacement of dietary fishmeal protein with up to 46% testes meal protein did not cause adverse effects on growth rate or nutritional composition of tail muscle. However, growth rate was significantly decreased in shrimp fed diets in which 69% or 91% of fishmeal protein was replaced by the testes meal. Results of this study indicate that the testes meal can be used as a feed additive to enhance the palatability and protein digestibility of low fishmeal diets for shrimp. It can replace up to 46% of fishmeal protein without any adverse effect on the growth performance of shrimp.     

Effect of algal species and concentration on development and fatty acid composition of two harpacticoid copepods,Tisbe sp. and Tachidius discipes,and a discussion about their suitability for marine fish larvae

We compared the development and fatty acid content of the harpacticoid copepods Tachidius discipes and Tisbe sp. fed with different microalgal species (Dunaliella tertiolecta, Rhodomonas sp., Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Isochrysis galbana and a concentrate of Pavlova sp.), which differed in cell size and fatty acid composition. Tisbe could develop in 11 days with every alga to the same average stage, whereas Tachidius developed poorly when fed with Isochrysis and Dunaliella. Feeding with Phaeodactylum resulted in a fast development of both copepods at low algal concentrations. However, reproduction was higher with Rhodomonas as food than with the other algae. Fatty acid compositions of copepods were influenced by their food source, but both were able to convert docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from precursors. Tachidius fed with Rhodomonas or Phaeodactylum was closest to the DHA/EPA/arachidonic acid (ARA) ratio of 10 : 5 : 1 considered optimal for some marine fish larvae. Tachidius showed similar development and reproduction capacity as Tisbe, but requested higher absolute fatty acid contents in the diet. Tisbe was superior in the utilization of bacteria as additional food source and the bioconversion of precursor fatty acids. Phaeodactylum and Rhodomonas are recommendable food sources for both copepod species, but Phaeodactylum is more easily cultured.     

中华绒螯蟹池塘套养与温室养殖的中华鳖雄体生物学指数和营养成分比较

分别取中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)池塘套养和温室养殖中华鳖(Trionyx sinensis)雄体(分别简称为"套养鳖"和"温室鳖")各5只,解剖取四肢肌肉、裙边和肝脏,分析和比较两种鳖的生物学指数,可食组织常规营养成分、氨基酸含量和脂肪酸组成的差异。结果显示:(1)温室鳖裙边指数(SI)和肝体比(HSI)均显著高于套养鳖(P0.05)。(2)套养鳖肌肉灰分和裙边水分含量均显著高于温室鳖,而裙边蛋白含量则以温室鳖较高(P0.01),套养鳖和温室鳖其余常规营养成分均无显著差异(P0.05)。(3)温室鳖肌肉和裙边中的大部分氨基酸、总必需氨基酸(∑EAA)和总氨基酸(TAA)含量显著高于套养鳖,半胱氨酸含量及EAA/TAA以套养鳖较高(P0.05);套养鳖和温室鳖肌肉和裙边中的必需氨基酸评分(EAAS)较为接近,而EAAS平均值以套养鳖较高。(4)温室鳖肌肉C18:1n9、C18:1n7及单不饱和脂肪酸(∑MUFA)总量显著高于套养鳖,而C22:6n3、总多不饱和脂肪酸(∑PUFA)、∑n-3PUFA、总高度不饱和脂肪酸(∑HUFA)含量及n-3/n-6以套养鳖较高(P0.05);就裙边而言,除温室鳖C17:0和C20:2n6含量显著高于套养鳖外(P0.05),其余脂肪酸含量均无显著差异(P0.05)。综上可见,中华鳖在两种养殖模式下均具有较高的营养价值。