Fatty Acid Profiles and Lipid Oxidation Status of Sun Dried,Deep Fried,and Smoked Sardine (Rastrineobola argentea) from Lake Victoria,Tanzania

Freshwater fishes contain long chain omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of highest nutritional value. PUFAs in fish are susceptible to oxidative damage during processing and subsequent storage. Sardines (Rastrineobola argentea) are an important fish species of Lake Victoria, constituting 72.3% of the total landings by weight on the Tanzanian side of the lake. Fatty acid profiles and lipid oxidation status of sun-dried, deep-fried, and smoked sardines were investigated. Lipid oxidation was assessed by peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and free fatty acids. Fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. The three omega-3 PUFAs: docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5n-3), and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20: 5n-3) contributed 57–60, 63, and 38% of PUFAs in sun-dried, smoked, and deep-fried sardines, respectively. Lipid oxidation reactions were more pronounced in sardines dried on sand and rocks, with TBARS values 97.87 and 84.18 µmolMDA/kg, respectively. The polyene index was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in deep-fried sardines, indicating lower retention of PUFAs in the product. Lake Victoria sardines are a rich source of omega-3 PUFAs. PUFAs in sun-dried sardines are prone to oxidative damage. Smoking resulted in relatively higher retention of omega-3 fatty acids in products.     

Proximate,Fatty Acid,and Amino Acid Compositions of Fish Muscle and Egg Tissue of Hilsa (Tenualosa) ilisha

The total lipid profile including the fatty acid composition and amino acid composition in eggs of Hilsa (Tenualosa) ilisha was studied in comparison with its muscle tissue. The eggs contained 30.4% lipid (on dry basis), which was 1.2 times higher than that of the muscle tissue lipid. The major portion of the egg lipid was composed of wax ester (about 47.6%) followed by triacylglycerol (TAG), phospholipid (PL), and cholesterol. The muscle tissue lipid contained TAG as the major fraction (41.8 ± 1.48%). Total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was about 43 ± 0.05% and 32.4 ± 0.24% in egg PL and body tissue PL fractions, respectively. Among fatty alcohols of egg wax ester, 16:0 alcohol is predominant (56.4 ± 3.02%). Both the egg and muscle tissues are rich in all essential amino acids. The results indicate that muscle and eggs from Hilsa are rich in essential amino acids, PUFA, and phospholipids which are essential for human health and membrane development.     

A Review on Fish Lipid: Composition and Changes During Cooking Methods

Fish lipids are known to be beneficial for human health since they are rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This benefit can be affected by some processing or cooking methods. The effects of different cooking methods on lipid content and fatty acid composition of different fish species have been previously studied. In this article, the fish lipid characteristics and their changes during different cooking methods were reviewed. The fat content and fatty acid composition of fish vary according to the species, season, and environmental conditions. The fish lipid characteristics also change during different cooking processes. Frying generally gives higher changes in the fish lipid composition than other cooking methods. For example, frying results in higher losses of DHA and EPA (compared to other cooking methods). Further, the lipid changes occurring during frying depend on the fat content of the fish, the frying oil composition, and the type of frying technology.     

Seasonal Variations in Proximate and Fatty Acid Composition of Viscera of Sardinella aurita,Sarpa salpa,and Sepia officinalis from Tunisia

Seasonal variations of the proximate composition and fatty acid profiles in viscera from Sardinella aurita, Sarpa salpa, and Sepia officinalis were studied. Significant seasonal variations were observed in the amounts of moisture, lipid, protein, and ash between species. Viscera protein content undergoes large fluctuations. This tendency is different from results observed for the edible parts or for the whole body of many marine species. Ash content also showed significant differences. Lipid contents varied with seasons, in a proportionally inverse manner to water contents. Fatty acid composition showed significant differences from October to December. Interestingly, the highest total omega-3 contents were comparable to many commercial marine fish oils.     

