Ozone Efficacy as a Bactericide in Seafood Processing

Abstract

The efficacy of ozonated water (0.6-1.5 ppm) was evaluated as a bactericidal agent for sanitizing food contact surfaces and for treatment of raw seafood. The presence of ozone reduced the bacterial levels substantially on stainless steel surfaces and to a lesser extent on plastic cutting boards. Ozone was about as effective as chlorine in lowering levels of Listeria innocua on inoculated food contact surfaces. Fish processing residuals present on the surface greatly reduced sanitizer effectiveness. In high organic conditions, chlorinated water was slightly more effective than ozonated water. However, ozonated water applied to fish fillets and roe was not effective for bacterial control. The presence of organic material, particularly with fillets, reduced the effectiveness of ozone. Ozone accelerated the development of rancidity in frozen roe and fillets, resulting in reduced shelf life. We recommend ozone only as a sanitizer for cleaned seafood contact surfaces.     

Quality Changes and Shelf Life of Cultured and Wild Hot-Smoked Mediterranean Horse Mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus) at Refrigerated (4 ± 1°C) Conditions

ABSTRACT

Mariculturing of horse mackerel is not known in the world. Additionally, limited studies exist on quality changes of smoked horse mackerel at refrigerated temperatures. Therefore, in this study, between 1+ and 2-year-old wild and cultured horse mackerels were hot smoked and stored at refrigerated conditions. Chemical, microbiological, and sensory analyses were performed weekly to investigate quality changes and to determine the shelf stability of the products. The results of thiobarbituric acid, trimethylamine, and total bacteria counts were obtained within the acceptable levels. Although the counts of histamine-forming bacteria increased significantly (p < 0.05) during storage, histamine values were well below the permitted limits set by Food and Drug Administration and European Union (EU). Sensory results showed that both storage groups had 3 weeks of shelf life. Total volatile basic nitrogen values supported sensory results. Therefore, the results indicate that culturing of horse mackerel did not alter the quality during storage at 4 ± 1°C.     

Consumer Preferences for Live Seafood in the Northeastern Region of USA: Results from Asian Ethnic Fish Market Survey

Asian ethnic fish markets in the Northeastern region of the United States of America (USA) are popular for selling live fish and seafood. A consumer survey was conducted in selected supermarkets of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania during the summer of 2009 to assess consumer preferences for live seafood species. A binary logit model was developed to study the factors influencing preferences for live and fresh fish products. Results indicated that consumer preferences for live fish species vary by ethnic group. Live fish customers visited supermarkets at least two to three times a week and spent $16 to $20 a week to purchase medium size fish (0 to .91 kg live fish, on average). Freshness and appearance (bright, free of bruises, healthy fish) were the most important attributes. Findings indicate that promotion of live fish sales should be targeted to those stores dominated by East Asian (Chinese, Korean, and Japanese) customers.     

不同浓度臭氧对循环水养殖系统生物膜活性及其净化效能的影响

本文通过在循环水养殖系统中添加不同浓度的臭氧,研究其对循环水养殖系统生物膜活性及其净化效能的影响.结果显示,当氧化还原电位(ORP)小于450 mV时,氨氮的去除率随着臭氧浓度升高而升高,最高去除率达39.9％,亚硝酸盐氮的平均去除率为28.2％,生物膜菌群的平均存活率为88.1％,生物膜对养殖水体氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的处理效果良好;当氧化还原电位为500 mV时,经过臭氧24 h处理,氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除率分别由36.5％、28.1％降到12.2％、8.4％,而臭氧4h处理后,生物膜对氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除率分别由47.5％、32.1％降到5.0％、3.3％,水处理效果明显下降,生物膜菌群存活率由88.1％降到31.5％.由此可见臭氧添加浓度对生物膜及净化效能有重大影响.综合试验结果和分析评估,建议封闭循环水养殖系统的臭氧添加量以控制生物滤池内的氧化还原电位低于400 mV为宜,可保证循环水系统的安全性和经济性.     

冷藏养殖大黄鱼指数腐败货架期模型的构建与评价

通过感官、化学、微生物学分析对0~10℃冷藏养殖大黄鱼鲜度和货架期进行研究,构建和验证了指数腐败货架期模型。结果表明,0~10℃冷藏养殖大黄鱼货架期终点时菌落总数、假单胞菌数、嗜冷菌数和产H2S细菌数分别为6.64~7.60、6.24~6.96、6.16~6.90、6.14~6.62 lg cfu/g,挥发性盐基氮和三甲胺分别为27.15~30.12 mg/100g和8.44~10.83 mg/100g。0、5、8和10℃冷藏大黄鱼的货架期分别为17.8±2.5、9.3±1.1、7.0和5.4±1.3 d,并用于构建指数腐败货架期模型。用0、3、7℃冷藏养殖大黄鱼货架期验证指数腐败货架期模型,相对误差为?6.1%~4.6%,显示该模型可以快速有效预测0~10℃冷藏养殖大黄鱼的剩余货架期。     

