Applied Nutrition in Freshwater Prawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergii,Culture

ABSTRACT

The freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, commonly called ‘scampi,’ is the most important culturable freshwater species of prawn with a fairly high growth rate, wide range of temperature (15-35°C) and salinity tolerance. The nutrients required by this species for growth and associated physiological functions are similar to those required by other crustaceans. Current data suggest that a digestible protein level of above 30 is required for maximum growth and protein efficiency. Ingredients such as mussel meat meal, squid meal, and shrimp meal serve as potential sources of protein in formulated diets. The complete quantitative requirements for all the essential amino acids for this prawn species have not yet been worked out. With respect to non-protein energy supply in the form of carbohydrate, studies indicated that scampi is capable of utilizing various carbohydrate sources efficiently. Dietary carbohydrate in the form of complex polysaccharides appears to be more effective as an energy source. Like other crustaceans, scampi also has limited ability to synthesize sterol from acetate and mevalonic acid. Quantitative estimates of the essential fatty acid requirements have been made in post-larval scampi. Data on vitamin and mineral requirements are scarce. Recent developments in diet formulation, practical feeding practices and the aquaculture potential in India have been indicated with emphasis on sustainable production.     

Microbiological Quality of Farmed Tropical Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man)

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to determine the microbiological quality of farmed giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) collected from four freshwater farms located in Kerala (India). Microbiological counts on whole, deheaded, and deheaded and deveined prawn as well as on head and intestine were determined. Average counts (log₁₀ cfu g^?1) on whole prawn were 6.9 (total mesophilic counts (TPC) at 37°C) and 4.1 (psychrotrophic count at 7°C). The results indicated that the aerobic counts were within the acceptable limit. The levels of enterococci and faecal coliforms in farmed M. rosenbergii were high. There was an increase in the numbers of enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus after deheading. The major groups of bacteria comprising the flora of M. rosenbergii were Aeromonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas. Farmed M. rosenbergii carried pathogenic bacteria such as Enterococcus spp., S. aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila, A. veronii biovar sobria and Clostridium perfringens. The results of the study suggest adoption of good farming and post harvest practices to improve the microbiological quality of farmed freshwater prawn.     

The Effect of Biomass Density,Temperature, and Substrate on Transport Survival of Market-Size Freshwater Prawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Abstract

After harvest, adult prawn are often transported for sales to live markets, such as ethnic Asian outlets, in major urban centers. Poor survival during transportation has hindered development and expansion of these markets. Methodologies to increase survival during transport could contribute to industry viability. Three independent trials were conducted. In the first trial, three biomass densities (25, 50 and 100 g/L) were evaluated in 100-L, open plastic containers aerated with pure oxygen and compressed air. Water quality analyses were performed prior to stocking. After 24 hours in the model transport containers, water quality analysis was conducted and all prawn were removed, determined to be alive or dead, and each group weighed and counted. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) for prawn survival (overall mean 98%) among the three densities. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen and nitrite were not effected by hauling density (P < 0.05). Total ammonia-nitrogen and un-ionized ammonia-nitrogen concentrations increased (P < 0.05) as biomass densities increased, though values remained within what are considered tolerable ranges. In the second trial, the effect of added substrate and temperature on transport survival was evaluated with prawns stocked at the high density (100 g/L). Two water temperatures (21°C and 26°C) with and without substrate were evaluated in a 2 × 2 factorial with three replicate, 100-L model transport containers per treatment combination (12 containers total). Factorial analysis indicated no significant statistical interaction (P > 0.05) between the presence of substrate and water temperature on any measured variable. The main effects of substrate and temperature were then analyzed separately. The presence or absence of substrate had no significant impact (P > 0.05) on prawn survival. However, temperature had a highly significantly impact (P < 0.01) on survival; prawn survival at 21°C averaged 97% compared to 24% at 26°C. The third trial was a commercial verification trial in which 500 kg of live prawn were transported to New York from Kentucky. These data indicate prawn can be successfully transported at 100 g/L for 24 hours when temperatures are maintained near 21°C. Adding substrate to the transport tank appears to provide no benefit.     