Assessment of Fatty Acid Composition and Technological Properties of Northern Pike (Esox lucius) Fillets: The Effects of Fish Origin and Sex

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of northern pike origin (wild vs. farmed) and sex (female vs. male) on chemical composition, including fatty acids, and technological properties of fresh fillets. Fish origin influenced moisture, protein, fat, and ash contents, pH and color of the fillets, and the proportion of 22 out of 25 determined fatty acids, whereas sex affected expressible water, pH, lightness and redness of fillets, and only a single fatty acid (C20:0) proportion. Farmed pike had higher protein and fat content and lower moisture and ash than wild pike. Higher proportion and content of total polyunsaturated and n-3 fatty acids, as well as lower n-6/n-3 ratio, were found in farmed pike. Thus, it can be concluded that the commercial feed positively affected fatty acid proportion and content in the fish tissue and increased its nutritional value.     

宁波地区桃花水母的脂肪酸组成研究

2004年10月、2005年7月于浙江省宁波市七塔寺、江北区、天童寺采得多个桃花水母标本.用GC/MS法分析后的结果表明,三地桃花水母总脂含量平均值为16.30%.共检测到加种脂肪酸,饱和脂肪酸(SFA)8种、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)5种,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)7种.其中PUFA含量最高,占总脂肪酸的44.37%～50.59%,而SFA和MUFA分别占总脂肪酸的33.96%～39.14%和11.32%～21.67%.     

傀儡湖鱼类群落结构及其食物组成研究

为了分析傀儡湖鱼类对水环境的影响,于2010年1-12月研究了傀儡湖的渔获量、组成比例和主要鱼类食物组成。结果表明,傀儡湖渔获物中,发现有9科、26种鱼类,其中鲤科鱼类最多,有18种,占鱼类种数的69.23%;鱼类组成中,鲢和鳙为优势种,分别占总渔获量的（20.82±8.06）%和（41.58±19.24）%;主要鱼类...     

Fatty Acid Composition and Oxidative Stability of Fish Oil Products in Turkish Retail Market

The fatty acid composition and oxidative stability of fish oil and syrups available in the Turkish retail market were examined in this study. The major saturated fatty acids in capsules and syrups were palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0). The monounsaturated fatty acid contents of fish oil products have very different results (10.71–50.46%). The results show that the label claims for total omega-3, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid presented a reasonable accuracy for the examined products, but it was noted that some of the results showed a considerable difference with the labels.

The free fatty acid level in fish oil products was generally low (0.13–1.95% of oleic acid). Peroxide value of all examined products was below the limit of 10 meq kg^?1 oils for edible oil as indicated in Codex (1999). It was detected that the p-Anisidine value of fish oil capsules (5.36–8.90) was considerably lower than for fish oil syrups (21.86–26.74). According to our results, the totox value of fish oil capsules evaluated in this study (7.08–17.35) was within acceptable limits. However, fish oil syrups (34.72–38.06) highly exceeded the upper tolerable limit (26).     

傀儡湖鱼类群落结构及其主要食物组成研究

为了分析傀儡湖鱼类对水环境的影响,于2010年1-12月研究了傀儡湖的渔获量、组成比例和主要鱼类食物组成.结果表明,傀儡湖渔获物中,发现有9科、26种鱼类,其中鲤科鱼类最多,有18种,占鱼类种数的69.23％;鱼类组成中,鲢和鳙为优势种,分别占总渔获量的(20.82±8.06)％和(41.58 ±19.24)％;主要鱼类的食物组成中,优势种鲢、鳙摄食浮游植物,以蓝藻门和硅藻门为主,摄食的浮游动物中以枝角类为主,鳡和翘嘴鲌等肉食性鱼类主要摄食鱼类和虾类.傀儡湖鱼类种类较少,可能是因为投放鱼苗种类单一以及鳡对其它鱼类造成危害所致;鱼类生物量偏高,主要由于鳙投放数量过多造成的;底层鱼类数量偏多.根据Shapiro经典生物操纵理论,应该减少鳙的鱼种投放量,增加浮游动物数量,从而控制浮游植物的生长,以达到改善水质和恢复鱼类资源的效果.     

