酸铝胁迫对栝楼根系生长及铝积累的影响

针对南方酸性红壤对作物的生长造成的不利影响,采用水培方式,研究酸铝环境0、100、300、500、1000μmol·L-1Al3＋pH4.5,处理7d对长兴栝楼根系生长及铝积累的影响。测定指标包括根系活力、质膜透性、抗氧化酶类活性（过氧化物酶POD、过氧化氢酶CAT、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶APX、愈创木酚过氧化物酶GPX、超氧化物歧化酶SOD）及其同工酶、过氧化氢（H2O2）含量、根尖铝含量的影响。结果表明：随着铝处理浓度升高,根系活力增大,根系质膜透性无显著变化;POD、CAT、APX酶活升高,GPX和SOD活性降低,多种抗氧化酶都有多条同工酶谱带出现;根尖相对铝含量升高,桑色素染色情况显示,荧光梯度与铝含量测定结果一致,并观察到根尖以上根毛处细胞凸起较之平整排列的根细胞更容易积累铝。栝楼对南方酸性红壤具有较强的适应能力,其体内抗氧化酶系统及根尖吸收、积累铝的机制对缓解铝毒害起着重要作用。     

不同氮形态对镉胁迫下小白菜生长及镉含量的影响

【目的】研究施用速效氮肥（全铵、全硝、硝铵复合和尿素）对镉（Cd）污染土壤小白菜生长和Cd含量的影响,为合理选择氮肥,缓解Cd对植物生长的胁迫并减少Cd在作物体内的积累提供依据。【方法】以小白菜为试材,采用菜园土进行了盆栽试验。以CdCl2溶液模拟土壤Cd胁迫,设土壤Cd含量0、1、3和5 mg/kg 4个水平,每个胁迫水平分别供应小白菜铵态氮、硝态氮、硝铵（1:1）和尿素4种氮形态,总氮添加量均为N 400 mg/kg土。收获后分析各处理间小白菜的生长、光合、氧化胁迫及Cd含量的差异。【结果】 1）与无Cd对照相比,Cd 1 mg/kg处理水平下,全铵、全硝、硝铵和尿素处理的小白菜可食部分鲜重分别下降了31%、16%、21%和26%;Cd 3 mg/kg处理水平下分别下降了58%、28%、35%和39%;Cd 5 mg/kg处理水平下分别下降了83%、38%、52%和69%。全硝和硝铵处理间小白菜Cd耐受系数（TICd）差异不显著,但均高于全铵和尿素处理。2）与无Cd对照相比,Cd 1 mg/kg处理下,全铵、全硝、硝铵和尿素处理小白菜叶片的光合速率分别下降了14%、10%、12%和13%;Cd 3 mg/kg处理分别下降了33%、22%、25%和40%;Cd 5 mg/kg处理分别下降了53%、42%、41%和56%。与无Cd对照相比,1 mg/kg Cd浓度时全铵、全硝、硝铵和尿素处理小白菜叶片的丙二醛含量分别增加了11%、4%、9%和11%;超氧自由基产生速率分别增加了5%、1%、2%和4%,综合比较,以全硝处理下小白菜受Cd的光合抑制及氧化胁迫相对最小。3）3个Cd处理水平,均以施用全铵和尿素处理的小白菜体内Cd含量最高,硝铵处理次之,全硝处理最低。【结论】在供试菜园土上,小白菜施用铵态氮和尿素易引起Cd在小白菜体内的积累。施用硝态氮可缓解Cd诱导的光合抑制和氧化胁迫,减轻Cd对小白菜的生长胁迫,降低作物体内Cd的含量。     