River pen culture of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) in southern Vietnam

A technical and socio‐economic survey conducted in the Dong Thap province of Vietnam to assess the current status of river pen culture of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) showed that pen culture, which has been developed and operated by farmers' indigenous knowledge, requires more study in order to optimize stocking density and to assess its environmental impacts. In this study, the prawn pens were of rectangular shape, with an average size of 209 m². Prawns were stocked in June at an average density of 62 pieces m^?2 and fed on farm‐made feed and were harvested 2–4 times starting from 4 months after stocking until late December or the following January. The average prawn yield was 0.52 kg m^?2 year^?1, ranging from 0.14 to 1.6 kg m^?2 year^?1. The average net return was US$0.71 m^?2 year^?1, ranging from US$1.24 to 4.37 m^?2 year^?1. About 73% of the farmers achieved positive net returns. The top five constraints for prawn pen culture were lack of knowledge of culture technologies, poor water quality, disease problems, poor quality of wild seed and lack of capital. Almost all farmers have no environmental awareness, and environmental regulations for prawn pen culture have not been established. Field measurements showed that all measured water quality parameters were within the range for good growth of giant freshwater prawns, and indicated that there was no significant accumulation of nutrients and organic matter at the bottoms of rivers or canals.     

Effects of Stocking Density on Nursery Production and Economics of the Freshwater Prawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergii

ABSTRACT

In temperate regions, post-larvae freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, are grown to more advanced sizes in tanks prior to pond stocking. This intermediate stage of culture is referred to as the nursery period. Little research has been conducted on different management practices on juvenile prawn growth and survival during this 30-60 day period. Survival during the nursery stage has been highly variable and may be related to the cannibalistic behavior of juvenile freshwater prawn when cultured at high densities in the nursery. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of stocking density, relative to the provision of artificial substrate (number of prawns/m² of substrate), on growth, survival, and economic variables for freshwater prawn juveniles during nursery production. Post-larvae (0.01%0.00 g, n = 300) were stocked into nine 1900 L tanks, each provided with 20.5 m² of artificial substrate in the form of horizontal layers of black plastic mesh (10 mm) spaced 5 cm apart. Tanks were randomly assigned one of three prawn densities (215, 430, or 860 post-larvae/m² of substrate), which equated to 2.3,4.6 and 9.2 prawn/L, respectively. Juvenile prawn were fed a commercial trout diet (42% protein) at a percentage of body weight according to a feed rate table. Water quality was maintained using a flow rate of 8 L/min in each tank from a reservoir pond. Temperature was maintained at approximately 28°C using heat pumps. After 56 days there was no significant difference (P >0.05) in average weight of juvenile prawn stocked at the three densities (0 = 0.58%0.12 g, n = 9). Survival was significantly lower (P <0.05) for prawn stocked at 860 m² (62%) than in those stocked at 430/m² (78%) and 215/m² (94%), which were not statistically different (P >0.05). Even with reduced survival, the highest stocking density produced the greatest number of nursed juveniles based on both tank volume (5.5/l) and surface area (530/m²), at the lowest average cost.     

Effect of Shelters,Densities, and Weight Groups on Survival,Growth and Limb Loss in the Freshwater Prawn,Macrobrachium nobilii (Henderson and Matthai, 1910)

Abstract

Three weight groups of juvenile prawn, M. nobilii, were raised at three stocking densities (22,38, and 77 prawns/m²) under three substrate conditions (sand, pebbles, and pebbles with shelter in the form of PVC pipe). Stocking density had a significant (P < 0.001) influence on the survival and growth of the prawn. A higher incidence of limb autotomy was recorded at the higher stocking density. Provision of pebbles and PVC pipe increased the survival, and mean growth rates, and reduced the percentage of limb loss.     

