The Combined Efficacy of Superchilling and High CO2 Modified Atmosphere Packaging on Shelf Life and Quality of Swimming Crab (Portunus trituberculatus)

The combined effect of superchilling and modi?ed atmosphere packaging (MAP) treatment on the quality of swimming crab during storage was investigated. As a result, signi?cantly (p < 0.05) higher inhibitor effects on total aerobic plate counts (TPCs) were observed in MAP treatments than in control (air package). Additionally, chemical analysis results showed that MAP treatments with 40–80% carbon dioxide (CO₂) were highly effective in maintaining lower total volatile basic-nitrogen (TVB-N), trimethylamine-nitrogen (TMA-N), pH, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values in swimming crab (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the brightness (L*) results also con?rmed that this combined treatment showed a positive effect on the stability of color during storage. Results also indicated that the combination of superchilling and 60% CO₂ MAP treatment prolonged the shelf life of swimming crab to 15–20 days. However, 100% CO₂ MAP treatment showed a negative effect on the drip loss and overall acceptability, indicating CO₂ content should be considered as a critical factor in this promising technology.     

A 3D MRI-based Numerical Model Dedicated to Industrial Thawing of Large Tuna Fishes

Industrial thawing of raw tuna fishes for the canning industry is of great importance in the global economy. Due to the heat transfer limitations within large sample pieces, these processes need to be improved to reduce fluid and energy consumption. In this work, the water immersion thawing process of yellowfin tuna was studied from both experimental and numerical approaches. First, the heat transfer model is validated with precooked tuna samples undergoing forced-air convection thawing. Then, the water immersion thawing process of yellowfin was studied with temperature measurements performed under an industrial environment. The numerical model considers the real geometry of the yellowfin using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) integrated into a 3D finite element model. Overall, good agreement was found between experimental and predicted temperatures by considering a uniform convective heat transfer coefficient. A simplified 2D model can accurately predict the thawing time, but a 3D model is needed to predict the spatiotemporal temperature distribution in the product. The results have also shown the strong influence of the ambient temperature on the thawing time. This original approach considering the real fish geometry could now be used with different sized-tuna and various thawing kinetics to reach optimal processing conditions while improving product quality.     

Dynamics of microbiological quality and safety of Vietnamese Pangasianodon hypophthalmus during processing

Although the farming of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is of worldwide economic importance, only little scientific information is currently present on the microbiological quality and safety of these fish fillets throughout the processing chain. This research assessed the microbiological quality and safety of P. hypophthalmus in a Vietnamese Pangasianodon processing company as a case study. The company was initially characterized by a diagnosis of the food safety management system (FSMS) performance by an in-depth interview, which is referred to as a diagnostic instrument. Secondly, a microbiological assessment scheme (MAS), an active and repetitive sampling methodology, was used to evaluate the food safety output and the microbiological quality from raw material until final product. The overall MAS result (level 2) was found to be slightly lower than the company’s food safety performance indicators had indicated (level 2–3). It can be concluded that the microbiological risk of the Vietnamese company and its products is medium high. This is mainly due to the lack of data and knowledge regarding the origin and composition of the microbiological flora present in the fish and in the processing environment. The variability in concentrations of microorganisms also contributed to this lower MAS score and could probably be reduced by improving some specific aspects of the FSMS and the production process.     