短期饥饿对大鳍鱯生化组成、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成的影响

在水温(21±1)℃条件下,研究了大鳍鱯(Mystus macropterus)在短期饥饿胁迫下生化组成、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的变化.实验时间分别为饥饿0 d(S0)、饥饿3 d(S3)、饥饿6 d(S6)、饥饿9 d(S9)和饥饿12 d(S12).随着饥饿时间延长,水分显著升高(P<0.05),蛋白质、肝糖原和肌糖原显著降低(P<0.05),脂肪和灰分先显著降低(P<0.05),饥饿9 d均出现回升(P<0.05).氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸含量均呈规则波动,饥饿12 d均出现反弹现象,略高于实验起始值.饱和脂肪酸(SFA)呈先下降、后上升、再下降的趋势,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)先上升后呈规则波动,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)变化规律与饱和脂肪酸恰好相反,饥饿12 d时仅高不饱和脂肪酸被保留,略高于实验起始值.双键位置不同的脂肪酸在饥饿过程中的损失速度也有差异,具体为∑n-9PUFA＞∑n-3PUFA＞∑n-6PUFA.     

短期饥饿对大鳍鱯生化组成、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成的影响

在水温(21±1)℃条件下,研究了大鳍鱯(Mystus macropterus)在短期饥饿胁迫下生化组成、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的变化。实验时间分别为饥饿0d(S0)、饥饿3d(S3)、饥饿6d(S6)、饥饿9d(S9)和饥饿12d(S12)。随着饥饿时间延长,水分显著升高(P<0.05),蛋白质、肝糖原和肌糖原显著降低(P<0.05),脂肪和灰分先显著降低(P<0.05),饥饿9d均出现回升(P<0.05)。氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸含量均呈规则波动,饥饿12d均出现反弹现象,略高于实验起始值。饱和脂肪酸(SFA)呈先下降、后上升、再下降的趋势,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)先上升后呈规则波动,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)变化规律与饱和脂肪酸恰好相反,饥饿12d时仅高不饱和脂肪酸被保留,略高于实验起始值。双键位置不同的脂肪酸在饥饿过程中的损失速度也有差异,具体为∑n-9PUFA>∑n-3PUFA>∑n-6PUFA。     

脂质对中华花龟不同组织脂肪酸组成的影响

将体质量(1828±468)g的4龄雌性成体中华花龟随机分成4组,常温饲养在150cm×50cm×50cm的水池中,每组6只,分别投喂饲料中鱼油为豆油替代0%、33.3%、66.7%和100%的饲料,每周投喂2次。饲养1年后,从每组中随机取6只中华花龟,检测肝脏、肌肉、卵巢中脂肪酸的组成。试验结果表明,饲料中鱼油比例较高(豆油替代0%和33.3%鱼油组)能促进肝脏和肌肉中二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸的积累,但豆油替代率对卵巢二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸的积累影响不显著。饲料中花生四烯酸在肌肉和卵巢中大量累积,豆油替代33.3%鱼油组肌肉和豆油替代0%鱼油组卵巢中花生四烯酸占总脂肪酸的含量[(5.26±0.94)%、(1.31±0.04%)]最高,肝脏中花生四烯酸积累较少。豆油替代66.7%和100%鱼油组肝脏中亚油酸含量显著高于其他两组(P0.05),豆油替代100%鱼油组卵巢中亚麻酸含量最高(P0.05)。饲料中豆油替代鱼油比例升高促进了中华花龟组织中亚油酸和亚麻酸的积累,抑制了二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸和花生四烯酸等的积累;当豆油替代33.3%鱼油时,中华花龟肝脏、肌肉、卵巢中脂肪酸组成及含量与全鱼油组差异不显著。     