Sensory Quality and Shelf Life of MAP Redfish (Sebastes marinus) Fillets as Affected by Previous MA Bulk Storage of Whole Fish

Abstract

The shelf life of iced redfish is known to be 16–19 days. This study evaluated the effects of modified atmosphere (CO₂/N₂: 60/40) in bulk storage of redfish and subsequent modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of fillets. Fish were evaluated by sensory, microbiological and chemical methods. Modified atmosphere (MA) bulk storage of whole fish for more than 5 to 10 days did not improve their sensory quality or significantly increase shelf life. In fact, the study showed negative effects in texture and overall appearance. MAP of fillets processed from 10-day MA bulk stored fish showed a modest increase in shelf life, but negatively affected their texture. Sensory qualities, i.e., tenderness, that decreased under MA bulk storage were improved upon aerobic storage for fish stored under MA for 5 to 10 days, but not 14 days. Lower microbial levels were found in MA bulk stored fish and MAP fillets compared to traditionally iced fish, while higher TMA levels were found in MAP fillets.     

冷却链大黄鱼货架期预报系统的开发与评估

通过使用Visual Basic编程语言,完成了基于0~10℃腐败希瓦氏菌生长动力学模型建立的冷却链大黄鱼货架期预报系统的设计,验证了货架期预报系统的准确性。采用以自然污染鱼得到的实验数据建立特定腐败菌生长动力学模型的方法,提高了预测的准确性,腐败希瓦氏菌和剩余货架期预测值与实测值的可靠性评估表明,其相关系数R2分别为0.936和0.935,显示开发的冷却链大黄鱼货架期预报系统可以快速可靠地预测冰鲜大黄鱼的鲜度与剩余高品质期和货架期。系统开发过程中采用免安装处理,方便用户使用。     

Development of Quality Index Method Scheme for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Stored in Ice: Shelf-Life Assessment by Physicochemical,Microbiological, and Sensory Quality Indices

ABSTRACT

Sensory methods are the most interesting methods to estimate fish quality. Among these, the recently developed quality index method (QIM) has gained popularity, as shown by the multiple publications of QIM schemes in the last years. The objective of this study was to create a new QIM scheme (QIM sensory table and corresponding point system) for the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), basing the definition of the rejection point on sensory, physicochemical (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, total volatile basic nitrogen, pH, and color measurements), and microbiological criteria (counts of mesophiles, psychrotrophs, and Pseudomonas spp.). A new QIM scheme was developed and is proposed for use in the future; it will be useful for practical evaluations of carp freshness in all steps of the production chain, and it will contribute to a more effective use of the species as an alternative for human food supply.     

不同贮藏温度下大菱鲆品质变化及货架期预测模型的建立

为探究大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)在不同贮藏温度下品质特性与货架期的关系,将大菱鲆贮藏在-3℃、0℃、4℃、10℃和15℃温度下,测定其感官品质、挥发性盐基总氮(TVB-N)、菌落总数、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)、电导率的变化,并且观测肌肉的微观结构;采用低场核磁共振技术(Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, LF-NMR)分析鱼肉中水分迁移状况,并且建立了TVB-N及菌落总数与贮藏时间和温度的动力学模型。研究发现,随着贮藏时间的延长,5种不同贮藏温度下鱼肉中不易流动水均减少,货架期终点各贮藏温度下的样品相对于新鲜鱼肉,其肌纤维结构均由紧密变得疏松;TVB-N和菌落总数变化预测模型中的活化能和指前因子分别为79.50、75.07 kJ/mol和1.3×10^14、7.62×10^12。选用10℃进行验证性试验,结果显示实测值与预测值相对误差在10%以内。因此,可根据TVB-N值及菌落总数对大菱鲆贮藏在-3℃~15℃的货架期进行实时预测。     

A Comparative Study on the Quality Changes of Croaker (Johnius dussumieri) Fish Stored in Slurry Ice and Flake Ice

In the present study, the effect of storage in slurry ice compared to conventional flake ice (control) on the quality of croaker (Johnius dussumieri) fish was evaluated. Biochemical, microbiological, and sensory analyses were performed. Total volatile base nitrogen, trimethylamine nitrogen, and pH values were lower for fish stored in slurry ice than in control. Similarly, aerobic plate count and Pseudomonas sp. count were also found at lower population levels in fish stored in slurry ice. Texture profile analysis revealed that fish stored in slurry ice showed improved texture. Based on the microbiological and sensory analysis, the shelf life of croaker fish stored in slurry ice was 15 days.     