镉胁迫对不同基因型玉米生长和镉吸收分配的影响

为比较玉米不同类型及其基因型对重金属镉富集特性的差异,筛选出具有镉(Cd)低积累潜力的玉米品种,通过盆栽模拟试验,研究3种玉米类型(普通玉米、甜性玉米和糯性玉米)的6个基因型(掖单13、郑单-958、苏玉糯-2、沪玉糯-2、金珠蜜超甜和申甜-1)在镉中度污染胁迫(3 mg·kg^-1)与轻度污染胁迫(1 mg·kg^-1)下植株生长及镉吸收分配特征。结果表明,轻度镉胁迫(Cd1)能够促进所有玉米基因型的生长,而中度镉胁迫(Cd3)降低了掖单-13、苏玉糯-2和沪玉糯-2基因型的生物量,同一镉水平下植株的生物量表现为普通玉米>甜玉米>糯玉米。随着土壤镉含量的提高,镉在普通玉米基因型根中的分配量大于甜型玉米和糯型玉米,但同一镉水平下普通玉米茎、叶和籽粒中的镉含量显著低于甜性玉米和糯性玉米。参试6个玉米基因型中普通玉米郑单-958基因型对镉的生物富集和转运能力最小。依据我国食品中污染物限量标准(GB2762-2017)和饲料卫生标准(GB13078-2017),郑单-958基因型在土壤轻度镉污染(Cd1)下籽粒中镉含量为0.083 mg·kg^-1,未超过国家食品安全标准(≤0.1 mg·kg^-1),2个普通玉米基因型和2个甜玉米基因型籽粒中的镉含量在土壤中度(Cd3)、轻度(Cd1)镉污染下均未超过国家饲料卫生标准(≤0.5 mg·kg^-1)。本研究结果为中、轻度镉污染耕地进行玉米安全生产提供了理论依据。     

磁化水处理对镉胁迫下欧美杨幼苗光合及生长特性的影响

为探讨磁化水灌溉处理在促进植物生长、提高植株重金属耐受性方面的作用机制,本研究采用随机区组试验设计,研究了镉胁迫（0 μmol·L^-1、50 μmol·L^-1、100 μmol·L^-1）下磁化水灌溉处理对1 a生欧美杨''I-107''光合特性、叶绿素荧光动力学参数及生长特性的影响。结果表明：1）镉胁迫会显著降低植株高生长和根茎叶干物质量;低浓度（50 μmol·L^-1）镉处理促进根系直径及体积增大（P<0.05）,高浓度（100 μmol·L^-1）则会抑制根系各形态参数;镉胁迫下欧美杨叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量分别降低12.50%、43.24%和19.27%、46.37%（P<0.05）,净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、胞间二氧化碳（C_i）分别降低13.68%和33.68%、8.07%和27.81%、5.00%和14.99%（P<0.05）,同时,PSⅡ潜在活性（F_v/F_m）、最大光化学速率（F_v/F_o）、光合性能指数（PIabs）和量子产额（φ_Eo）均有不同程度降低。2）磁化水灌溉提高镉胁迫植株高生长及根茎叶干物质量,增加植株根系长度及表面积;同时,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量在0 μmol·L^-1和100 μmol·L^-1镉胁迫下分别提高16.99%、40.20%,8.67%、39.10%和17.32%、50.52%（P<0.05）;G_s、C_i及WUE显著升高,T_r则降低24.20%、23.33%、12.06%（P<0.05）;另外,F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、PIabs显著升高（P<0.05）。综上所述,磁化水灌溉处理有助于提高镉胁迫下欧美杨幼苗光合色素含量,维持光合机构功能,增强光合碳同化速率,减轻镉胁迫对植株生长发育的抑制。     

镉胁迫对甜高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为探讨镉对甜高粱种子萌发的影响,以辽甜1号为研究对象,研究不同浓度镉胁迫下的甜高粱种子萌发和幼苗生长特性.结果 表明,甜高粱种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数均随镉胁迫浓度增加表现出先增加后减少的趋势,都在T2处理时表现为最大;镉会抑制甜高粱幼苗的根和芽生长,镉胁迫浓度增加,抑制作用显著增强,且对根长的抑制作用明...     