A Comparison of Two Feeding Technologies in Freshwater Prawns,Macrobrachium rosenbergii,Raised at High Biomass Densities in Temperate Ponds

ABSTRACT

Recent developments in prawn production technologies (i.e., added substrate, increased stocking densities, size grading, and increased feed rates) have increased production rates from 900-1,000 kg/ha to over 2,500 kg/ha. While prawn can receive substantial nutritional benefit from natural foods at the lower biomass densities, at higher production rates prawn are likely to be more dependent on prepared diets. To ensure that maximum production is being achieved by these new production technologies, production rates must not be nutritionally constrained. This study was conducted to compare the current recommended technology of phase feeding of different quality feedstuffs to prawns of different sizes with the feeding of a high-quality penaeid diet throughout the production season. Two treatments were evaluated: Treatment 1 was phase feeding (current technology-control) where prawns were fed unpelleted distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) for the first four weeks, then a 28%-protein prawn diet for weeks 5-12, and finally a 40%-protein penaeid diet for weeks 13-16. In Treatment 2, prawn were fed the 40%-protein penaeid diet throughout the entire production period. Feeding rates in both treatments were based upon a feeding table. Three 0.04 ha ponds were used for each treatment. All ponds were stocked at 59,280 juveniles/ha and were provided with artificial substrate in the form of a polyethylene “safety fence” oriented vertically to increase available surface area by 50%. After 106 culture days, no significant differences (P >0.05) were observed between treatments in terms of yield, average individual weight, food conversion ratio (FCR), or survival, which averaged 2,575 kg/ha, 46 g, 2.3, and 94%, respectively, overall. Due to the higher cost of the penaeid diet (US$0.84/kg), feeding costs for the penaeid diet treatment (Treatment 2) were 38% higher than those for Treatment 1. No benefit to using higher protein diets during the first 12 weeks of prawn pond production was observed.     

Apparent Control of Sexual Differentiation of Freshwater Prawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergii,Through Dietary Administration of Dopamine Hydrochloride

ABSTRACT

Dopamine at concentrations of 0.15, 1.5, and 15.0 mg/kg was included in two different formulated diets that were fed to recently metamorphosed postlarvae of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, for 60 days. Dopamine, in the form of dopamine hydrochlo-ride, was incorporated into the formulated diets by either solubilizing it in alcohol, followed by submersion of diet and evaporation, or inclusion in a lipid premix ingredient. The alcohol evaporation method at 0.15, 1.5, and 15.0 mg/kg significantly increased the percentage of individuals without external male characteristics. This research is the first reported use of dietary administration of dopamine to crustaceans, and the first documentation of the apparent dietary control of gonadal development and sex differentiation in crustaceans. Replication of results, a histological examination of a large sample of individuals, and continued monitoring of those individuals fed the dietary dopamine are needed to verify the apparent effect.     

Growth and carcass composition of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man), fed different isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets

A feeding experiment was conducted for 135 days to observe the effect of different isonitrogenous (35% crude protein) and isocaloric (385 kcal) diets on the growth and carcass composition of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii ( De Man 1879 ). Three experimental diets (ED1, ED2 and ED3) were prepared using locally available ingredients. These diets differed mainly in terms of percent contribution of major protein sources such as fish meal, soybean meal, groundnut oil cake and mustard oil cake. Experimental diets were evaluated against a commercial diet, which served as the control (CD). Juveniles 1.87–2.44 g in size were stocked at a population density of 40 000 ha⁻¹ and fed thrice daily at 10% in the beginning and reducing gradually to 7% and 5% of the body weight during the experimental period. No significant differences (P>0.05) in the growth performance were observed; however, a significantly (P<0.05) higher yield (721.9 kg ha⁻¹ 135 days⁻¹) was recorded for prawn fed with control diet, followed by experimental diet 2 (676.5 kg ha⁻¹ 135 days⁻¹, having soybean meal as a major protein source). The survival ranged between 63.8% and 77.7%, with different diets showing significantly higher survival. The apparent feed conversion ratio values of diets ranged between 3.15 and 3.49, with experimental and control diets showing non‐significantly lower AFCR values. At the end of the experiment, representative specimens from each treatment were collected and their carcass composition was measured. Analysis of variance showed that carcass protein and total carbohydrate contents were significantly (P<0.05) higher in prawns fed on a fish–soybean meal‐based diet (ED3) and a control diet. The total lipid contents of prawns, however, did not differ significantly among the various dietary treatments. The results of our study suggest that the experimental diets could be used effectively for M. rosenbergii without compromising growth and flesh quality.     