Dietary Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis,Gomont, 1892) improved the flesh quality and shelf life of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss,Walbaum, 1792) fed fish meal or plant‐based diet

This study was carried out to determine the effects of fish meal or plant‐based diets with supplementation of dietary Spirulina (4%) on shelf life of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Rainbow trout (initial weight: ~135 g) were fed four experimental diets (fish meal‐based FM, plant meal‐based‐PM, Spirulina included at 4% of fish meal‐based‐FM/S or plant meal‐based PM/S) for 12 weeks. After the feeding trial, trout were stored on ice at 4°C for 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days. The chemical, microbiological and sensory analyses of fish were subjected to each sampling days for flesh quality evaluation. TBA of supplemented dietary Spirulina was lower than that non‐supplemented dietary Spirulina. pH values of all groups decreased significantly between days 0 and 20 during the storage period (p < 0.05). Luminosity (L*) value of all groups increased with time in storage period. Fish fed Spirulina supplemented diets showed an increased red/green tonality (a*) (p < 0.05) compared with fish fed non‐Spirulina supplemented diets. In the end of the storage period, the total coliforms values of fish fed with PM/S diet lower than that of other all diets. In conclusion, dietary Spirulina could be allowed the shelf life of the rainbow trout to be extended.     

Designing a Culinology(r) Based Research and Development Framework for Seafood Products

Abstract

A trend in new food product development is the growing participation of chefs within an organizational framework known as Culinology^(r). Culinology^(r) is defined as the fusion of culinary/chef skills and technical/scientific skills. Combining culinary expertise with food science is expected to produce more creative and financially successful products. This concept paper develops ideas for embedding the culinary framework into a broader interdisciplinary and multisector system for designing and developing new food products from publicly managed natural resources. Initial results from implementing the first stage of this framework are provided for West Coast albacore tuna.     

Synergic Effects of Light Salting,Vacuum Packaging,and Onion Extract on the Quality Retention of Refrigerated Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fillets

This experiment investigated the synergistic effects of vacuum packaging, light salting, and onion extract on the shelf life of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets stored under refrigeration. The chemical, microbial, and organoleptic changes were monitored for up to 18 days in fillets. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and free fatty acid (FFA) values were evident in the order: control (without salting, vacuum packaging, and extract) > air packaged, salted (APS) > vacuum packaged, salted (VPS) > and vacuum packaged, salted, containing 2% and 4% (v/w) onion extract (2% and 4% VPSOE) throughout the storage period. Thiobarbituric acid values in APS groups were higher than control groups. Data from microbial assay showed that treatment with 2% and 4% VPSOE decreased total viable microbial count (TVC) compared with other treatments. APS, VPS, and VPSOE samples remained acceptable for up to 8, 12, and 15 days, respectively. The most suitable indices for determining shelf life of rainbow trout fillets are TVC.     

冷藏大黄鱼货架期预测模型的建立和评价

建立和验证了用于预测冷藏养殖大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)鲜度和剩余货架期的特定腐败菌生长动力学模型。感官、VBN评价和微生物生长动态分析表明,大黄鱼在0℃、5℃、10℃时有氧贮藏的特定腐败菌假单胞菌(Pseudomonasspp.)在感官货架期终点菌数NS(CFU.g-1)的对数(lgNS)平均值为6.48±0.14。将获得的假单胞菌在0℃、5℃、10℃的生长实验值用于建立生长动力学模型,结果显示,最大菌数Nmax(CFU.g-1)受贮藏温度的影响不大,在3种温度下lgNmax为7.18±0.031。温度对最大比生长速率(μmax)和延滞时间(Lag)的影响,采用Belehradek方程描述,呈现良好线性关系,R2分别为0.991和0.996。获得0~10℃有氧贮藏大黄鱼的剩余货架期(SL)预测模型为:SL=1/(0.093 8T+0.086)2-(7.18-lgN0)/[2.718×(0.009 6T+0.082 8)2]×ln-ln(6.48-lgN0)/(7.18-lgN0)-1(T为贮藏温度,N0为初始假单胞菌数)。用大黄鱼贮藏在3℃和8℃的货架期实测值验证建立的模型,预测值和实测值的相对误差分别为-8.89%和-6.59%,显示建立的模型可以快速可靠地实时预测0~10℃有氧贮藏大黄鱼的鲜度和剩余货架期。     

Interactions and management for the future of marine aquaculture and capture fisheries