基于灰色关联与方差分析的中国绿色食品产品结构调整研究

对绿色食品产品结构动态变化进行科学分析是产品结构调整与优化的重要前提。应用灰色关联理论计算2000～2008年我国绿色食品产业内产品间的灰色关联度,对绿色食品产品结构及其灰色动态关联变化规律进行分析,进而通过方差分析和σ-收敛性判定我国绿色食品产品结构变化显著。实证研究结果为提高产品加工度和附加值,增加禽畜水产类产品生产等产品结构调整措施,为促进绿色食品产业的结构优化与效率提高提供了决策依据。     

Evaluation of the microbiological safety and quality of Vietnamese <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pangasius hypophthalmus</Emphasis> during processing by a microbial assessment scheme in combination with a self-assessment questionnaire

Pangasius hypophthalmus (referred to as Pangasius or tra fish in Vietnam) has become highly appreciated by consumers in the European Union, USA, Japan, etc. and is of worldwide economic importance. Therefore, the microbial quality and safety of Pangasius fish processed for export was assessed by means of a microbial assessment scheme throughout the entire production process. A total of 144 samples were collected from various processing steps and analyzed. It was determined that the microbial safety and quality of the products was not guaranteed as the contamination levels remained high throughout processing. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholerae were present on the hands of food operators, particularly those in the packaging area. Moreover, the presence of Listeria monocytogenes (1 positive out of 9 samples) and V. cholerae (4/9) on the final products was likely a result of inadequate hygiene practices in the processing environment. Also discussed in this paper are the results of a self-assessment questionnaire, which provide insight into the performance of the food safety management system currently implemented at the company. These data are of major importance in order to contribute valuable information to the local and international trade point of view in general and to the intended customers in particular.     

Microbiological aspects of common carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprinus carpio</Emphasis>) and its processing—relevance for final product quality: a review

The aquaculture production of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the biggest on a global scale, although European production represents a minor part. Thus, common carp is a little-exploited, low-cost, and highly nutritious food source. For development of new quality products that have customers’ appeal and are safe, a combination of traditional and novel technologies can be used. However, good quality raw material is of basic importance for further processing and final product quality. Fish microbiota have a major role in fish spoilage and as potential human pathogens. To diminish the negative impact of the microbiota on fish, different methods and technologies can be used. The important steps before the final product processing in the production of common carp products include purging, transport, pre-slaughter storage, slaughter method, bleeding, cleaning, desliming, descaling, and gutting. The most important factor in fish spoilage prevention is chilling, although to assure longer freshness and shelf-life, the concept of hurdle technology should be used. Many preservation and packaging techniques have been developed for fish products, but not all have been researched for common carp products. This review aims to identify the gaps in research, knowledge, and practice for the microbiological aspects that impact upon the production of high-quality common carp food products.     

超声联合乙酸酥化草鱼骨的工艺及酥骨机制

即食淡水鱼制品中经常存在坚硬的鱼骨,一方面可能刺破包装使产品漏油、腐败,另一方可能在食用时刺伤口腔和食道,存在物理性食品安全风险。为了解决即食淡水鱼制品的鱼骨酥化问题,本研究开发了超声联合乙酸处理的草鱼骨酥化技术,设计了一种适用于即食淡水鱼制品的酥骨率评价方法,根据酥骨率与鱼肉品质指标筛选出最佳的酥骨工艺条件,并探究其鱼骨酥化机制。草鱼鱼块经超声联合乙酸处理、腌制、油炸、真空包装、高温灭菌制成酥骨草鱼块,通过感官特性、pH值、色泽与肌肉组织结构评价其品质。通过对鱼骨标准样品的感官评价与质构分析,建立酥骨率评价方法,评价酥骨草鱼块的酥骨率,得到最佳的超声联合乙酸处理工艺条件。最后采用SEM观察和傅里叶红外光谱分析鱼骨酥化机制。结果显示,研究建立的酥骨率评价方法可以简便、客观地评价即食草鱼制品中鱼骨酥化程度。经酥骨率评价、感官评价以及其他品质指标分析,效果最佳酥骨工艺条件为：乙酸浓度1.2%（体积比）,超声功率120 W,处理时间45 min,该条件处理下获得的鱼块的酥骨率、色泽、质地、滋味均较好。SEM与傅里叶红外光谱结果表明,最佳工艺条件下的超声联合乙酸处理可以削弱胶原蛋白与羟基磷灰石之间的结合,促使羟基磷灰石逸出,后续的热处理也可能进一步破坏胶原蛋白的三螺旋结构,使鱼骨的硬度和韧性下降。研究表明,适当条件的超声联合乙酸处理可以破坏鱼骨原本结构,在不影响产品品质的前提下实现草鱼鱼骨的酥化。本研究为淡水鱼酥骨技术开发提供思路,为即食酥骨鱼制品的开发提供理论支持。     