镉胁迫对大豆幼苗生理特性的影响

为了探明镉胁迫对作物生理特性的影响,对镉胁迫下大豆叶片镉含量、光合参数、内源激素含量、生长参数变化及内源激素调控气孔开度与光合碳同化的生理机制进行了分析.结果表明:镉胁迫导致了大豆叶片脱落酸(ABA)含量的升高与玉米素核苷(ZR,细胞分裂素的一种)含量的降低,ABA/ZR升高进一步诱导了气孔收缩.镉胁迫初期,大豆叶片气...     

铝胁迫对甘蔗初生根生长及酶活性的效应

本研究探讨了几个品种的甘蔗的耐铝性及铝对甘蔗初生根的胁迫效应。结果表明，新台糖24(TT24)和桂糖15(GTl5)分别是较耐铝和较敏感的品种。20μmol／L铝处理24h后，GTl5初生根的伸长即明显受到抑制，抑制率达49．3％。铝胁迫导致根尖过氧化物酶(POD)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性升高。     

镉胁迫对玉米光合特性的影响

在模拟光条件下,通过盆栽试验研究了外源镉胁迫对盆栽玉米光合特性的影响。结果表明,高浓度镉（100 mg·kg^-1）胁迫下玉米叶片叶绿素a、b及总叶绿素c含量明显减少,分别比对照CK下降了65.32%、54.95%、62.57%。镉浓度1、5、15、50 mg·kg^-1处理下叶片的叶绿素含量下降得少,Cha/Chb的比值降低较少。镉浓度15、50、100 mg·kg^-1胁迫下导致玉米叶片光合速率下降,光补偿点提高,光饱和点和表观量子效率降低,暗呼吸速率升高,较低浓度镉胁迫（1、5 mg·kg^-1）则提高光补偿点、光饱和点和表观量子效率,降低暗呼吸速率。     

镉胁迫对玉米生理特性的影响

试验研究不同浓度Cd胁迫对玉米生理特性的影响结果表明,玉米耐受性好,Cd胁迫下生长发育正常,0.2mg/L、0.5mg/L和1.0mg/L低浓度Cd处理玉米叶片叶绿素含量和过氧化物酶活性略升高,其最大应激浓度为1.0mg/LCd、毒性浓度为5.0mg/LCd;但随胁迫时间延长或胁迫浓度加大,玉米叶片叶绿素含量连续降低,根系活力降低后回复,而脯氨酸含量明显升高又回落,玉米表现出对低浓度Cd有一定抵抗能力,且Cd对玉米的毒害受时间和浓度双重因子的制约。玉米植株体内游离脯氨酸变化明显,因此脯氨酸可作为某些植物对重金属离子的同期抗逆性指标。     

Effects of Graded Levels of Cadmium on Spinach and Cabbage Grown in an Inceptisol

Cadmium (Cd) contamination of the soil and its concentrations in spinach and cabbage were studied in a pot culture experiment. Eight levels of Cd (0–100 mg kg^?1 soil) were applied singly. Application of Cd of up to 10 and 15 mg kg^?1 resulted in safe Cd concentrations (1.56 and 1.38 mg kg^?1) in the shoots of spinach and cabbage, respectively, at the consumable stage. The total chlorophyll content gradually decreased with the addition of Cd, and the maximum decreases were 31.7 and 32% in spinach and cabbage, respectively, at 60 days of crop growth in the treatment Cd₁₀₀ over the control. The greatest diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA)–extractable Cd contents in the postharvest soil of spinach and cabbage were 22.09 and 24.22 mg kg^?1, respectively, in the treatment Cd₁₀₀. The DTPA Cd was significantly negatively correlated with leaf area and total chlorophyll content while positively correlated with root and shoot Cd concentrations of spinach and cabbage.     