Aquaculture surpassed wild fisheries as the largest supplier of fish for human consumption in 2014 and is expected to supply the majority of seafood for future increases in demand. Marine and coastal aquaculture, collectively referred to as mariculture, currently represents just 36% of aquaculture production but is poised to expand in the decades ahead. One of the most commonly cited concerns regarding this likely expansion is ecological and socioeconomic interactions with wild‐capture fisheries. While attention has largely been drawn to high‐profile negative externalities from fed finfish and crustacean mariculture, not all marine‐based practices are equivalent. Empirical evidence for the different interactions between mariculture and wild fisheries is often sparse. While negative consequences can arise, positive synergies can also occur. By considering mariculture development in the context of fisheries interactions, we suggest that it is possible to minimize conflicts and maximize positive connections between the two sectors. We provide the first comprehensive synthesis of the interactions between mariculture and wild fisheries, characterizing the types of interactions, evaluating available empirical evidence and identifying where management (sector‐specific and cooperative) can play an important role. We highlight potential effects of mariculture on the efficiency, sustainability, and equity of seafood production and identify remaining knowledge gaps.     

Effects of Ozonated Water Treatment on the Microbial Population,Quality, and Shelf Life of Shucked Oysters (Crassostrea plicatula)

An ozonated water treatment system was designed for the sanitation of shucked oysters (Crassostrea plicatula). The effects of ozone (O₃) on shelf life were examined under refrigerated conditions (4 ± 1°C). Microbiological, chemical, and color quality were also evaluated by determining total aerobic plate counts (APC), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and L, a, and b values. Single and orthogonal experiment results showed that oysters treated with 9 mg/L of O₃ in aqueous solution (oyster: ozonated water = 1:6, w/v) for 10 min at 5°C significantly reduced the total APC by about 2-log—from 4.97 ± 0.11 to 2.93 ± 0.17 log CFU/g (p < 0.05). O₃ treatment did not cause significant changes in TVB-N, TBA, a, and b values, although L values were significantly affected. During refrigerated storage, O₃-treated samples expressed lower TVB-N, TBA, a, and b values and higher L values than control samples. The shelf life of O₃-treated samples was 20 to 25 days, while that for the controls was 5 to 10 days. The current study confirms that treatment with ozonated water can effectively prolong the shelf life and maintain the quality of oysters.     

Improving the Color Shelf Life of Farmed Southern Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) Flesh with Dietary Supplements of Vitamins E and C and Selenium

ABSTRACT

The use of dietary antioxidants to increase the shelf life of farmed southern bluefin tuna (SBT) flesh was examined over a 10-week period using either a standard pellet (Control) or high-vitamin pellet (HV) fortified with vitamin E, vitamin C, and selenium. Following harvest, muscle samples were taken and assessed for antioxidant content. Flesh color shelf life was assessed in muscle stored at 4°C for 8 days. Muscle vitamin levels were significantly higher in the HV group than the Control group for vitamin E (20.4 ± 1.74 vs 9.7 ± 0.89 mg/kg) and vitamin C (29.1 ± 4.36 vs 4.3 ± 0.41 mg.kg^–1), but selenium levels were not higher. Muscle samples from the HV group had a slower rate of browning than did those from the Control group, particularly over days 4 to 7 of storage. Results indicated that feeding a diet approximately 10 times higher in dietary antioxidants raised levels of vitamin E and vitamin C, but not selenium, in tuna flesh and increased the shelf life of tuna.     

水产食品特定腐败菌与货架期的预测和延长

Fresh fish and lightly preserved fish products are welcome by the global market, however, they are also among the most perishable food products. The research on specific spoilage organisms (SSO) reveals the spoilage process of aquatic product. This paper reviews the current knowledge (past ten years) on SSO of fresh fish and lightly preserved fish products with particular emphasis on characteristics of SSO and how to apply this concept to determine, predict and extend the shelf life of aquatic product. During storage, the microflora changes owing to different abilities of the microorganisms to tolerate the preservation conditions. SSO is defined as special microorganisms which can increase rapidly during preservation and has the ability to produce off- odours and off- flavours associated with spoilage, and spoilage metabolites. Identification of an SSO relies on comparison of the sensory and chemical characteristics of spoiled product with those of isolates from the spoilage microflora. Generally, the SSO of fresh fish may be a single species or genus, but the ones of lightly preserved fish products will be more complex. One exciting area for use of SSO aims to obtain quantitative knowledge about probable behavior of SSO and their function during the progression of spoilage. Thus mathematical models on the growth of SSO are established to evaluate the quality lost degree of product, which provide a sound information for the rational development of devices to monitor loss of products shelf life. Models for the growth of Pseudomonas spp, S. putrefaciens, P. phosphoreum have been established, and validated for shelf life prediction of seafood successfully. Another application field of SSO intends to develop the techniques to prolong the shelf life of food products by inhibiting SSO targetedly. Targeted inhibition of spoilage bacteria during preservation reduces their growth and results in a significant extension of shelf life in despite of the activity of non - spoilage organisms has not been influenced. Such techniques have been applied in perversion field of fresh fish and lightly preserved fish.