Optimal Conditions to Remove Chemical Hazards in Fish Protein Isolates from Tilapia Frame Using Response Surface Methodology

Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to maximize the removal of phospholipids (PLs) and other chemical hazards in tilapia protein isolates made from tilapia frame (TF). CaCl₂ and the ratio of water to minced tilapia frame (W:TF) were the significant variables affecting PLs reduction. The optimum condition for maximal PLs reduction (90.0%) was: 10.25 mM CaCl₂ and a W:TF of 7.8:1, while other variables were fixed at 5 mM citric acid, 60 min incubation, pH 11, and centrifugal speed of 8,000 × g. At these conditions, the great reduction of lipids (93.9%), Hg (97.6%), and As (95.5%), as well as 86.1% of protein recovery, were obtained. Protein isolates with significantly reduced chemical hazards and lipids were successfully prepared from tilapia frames using the alkaline extraction assisted with CaCl₂ and citric acid.     

Optimization of Hydrolysis Conditions for Production of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides from Basa Fish Skin Using Response Surface Methodology

ABSTRACT

Basa fish skin free from fat and noncollagenous proteins was hydrolyzed by different proteinases to produce angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides. Protamex hydrolysates were found to have the highest ACE inhibitory activity. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the hydrolysis conditions of Protamex—including enzyme-to-substrate ratio, hydrolysis time, and solid (fish skin)-to-liquid (water for hydrolysis)—at a temperature of 50°C and a pH of 7.0. The mathematical model demonstrated a good fit with the experimental data. An enzyme-to-substrate ratio of 6,108 U/g, a hydrolysis time of 1.24 h, and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:8.05 g/mL were found to be the optimal conditions to achieve the highest value of ACE inhibitory activity. The IC₅₀ of the hydrolysates for ACE inhibitory activity was 1.417 mg/mL under these conditions.     

Optimization of the Biological Preservative Formula for Penaeus vannamei by Response Surface Methodology

Penaeus vannamei is the most widely aquacultured shrimp in the world. However, it is vulnerable to bacteria spoilage. Recently, the use of biological preservatives to defend against bacteria has attracted much attention. However, the practical effects of these preservatives remain unclear. In this work, response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken experimental design was adopted to investigate the effects of three biological preservatives—nisin, tea polyphenol (TP), and ε-polylysine (ε-PL)—on the bacterial growth in P. vannamei. The optimal preservative formula was obtained, which was nisin at 0.04 g/100 mL, ε-PL at 0.48 g/100 mL, and TP at 1.06 g/100 mL. Under the optimal conditions, shrimp had a total bacteria number as low as 1.81 × 10³ CFU/g, which was not significantly different from the practical determinations. The findings indicated that this model was effective to analyze the antimicrobial effects of preservatives and to optimize the combination of biological preservatives.     

响应面法优化四角蛤蜊酶解工艺条件

为提高四角蛤蜊的利用率,采用木瓜蛋白酶对其软体部位进行酶解。在单因素试验的基础上,研究温度、pH和酶加量对酶解过程的影响,通过三因素三水平的Box-Behnken响应面分析法优化其酶解工艺条件。试验结果表明,所建立的响应面模型极显著（ P＜0．0001）,可以很好的反映各因素与水解度之间的关系,且由模型得出木瓜蛋白酶酶解四角蛤蜊的最佳工艺参数为温度48℃、p H 7．2、酶加量3000 U/g、料液比3∶100（g/m L ）和时间3 h ,在此条件下水解度为37．05％,从而为四角蛤蜊的精深加工利用,尤其是天然海鲜调味料的开发提供理论依据。     