Pasteurization Conditions and Evaluation of Quality Parameters of Frozen Packaged Crab Meat

ABSTRACT

Ovalipes trimaculatus is a crab recognized as a new resource with fishing value to obtain frozen products. Pasteurization conditions of meat crab at temperatures below 85ºC (60, 72, and 82ºC) were established to achieve better quality attributes in the frozen product. The lethality curves of Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes were measured, and the decimal reduction times (D) and Z values were determined. Heat transfer during the pasteurization process of pouches containing crab meat was simulated using a computational code in finite elements, and the mathematical model was experimentally validated. Thermal histories were coupled to the microbial lethality kinetics of the most heat resistant pathogen microorganism in order to establish pasteurization times necessary for the process system design. The predicted pasteurization conditions were microbiologically validated. The pouches were frozen under industrial conditions and stored at ?22ºC for 1 year. The influence of the type of packaging (vacuum and nonvacuum plastic pouches) on physicochemical and sensory quality parameters of frozen crab meat (color, exudate, lipid oxidation, water holding capacity, and overall acceptability) were analyzed observing better performance under vacuum conditions.     

Numerical simulation of the flow field inside and around gravity cages

A three-dimensional (3D) numerical model is established to simulate the flow field inside and around the gravity cages in a current. The realizable k–ɛ turbulence model was chosen to describe the flow, and the governing equations are solved by using the finite volume method. In the numerical model the cylindrical cage is divided into 16 plane nets around the circumference and a bottom net, and the net is modeled using the porous media model. The unknown porous coefficients are determined from the hydrodynamic force on the net under different flow velocities and attack angles using the least squares method. In order to validate the numerical model, the numerical results of the plane nets were compared with the data obtained from two physical model tests. The comparisons show that the numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data. Using the present model, this paper presents the flow field inside and around the gravity cages with different spacing distances and cage numbers. This study provides information about the flow field inside and around the fishing net cages.     

神经网络在养殖水质精准预测方面的研究进展

目前神经网络研究文献成果较多，虽然在水质精准预测方面起到了一定的参考，但由于文献缺少科学分类，使用率不高，导致学者难以找到研究切入点。针对这一问题，本文将神经网络方法在养殖区水质精准预测方面的文献按照海水和淡水两大领域进行分类，主要对每个领域所应用的预测模型从正反馈架构、循环架构和混合架构三个方向对海水时空序列文献进行分类研究和综述，发现混合架构模型的预测性能优于正反馈模型和循环架构模型，有利于提升不同深度水质预测模型的精度。另外，本文对基于神经网络方法的三维水质预测模型进行了初步探讨，发现学者的研究成果更多地集中在水表层和水中层的不同位置水质参数的变化方面，而神经网络方法对水表层水质预测精度比水中层和水深层水质预测精度高。     

水产品真空冷冻干燥技术的研究现状与展望

随着生活水平的提高,人们对水产品品质提出了更高的要求,因此开发新的加工技术势在必行。冻干食品以其优良的营养品质,易流通、贮藏和方便食用,迎合了这一发展趋势。本文综述了水产品真空冷冻干燥过程中前处理工艺(切片处理、超声波处理、浸渍处理、涂膜处理等)、冻干工艺参数(预冻工艺参数、干燥条件等)、品质变化(感官、质构、营养、风味、滋味、复水性)和品质预测模型的研究现状,并重点探讨水产品真空冷冻干燥技术今后的研发趋势,为水产真空冷冻干燥制品的研究与应用提供参考。     