高位池养殖罗氏沼虾试验报告

在黄河三角洲地区对高位海水对虾养殖池进行改造,利用低盐度水源进行罗氏沼虾养殖试验, 获得成功。经116天养殖,亩产罗氏沼虾50.1 kg,平均体长7.86cm,平均体重15.2 g,投入产出比1:2.4, 亩获纯利润1 205元。     

Nutritional and Sensory Quality of the Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii and the Influence of Packaging Permeability on its Shelf Life

The Malaysian freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii was used for nutritional, bacteriological and sensory evaluations. Prawns were refrigerated (0 ± 1°C) and divided into two groups named T1 and T2 corresponding to permeable and impermeable (O₂/CO₂) packaging, respectively, in order to evaluate their shelf life. The percent composition ensured its high nutritional value, and consumer testing showed that acceptability was close to ideal, with good purchase intent. The type of treatment did not significantly influence the parameters assessed, and the shelf life was established as 150 h. The mesophilic bacteria count was the determining factor for quality assessment. Total volatile basic nitrogen and pH were not good parameters for evaluating quality, whereas the biogenic amines, especially agmatine, appeared to be appropriate quality parameters.     

淡水虾蟹养殖池塘中5种水草的营养成分比较

比较虾蟹池塘中微齿眼子菜、线叶眼子菜、菹草、空心莲子草和穗花狐尾藻5种水草的常规营养成分、总类胡萝卜素、脂肪酸和氨基酸含量,并结合5种水草的生长特性和对底泥再悬浮的抑制作用,综合评估这5种水草在淡水虾蟹养殖中的应用价值.试验结果显示:(1)菹草水分含量显著高于其他4种水草,微齿眼子菜、线叶眼子菜和空心莲子草的粗蛋白和粗...     

The effect of tank colouration on survival, metamorphosis rate, growth and time to metamorphosis freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) rearing

Seedstock‐costs of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii can represent >50% of the total production costs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of culture tank colouration on survival, metamorphosis rate, weight and time required to reach the postlarval (PL) stage. Newly hatched prawn larvae were stocked into eighteen 16‐L plastic culture tanks at a density of 30 L^?1. Tank colours evaluated were red, black, white, blue, green and yellow. Larval prawns were fed brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) nauplii and a supplemental diet. Data indicated that larval tank colour had no significant impact (P>0.05) on the final PL size or days required to reach PL stage. However, total survival was significantly higher (P<0.05) in red and green tanks (84% and 78% respectively) than in white and blue tanks (56% and 44% respectively). Survival in the yellow and black tanks (71% in both) was not significantly different (P>0.05) from the red, green or white treatments, but was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the blue treatment. This could have a significant financial impact on commercial hatchery, and growout production, as most larval tanks currently in use are blue or black.     

Low-cost diet for monoculture of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) in Bangladesh