海水仔稚鱼对脂类的需求

脂类是海水仔稚鱼的必需营养要素，ｎ－３高度不饱和脂肪酸是海水仔稚鱼的必需脂肪酸，能直接影响海水仔稚鱼的生长和存活，其中又以ＤＨＡ和ＥＰＡ尤为重要。在仔稚鱼饵料中添加磷脂，也可提高仔稚鱼的生长和存活率。     

Comparison of Proximate Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of On-Growing and Wild Mediterranean Horse Mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus)

ABSTRACT

On-growing of horse mackerel is not known in the world. Recently, we have initiated on-growing of the Mediterranean horse mackerel in the Black Sea. Therefore, we aim to compare proximate composition and fatty acid profile of on-growing and wild horse mackerels to evaluate the effect on their nutritional value. Captured horse mackerels less than 13 cm were kept on-growing in sea cages and fed sea bass feed for a year in the southern Turkish Black Sea. Results showed seasonal variations in the proximate contents and fatty acid profile of both on-growing and wild fish groups (p < 0.05). Protein contents of the wild horse mackerel group were significantly higher than the on-growing mackerel group, while the opposite situation was observed for lipid contents (p < 0.05). Despite higher eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels (as fatty acid methyl esters %) of wild horse mackerel in comparison with on-growing group, much higher EPA + DHA contents were accounted for in on-growing fish in the edible portion resulting from higher lipid contents of these samples. The results suggest that lower amounts of fish meat, 50–90 g, from on-growing mackerel would cover the daily suggested value of EPA + DHA; this level is calculated as 51–150 g for wild fish meat.     

大鳍鳠产卵前后肌肉脂肪酸组成变化的研究

采用毛细管气相色谱法,对产卵前后大鳍鳠肌肉中的脂肪酸组成进行了测定。结果表明,大鳍鳠肌肉中脂肪酸种类丰富,含有22种脂肪酸,油酸(C18:1n-9)所占比例最高,其次为软脂酸(C16:0)、棕榈酸(C16:1n-7)、亚油酸(C18:2n-6),所占比例分别为22.38%~37.57%、18.86%~23.95%、7.00%~11.52%、7.46%~9.97%。EPA和DHA在大鳍鳠肌肉中占有较高的比例,EPA占总脂肪酸的5.39%,DHA占5.44%。在野生大鳍鳠产卵前后的22种脂肪酸中有8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA),6种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和8种多饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),大鳍鳠肌肉中脂肪酸在产卵前后表现出差异。     

鱼类脂肪酸结合蛋白研究进展

脂肪酸结合蛋白(FABPs)是一类来自共同祖先基因的小分子蛋白质,相对分子质量为14~16 ku,广泛存在于动物肠道、心脏、脑、脂肪和肌肉等多种组织的细胞内,占细胞内可溶性蛋白总量的1%~8%[1]。研究表明,机体内脂肪酸跨膜运输是被动扩散或由膜蛋白介导的过程,脂肪酸结合蛋白主要结合细胞内游离的脂肪酸(FA)和其他疏水性配体,并将其输送到过氧化物酶体、线粒体和细胞核等细胞器,进而调控脂肪酸氧化和甘油三酯及磷脂合成等脂代谢过程[2](图1)。脂肪酸结合蛋白家族成员的命名是根据其首次分离或鉴定出的组织来命名的,例如肠型脂肪酸结合蛋白(I-FABP)、肝型脂肪酸结合蛋白(L-FABP)等。然而,很多组织中往往有多种脂肪酸结合蛋白基因(fabps基因)同时表达,研究者又对不同的脂肪酸结合蛋白基因按阿拉伯数字命名[3],如fabp1基因(肝型)、fabp2基因(肠型)、fabp3基因(心脏型)等。     