Effect of Cattle Slurry on the Growth of Spinach Plants in Cd-contaminated Soil

ABSTRACT

In this work the effect of the addition of different amounts of cattle slurry (CS) to a Cd contaminated soil, was studied regarding its effect in spinach plants. Two levels of Cd contamination (2 and 10 mg/kg) and three levels of CS addition were evaluated (2.5, 5 and 10 g CS/100 g soil). Spinach was shown to be a tolerant species, able to accumulate relatively high amounts of Cd (up to 367.7 mg/kg in the leaves), exceeding the limits established by European regulations for leaf vegetables. The addition of 2.5 and 5 g CS/100 g to soil containing 2 mg/kg Cd did not reduce the uptake of this metal but allowed the plants to grow as much as the control. The addition of 10 g CS/100 g lead to a reduced Cd uptake but also to a lower plant growth compared to the lower CS levels. The combined effects of Cd and CS changed element content in the plant, but without causing severe toxicity or deficiency effects.     

Sulfur Alleviates Growth Inhibition and Oxidative Stress Caused by Cadmium Toxicity in Rice

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sulfur (S) on growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by Cd²⁺ toxicity, using two rice cultivars with different grain Cd²⁺ content. Treatments consisted of factorial arrangement of three S levels (0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mmol), two cadmium (Cd) levels (0 and 1 μ mol), and two rice cultivars (‘Bing 97252,’ a cultivar with low grain Cd²⁺ content, and ‘Xiushui 63,’ a cultivar with high grain Cd²⁺ content). The results showed that Cd²⁺ addition in the medium generally increased Cd²⁺ and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in both roots and shoots; the increases were more pronounced in ‘Xuishui 63’ than in ‘Bing 97252.’ Dramatic reductions in growth parameters, including plant height, root and shoot weight, tillers per plant, chlorophyll content, and net photosynthetic rate were found in the plants exposed to Cd stress relative to the plants without Cd²⁺ treatment. ‘Xiushui 63’ showed more sensitivity than ‘Bing 97252’ under Cd²⁺ exposure. In comparison with the lower S level (0.2 mmol), the higher S levels (0.4 and 0.6 mmol) helped alleviate Cd toxicity, characterized by a significant increase in growth parameters, and a decrease in Cd²⁺ and MDA content in both roots and shoots. In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the plants varied among tissues, cultivars, and Cd treatments. High Cd²⁺ and MDA content was consistently accompanied by higher SOD activity, and higher S levels caused a marked increase in glutathione content and a reduction in SOD activity, indicating a positive effect of S in alleviating oxidative stress.     

Effects of Water and Nitrogen Supply on Spinach(Spinacia oleracea L.) Growth and SoilMineral N Residues

Effects of conventional and optimized water and nitrogen managements on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)growth and soil mineral N (Nmin) residues were compared in an open field experiment in which water balance method and N recommendation with the KNS-system were included. It was shown that the conventional water treatment (seasonal irrigated amount: 175 mm) reduced spinach growth compared to the water balance treatments (seasonal irrigated amount: 80 and 85 mm) at the same N supply level due to N loss through leaching caused by excessive water supply. Although 309 kg N ha-1 was applied in the conventional N treatment, compared to 82 and 66 kg N ha-1 in the optimum N treatments, no significant difference in crop yield was investigated between the N treatments with the same irrigation practice. N uptake in spinach and soil residual Nmin contents were also significantly affected by the irrigation practices. The conventional water supply not only decreased water use efficiency, but also resulted in excessive NO-3-N being leached below the root zone. In order to meet the same target value of N requirement for the next crop, cauliflower, based on the KNS-system, at least extra 50 kg N ha-1 was needed in the conventional water treatments in comparison to the water balance treatment.     