An experiment was conducted for 3 months in 12 experimental ponds, each of 30 m², with a view to develop a low‐cost diet for monoculture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in ponds. Three experimental diets (30% protein) were formulated using fish meal, meat and bone meal, mustard oilcake, sesame meal and rice bran in different combinations partially replacing fish meal by meat and bone meal and sesame meal and assigned to treatments T₁, T₂ and T₃ respectively. A commercial golda feed (Starter‐III) was assigned to T₄ (reference diet). Each treatment had three replicates. Juveniles of M. rosenbergii (2.90±0.21 g) were stocked at the rate of 40 000 ha⁻¹. Prawns were fed three times daily at the rate of 10% and 5% of their body weight at the beginning and for the last 2 months respectively. The ponds were provided with aeration during the night using air pumps. The ranges of water quality parameters recorded in different ponds were: temperature 28.9–32.5°C, dissolved oxygen 5.1–8.1 mg L⁻¹ and pH 6.4–7.7. The results showed that the weight gain of prawns fed diet 1 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those fed diets 2 and 3, but was not significantly different from those fed diet 4 (reference diet). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) values of diets ranged between 2.21 and 2.96 with diets 1 and 4 showing significantly lower (P<0.05) FCR values. The survivals (%) ranged between 68% and 78% with prawns fed diets 1 and 4 showing significantly higher survival. The production of prawn ranged between 921 and 1428 kg ha⁻¹ and diet 1 resulted in a significantly high (P<0.05) production. A simple economic analysis showed that diet 1 generated the maximum net profit of Tk 159 178 ha⁻¹. The results of the study showed that a diet containing 20% fish meal, 10% meat and bone meal, 15% mustard oilcake, 15% sesame meal, 35% rice bran, 4% molasses and 1% vitamin–mineral premixes may be recommended to the farmers for monoculture of M. rosenbergii in ponds.     

Acute Toxicity of Copper to Juvenile Freshwater Prawns,Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Abstract

Copper sulfate is an algicide that is commonly used for phytoplankton and filamentous algae control and has been used as a therapeutant in aquaculture. The objectives of this study were to determine the acute toxicity of copper sulfate and the safe level for use in freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, production ponds in a high calcium and alkalinity environment. Six concentrations of copper sulfate (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 mg/L) were tested in 8-L glass aquaria for 48 hours with three replicate aquaria per treatment. Concentrations of calcium hardness and alkalinity were set at 100 mg/L using calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate, respectively. After 48 hours, survival of the control treatment (0% CuSO₄) averaged 97%, which was significantly higher (P< 0.05) than that of all other treatments. The survival in the 0.2 mg/L and 0.4 mg/L (70% and 73%, respectively) concentrations of CuSO₄ were significantly greater (P< 0.05) than higher dose treatments; but were not significantly different from each other (P> 0.05). Treatments containing 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0-mg/L copper sulfate demonstrated a dramatic decrease in prawn survival, which averaged 30, 7, and 0%, respectively. Regression analysis of the data predicted 48-hour LC₅₀ for copper sulfate tobe0.46 mg/L. Since recommended application rates for use of copper sulfate as an algicide are 1.0 mg/L or more for water with alkalinities of 100 mg/L, copper sulfate treatments are not recommended for prawn production ponds.     

Overview of recent research and development in temperate culture of the freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii De Man) in the South Central United States

Research and development efforts concerning freshwater prawn farming have in the past been principally conducted in tropical regions. However, activities in temperate regions also date back several decades. Culture of Macrobrachium in temperate zones offers positive opportunities, despite the inability to culture year‐round. Unique problems imposed by a restricted growing season must be addressed, and opportunities capitalized on, to attain commercially viable production in these regions. Much recent research in the South and Central USA has been directed towards intensifying production (kg ha^?1) without decreasing average harvest sizes or deteriorating water quality. Particular areas of research include evaluating and maximizing the relative contributions of natural foods, effects of artificial substrates on growth and prawn population structure and grading of animals before pond stocking to reduce heterogeneous individual growth and aggressive interactions. Recent studies have concentrated on combining these factors into a ‘best management practices’ (BMPs) production model. With these factors combined, production has increased from an average of 1000 kg ha^?1 of 30 g animals to almost 3000 kg ha^?1 of 40 g animals produced in research ponds in 110 days of culture. In commercial ponds, 1500–2000 kg ha^?1 has been achieved in a similar period using BMPs.     