水产品中无机砷的测定方法研究

无机砷是水产品质量检验中主要的安全卫生指标,目前国际上ISO和CAC标准中尚无测定水产品中无机砷的方法标准。在各种砷化物中,无机砷比多数有机砷的急性毒性大,用食品中无机砷的限量标准来评价食品的质量较为适合。食品中的砷可能以不同的化学形态存在,包括无机砷和有机砷,在6mol/L盐酸水浴下,无机砷以氯化物形式被提取,实现无机砷和有机砷的分离,在2mol/L盐酸条件下,测定无机砷。     

水流作用下重力式网箱浮架结构的动力响应研究

近年来深水网箱养殖设施得到了广泛的应用,浮架作为网箱结构的重要组成部分,其安全性对网箱的设计至关重要。基于有限单元法采用SHELL单元建立了浮架结构的荷载-变形数值模型,对水流作用下浮架的应力和变形进行了数值模拟,并开展物理模型试验对该数值模型进行验证。结果表明,该数值模型可以准确模拟浮架的变形,采用该数值模型,分析了不同流速条件下浮架的变形和应力,数值模拟结果显示:随着流速的增加,浮架的变形和应力逐渐增加。相同流速条件下,注水下潜后,浮架的应力和变形能够显著减小;因此,在强流条件下,可以采用浮架注水的方式,使浮架处于下潜状态,以改善浮架结构的变形和应力分布。     

CONSUMER ATTITUDE TOWARDS PRICING OF LIVE AQUATIC PRODUCTS

The live aquatic products market can be defined as aquatic products sold live for the food market. This live aquatic market caters to Asian supermarkets and restaurants, and the entire market is being supplied by both wild and farmed aquatic species. This study was designed to gather market information on customer attributes and document how they feel about pricing while purchasing live aquatic products in the Northeastern U.S. The primary objective of this study is to present impact of socio-economic characteristics of aquatic products consumers and their attitude towards importance of price while buying live aquatic products.     

A marketing survey on Greek consumers' attitudes towards fish

The commercial fish industry in Greece traditionally represents one of the most important natural resource-based industries. The process by which the wide variety of seafood products moves from the deck of a trawler, or the fish farm, to the consumer's dish is rather complicated. Considering the various species marketed, the seasonal nature of the many domestic and foreign supplies, the specific quality and safety attributes, and a multitude of processing methods and products, the effective marketing of seafood products becomes very demanding. The present survey evaluates the Greek consumers' attitude towards wild and farmed fish in order to understand and satisfy market needs. The results of this study mainly indicate that fish consumption pattern is age-dependent. In addition, four consumer clusters are identified, with clear-cut socio-demographic profiles.     

海藻产品质量安全风险研究

藻类作为一种富含生物活性物质的重要天然资源,越来越受到广大消费者的青睐,但藻类食物在食品安全方面潜在的危害也是不容忽视的.本研究对中国养殖海藻产品质量安全总体概况进行了介绍,对中国海藻产品存在的主要质量安全问题及隐患进行了分析.指出中国海藻产品中重金属、有机污染物及其他有毒有害物质是主要的安全隐患,并针对存在的问题提出...     

Influence of food quality and quantity on the growth and development of Crassostrea gigas larvae: a modeling approach

A biochemically based model was developed to simulate the growth, development and metamorphosis of larvae of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. The model is unique in that it (1) defines larvae in terms of their protein, neutral lipid, polar lipid, carbohydrate and ash content; (2) tracks weight separately from length to follow larval condition index and (3) includes genetic variation in growth efficiency and egg quality to better simulate cohort population dynamics. The model includes parameterizations for larval filtration, ingestion and respiration that determine growth rate and processes controlling larval mortality and metamorphosis. Changes in tissue composition occur as the larva grows and in response to the biochemical composition of the food.