罗非鱼油的制备及其脂肪酸组成分析

以罗非鱼下脚料为实验材料,对其鱼油的提取与精炼工艺参数、理化特性及脂肪酸组成进行了系统研究。结果显示：罗非鱼油精炼工艺条件为80％的磷酸脱胶,添加量为油量的1％、30％的氢氧化钠脱酸．添加量为油量的2％、活性白土脱色,添加量为油量的20％、真空脱臭,时间为30分钟。精炼后罗非鱼油为清亮、淡黄色液体,各项理化指标符合鱼油标准。脂肪酸分析表明,罗非鱼油含有C12-C22脂肪酸29种,其中饱和脂肪酸10种．单不饱和脂肪酸7种,多不饱和脂肪多烯酸12种,不饱和脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸分别占脂肪酸总量57．58％和42．42％。单不饱和脂肪酸主要是18：1(油酸)和16：1．分别占脂肪酸总量27．66％和7．62％,多不饱和脂肪酸主要是18：2(亚油酸)和18：3(n-3)(亚麻酸),分别占脂肪酸总量10．18％和3．04％,EPA(20：5)和DHA(22：6)含量很低,分别占脂肪酸总量0．68％和1．03％;饱和脂肪酸主要为16：0．18：0和14：0,分别占脂肪酸总量的26．75％,5．23％和3．00％。     

瓦氏黄颡鱼稚鱼和生殖季节雌鱼的脂肪酸组成研究

用气相色谱法测定了瓦氏黄颡鱼稚鱼肌肉与生殖季节雌鱼卵巢、肌肉和肝胰脏内的脂肪酸组成和脂肪酸的含量.试验结果表明,在雌鱼卵巢、肝胰脏和肌肉中的脂肪酸种类不同,雌鱼各个组织的饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸种类与稚鱼肌肉中的这两种脂肪酸种类差异显著;雌鱼卵巢、肝胰脏和肌肉中C18:1n-9c含量最高,分别为30.06％、43.1...     

Effect of Alpha-Linolenic Acid Sources in Diets for Nile Tilapia on Fatty Acid Composition of Fish Fillet Using Principal Component Analysis

This study evaluated the effect of feed supplementation with chia and canola oils as a substitute for soybean oil on the composition of Nile tilapia muscle tissue using chemometrics. Diets were supplemented with 2.1% of each oil and were provided to fish for 15 and 30 days. Compared to soybean oil, supplementation with canola and chia oils significantly increased (P < 0.05) the contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5 n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) in Nile tilapia fillet. At 30 days, DHA content increased 97% in Nile tilapia fed chia oil and 91% in treatment with canola oil. The highest EPA content correlated to treatment with chia oil (7.33 mg 100 g^?1). The long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) precursors, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, were observed to increase according to treatment type and feed supplementation duration. The principal component analysis resulted in a two-principal-component model that described 92.07% of the total data variance. Also, it highlighted that the replacement of soybean oil with canola and chia oils in Nile tilapia diets contributed to increasing the n-3 LC-PUFA concentration in Nile tilapia fillets, improving its nutritional value.     

Optimization of Lipid Extraction and Determination of Fatty Acid Compositions in Edible Meats of Freshwater and Marine Shrimps

Response surface methodology was applied to determine optimal conditions for lipid extraction from shrimp. Box-Behnken Design including independent variables such as extraction time, extraction temperature, and ratio of mixed solvents was used. The optimal conditions for lipids extraction were the use of petroleum ether:ethyl acetate (2.3:1, v/v) with 62 min of extraction at 52ºC. Under the optimal conditions, the extraction yields of lipids from Euphausia superba, Penaeuschinesis, Macrobranchium nipponense, and M. rosenbergii were 4.39, 2.80, 2.98, and 3.30%, respectively. Gas chromatographic analysis showed that M. rosenbergii presented the highest level of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (48.28%) among the shrimps studied. In addition, the 20:5n3 (EPA) + 22:6n3 (DHA) value (26.43%) was second only to E. superba (31.27%). The finding suggests that M. rosenbergii is a potential PUFA source for food supplementation.