Effect of Zinc on Cadmium Toxicity-Induced Oxidative Stress in Winter Wheat Seedlings

Two hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate the antioxidant response of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to cadmium (Cd)-zinc (Zn) interactions, Seedlings of winter wheat (cv. Yuandong 977), were grown in modified Hoagland nutrient solution with the addition of increasing concentrations of Cd (0, 10, 25, 50 μM). In experiment 2, the seedlings of the same cultivar were treated with constant concentration of Cd (25 μM) and varying levels of Zn (0, 1, 10, 50 μM). Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as the activities of three antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were monitored to estimate the amount of oxidative stress and the antioxidant ability of seedlings treated with Cd and Zn for 10 days. The results showed that levels of H₂O₂ and MDA in experiment 1 were significantly increased with increasing Cd concentrations. The data indicated that Cd could induce oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the plants. While H₂O₂ and MDA levels were significantly reduced by addition of Zn in experiment 2, the activities antioxidant enzymes were enhanced. A concentration of 10 μM Zn appeared to be the optimal level in this experiment for seedlings' growth, chlorophyll synthesis and antioxidant status, indicating that Zn alleviated the oxidative stress induced by Cd.     

Effect of Silicon on Growth, Physiology, and Cadmium Translocation of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in Cadmium-Contaminated Soil

Silicon(Si) offers beneficial effect on plants under cadmium(Cd) stress such as promoting plant growth and increasing resistance to heavy metal toxicity. In this study, a pot experiment was performed to study the role of Si in alleviating Cd toxicity in tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants on a yellow soil taken from Guiyang, China. Nine treatments consisting of three concentrations of Cd(0, 1, and 5 mg kg~(-1)) together with three Si levels(0, 1, and 4 g kg~(-1)) were established. Plant growth parameters, Cd concentration,and the malondialdehyde(MDA), chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents were determined 100 d after transplanting of tobacco seedlings.Application of exogenous Si enhanced the growth of tobacco plants under Cd stress. When 5 mg kg~(-1) Cd was added, Si addition at 1 and 4 g kg~(-1) increased root, stem, and leaf biomass by 26.1%–43.3%, 33.7%–43.8%, and 50.8%–69.9%, respectively, compared to Si addition at 0 g kg~(-1). With Si application, the transfer factor of Cd in tobacco from root to shoot under both 1 and 5 mg kg~(-1) Cd treatments decreased by 21%. The MDA contents in the Si-treated tobacco plants declined by 5.5%–17.1% compared to those in the non-Si-treated plants, indicating a higher Cd tolerance. Silicon application also increased the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents by 33.9%–41% and 25.8%–47.3% compared to the Cd only treatments. Therefore, it could be concluded that Si application can alleviate Cd toxicity to tobacco by decreasing Cd partitioning in the shoots and MDA levels and by increasing chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, thereby contributing to lowering the potential health risks of Cd contamination.     

脲酶抑制剂醌氢醌对蕹菜根系活性的影响

以蕹菜为试材,采用盆栽法,研究了不同用量的醌氢醌对蕹菜根系活性的影响,结果表明,醌氢醌使蕹菜根系活力、根系呼吸强度、根Na+-K+-ATP酶活力提高;蕹菜根系活性的增强,是蕹菜产量提高的生理基础之一,醌氢醌用量以40mgkg-1土为宜。     

Oxidative Stress Induced by Cadmium and Copper in Brassica rapa Leaves: Indicators of Stress,Oxidative Damage,and Antioxidant Mechanisms

Brassica rapa is frequently used as a vegetable for human consumption and can accumulate metals that are bioavailable in soils. We studied the oxidative stress induced by 25 μM cadmium (Cd) and 50 μM copper (Cu) on Brassica rapa leaves and evaluated the intracellular antioxidative plant response mechanisms and the accumulation of these metals. With this purpose, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) concentration, lipid peroxidation, and enzymatic and nonenzymatic responses was determined. The obtained results indicate that Cd and Cu induced different plant responses. Oxidative stress induced by Cu was characterized by increased lipid peroxidation and free proline levels. Guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase showed a relevant role in H₂O₂ removal. Cadmium did not influence lipid peroxidation, H₂O₂, proline and glutathione contents, and the enzymatic response mainly involves superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase. It was concluded that both excess Cu and Cd induced oxidative stress but plant response is characterized by different antioxidative response mechanisms.