大竹蛏幼贝滤水率的响应面法分析

采用三因素三水平中心组合试验设计方案,研究光照度、盐度、pH及三者交互作用对大竹蛏幼贝滤水率的影响,并进行响应面分析,探寻大竹蛏幼贝最适生长条件组合,构造大竹蛏幼贝滤水率模型。试验期为30d,试验光照梯度为2000lx、1000lx、0,盐度梯度为30、25、20,pH梯度为9.00、8.00、7.00。结果显示,光照度、盐度及pH三者对大竹蛏幼贝滤水率有显著交互作用(P0.05)。通过Design-Expert 8.0软件对数据进行二次多元回归,拟合得到大竹蛏幼贝滤水率y对编码自变量A(光照度)、B(盐度)和C(pH)的二次多元回归方程:y=1.62+0.084A+0.04B-0.14C-0.38A2-0.65B2-0.68C2(r2=0.9821),软件模拟最适大竹蛏幼贝生长的条件组合为光照度1109.17lx,盐度25.12,pH7.89。     

利用响应面法优化鳗弧菌载体疫苗MVAV6203A-1冷冻干燥保护剂配方

应用单因素试验、复合保护剂组合试验和响应面分析法,对鳗弧菌载体疫苗MVAV6203A-1冷冻干燥的保护剂配方进行筛选和优化。试验结果表明,众多保护剂中半乳糖、海藻糖和脱脂牛奶的组合使用,能够显著提高细胞对冷冻干燥环境的耐受力。以冻干后的细胞存活率为响应值,响应面法优化的结果为:半乳糖4.6%、海藻糖2.3%、脱脂牛奶10.2%,以优化的最佳配方进行的3次重复冻干试验,细胞平均存活率可达77.3%。优化的保护剂配方适用于鳗弧菌载体疫苗的冻干生产。     

The effect of varying dietary digestible protein and digestible non‐protein energy sources on growth,nutrient utilization efficiencies and body composition of carp (Cyprinus carpio) evaluated with a two‐factorial central composite study design

To determine optimized dietary nutrient supply for common carp (Cyprinus carpio), nine isoenergetic diets were formulated according to a two‐factorial central composite design on digestible basis. Digestible protein contents (DP) in diets ranged from 208.8 to 251.2 g/kg, and digestible fat‐to‐digestible carbohydrate energy ratios (DEF/DEC) varied from 0.79 to 1.21. Carp were fed four times a day at a daily feeding rate of 2.5 g/kg body weight for 56 days. Optima of responses were determined by applying the standard least squares method according to response surface methodology. All diets resulted in excellent performance with feed conversion ratios lower than 1 and digestible protein efficiency ratios (PER_dig) higher than 4.6. For most parameters, calculated extreme values were minimum points, except for FCR, retention efficiencies of digestible arginine (RetArg_dig) and of digestible methionine (RetMet_dig), being maximum points, and retention efficiencies of digestible isoleucine, digestible sulphuric amino acids and digestible lysine, being saddle points. Highest growth and feed utilization efficiency were graphically determined for a diet containing 208.8 g/kg DP/1.21 DEF/DEC. Body lipid was optically increased for 251.2 g/kg DP/0.79 DEF/DEC in comparison with 208.8 g/kg DP/1.21 DEF/DEC.     

响应面法研究温度、盐度、pH及磷酸盐、硝氮、氨氮对副溶血弧菌生长的影响

副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus,VP)在海洋环境中普遍存在,是能够引起人类中毒的重要食源性病原菌之一,研究其生长受环境因子的影响规律对科研和社会生活都具有重要意义。本研究采用响应面法研究温度、盐度、pH、磷酸盐、硝氮和氨氮对VP的生长影响,以探讨、评估这6种理化因子的综合作用结果。首先用Design-Expert软件中的Box Behnken中心组合原则设计三因素三水平响应面实验,再进行响应面分析,以培养基光密度(OD600 nm)值为生长状态参数,获得该菌的最佳培养参数：温度为34.5℃,盐度为3%,酸碱度pH为8.0。在此基础上,考察NaNO3、NH4Cl和Na3PO4对VP生长的影响并建立模型。回归方程决定系数R2=0.9217,校正系数R2=0.8211,回归模型F=9.16, P=0.004,表明该模型具有较好的准确性。实验所得实测值与模型演算理论值拟合良好,皆表明磷酸盐、硝氮和氨氮对VP的生长都具有抑制作用。