Pathogenicity of halophilic Vibrio harveyi in giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii De Man)

In this study, the phenotypic and pathogenic properties in freshwater host were characterized in 14 strains of halophilic Vibrio harveyi isolated from infected marine black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. The lysogenic phenotype was assayed via prophage excision and mitomycin C induction. The bacteria were grouped into two types, corresponding to lysogenic and non‐lysogenic strains. The pathogenicity was determined via direct injection of bacterial cultures into post‐larval juvenile giant freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii De Man. All of the infected prawns showed similar symptoms and inflamed hepatopancreas. The V. harveyi isolates derived from the first‐injected infected prawns were re‐isolated and re‐injected into healthy giant freshwater prawns, in which they retained similar infectivity. Both lysogenic and non‐lysogenic Vibrio spp. showed identical virulence associated with 100% mortality within one day post‐injection. TEM micrographs showed hepatopancreatic nuclear deformation and lipid breakdown caused by lysogenic γ‐hemolytic VL19 and non‐lysogenic β‐hemolytic V33. However, the V33 strain was associated with severely disrupted mitochondria. None of the V. harveyi strains was able to produce a biofilm. Together, our findings indicate that the lysogenic and non‐lysogenic halophilic V. harveyi isolated from marine shrimps may use different virulence factors that are responsible for their pathogenicity in freshwater prawns.     

Osmoregulation,growth and moulting cycles of the giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) at different salinities

The giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is a species with a high commercial value in aquaculture. Two experiments were performed to determine the effects of salinities on the osmoregulation, growth and molting cycles of M. rosenbergii during growout. The first experiment was designed to determine whether these animals are capable of adapting to the changes in salinity seen in salinity intrusions in tropical deltas, with an incremental increase in salinity of 3‰ per day from 0‰ to 30‰ Haemolymph osmolality was rapidly regulated up to salinities of 15‰ , whereas animals conformed at higher salinities. The second experiment determined the growth, moulting cycle, osmolality, muscle water content and mortality during a 4‐month experiment at 0‰, 15‰ or 25‰ salinity. The weight gains in 0‰ and 15‰ were not significantly different and were comparable to the growth rates achieved in production farms with body mass increases of 2.6 and 2.3‐fold their initial body mass, respectively, after 4 months. The 25‰ group suffered from low growth, high mortality and a significantly lower moulting frequency. These data show that this species can be reared in brackish water up to 15‰, allowing for farming in the large areas impacted by salt water intrusions in tropical deltas.     

患铁虾综合征罗氏沼虾眼柄转录组研究

为探索罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)铁虾综合征(IPS)的分子机制,采用高通量测序平台(Illumina Hiseq-2500)分别对患IPS罗氏沼虾(IPS虾)和正常罗氏沼虾开展转录组测序,进行生物信息学分析。结果显示,高通量测序共获得56.42 G高质量数据,拼接后得到221 901条单基因序列(unigene),长度范围为201~30 985 bp,平均长度为1572 bp,N50长度为2867 bp,N90长度为646 bp。将单基因序列分别在Nr、Nt、Swissprot、KEGG、KOG、GO、PFAM数据库进行序列比对及功能注释,103 570条得到注释,其中,GO数据库注释到的单基因序列最多。差异表达分析显示,2003个基因在IPS虾眼柄中差异表达,包括1209个上调基因和794个下调基因,516个基因被注释到242条KEGG通路中,翻译、信号转导和免疫系统富集的差异基因数目最多。催乳素、雌激素、胰岛素、促性腺激素释放激素、胰高血糖素、催产素、谷氨酸能突触、血清素能突触等与生殖调控相关激素的代谢过程在IPS虾与正常虾眼柄之间存在差异。此外,一些已被证明在免疫反应中起重要作用的基因在IPS虾眼柄中显著上调,如血管内皮生长因子受体1、丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂6、C型凝集素、芳基硫酸酯酶B、酚氧化酶原激活酶2a、组织蛋白酶B、组织蛋白酶L、甲壳类抗菌肽4等。同时,注释到溶酶体、吞噬体、抗原处理与呈递、细胞凋亡、内吞作用等多条与免疫相关的途径,支持近期研究得出的罗氏沼虾IPS与病原感染相关的结论。本研究为解析罗氏沼虾IPS的成因和分子机制提供了数据支撑。