The simulations show that genetically determined variations in growth efficiency produce significant changes in larval survival and success at metamorphosis. Larvae with low growth efficiency are successful under a much narrower range of culture conditions than larvae with high growth efficiency. The impact of low growth efficiency is primarily controlled by the ability of larvae to store lipid for metamorphosis. Culture conditions that provide increased dietary lipid counterweigh low growth efficiency. Changes in food quantity and quality had little effect on size at metamorphosis. On the other hand, larval life span and success rate at metamorphosis varied over a wide range depending upon the conditions of the simulation. Food quality and food availability both influence larval life span and, hence, larval survival. As ingestion rate decreases, larval life span increases and cohort survival declines. Increased lipid or decreased protein in the diet improves cohort survival. Changes in carbohydrate content are less influential. If cohort success is significantly affected by mortality during larval life rather than success at metamorphosis, the influence of food quality becomes more complex. The range of food compositions yielding high survival is restricted by a balance between improved success at metamorphosis obtained by increased lipid storage and the shortening of larval life span as a result of more rapid growth, a function of protein availability. These simulations illustrate the strength and utility of numerical models for evaluating and designing hatchery protocols for optimizing yield of C. gigas larvae.     

我国渔业产品质量安全管理机制的构建与完善

当前,食品质量安全问题已经引起了包括政府、生产经营者、消费者和媒体等社会各界人士的全面关注和高度重视。鉴于渔业产品在我国农产品中的重要地位及其丰富的营养价值,为解决渔业产品质量安全管理问题,本研究基于我国特殊的渔业国情,从经济学和管理学角度出发,构建和完善适合我国国情的渔业产品质量安全管理机制。     

依主成分分析法建立鱼类食用品质评价模型

采用主成分分析方法评价泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus、黄鳝Monopterus albus、鲫Carassius auratus、鲤Cyprinus carpio、乌鳢Channa argus、黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco,和虹鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss等7种常见食用鱼的食用品质价值,对其17种氨基酸进行综合评价。通过建立鱼类食用品质评价模型,构造综合评价函数计算综合得分并排序,来反映该种鱼类的食用品质。结果显示:虹鳟综合得分最高,其次是鲫,而黄颡鱼排在最末。通过主成分分析模型建立可量化的评价指标和新的评价方法,为鱼类营养价值评价提供更为准确、客观的方法。     

养殖鱼类的动物福利与产品品质

以动物福利和人类福利的关联性为出发点,探讨我国水产养殖产业的潜在升级驱动力,目标是探索从终端品质倒推我国水产养殖产业从量到质升级的切实可行性。本文以养殖鱼类为焦点,从动物福利视角探索我国水产品形象与品质的提升空间,从以下几个方面进行了系统回顾。第一,基于对陆生脊椎动物福利的五项自由原则和三大范畴的系统回顾,对比动物福利在家畜家禽业的研究发展历程,对鱼类福利的发展历程与现状进行了脉络梳理;第二,针对鱼类福利的量化评估问题,从生理应激、行为应激以及心理应激三大应激响应机制,对与鱼类福利评价体系相关的研究进展进行了回顾,重点针对评价指标及评价方法进行了归纳总结;第三,针对养殖鱼类产业,重点对养殖过程、离水捕捞以及致死处置三个主要环节的鱼类福利特点及研究利用现状进行了分析讨论。最后,分析指出我国渔后动物福利存在盲区,提出了品质易逝期动物福利方案的思路。提出基于品质易逝期动物福利原则以实现锁鲜调控的展望：①为最大限度保持原料天然属性,突破“活而不鲜”的困局;②为改变初级水产品销售现状,减少渔后损失实行渔后的产业化;③为降低水产品供应链碳排放;④为实现水产动物福利等,提供一揽子解决方案的研究与实践范式。总之,科学解读渔后动物福利对于终端品质升级提供具有靶向性指导,同时通过优质产品形象为我国渔业产业赋予人文内涵。