小麦颖果发育中筛分子和导管结构变化及酸性磷酸酶作用

导管经历了完整的细胞程序性死亡过程(programmed cell death,PCD),形成运送水分的管状通道;而筛分子分化则经历了细胞程序性半死亡过程,形成运输有机养分的通道。为了进一步弄清二者在小麦(Triticumaestivum L.)颖果发育过程中超微结构上的变化,本研究利用生物电镜和酶的超微细胞化学定位技术比较了筛分子和导管分化过程中超微结构的变化,以及酸性磷酸酶(ACPase,acid phosphatase)活性的分布动态。结果表明:筛分子呈对称性半圆形分布于导管的两侧,且筛分子内细胞核的降解晚于导管,筛分子细胞质主要通过液泡膜内陷包裹细胞器,形成自噬体进行降解,最终仍保留了部分细胞器碎片,筛分子仍然存活;而在导管分化中,主要是液泡破裂后,胞内细胞质被完全降解,导管最终死亡,形成管状分子。ACPase作为液泡的标志性酶,在导管液泡膜破裂后,多定位于线粒体等发生降解的细胞器上。而在筛分子中,不仅在发生降解的线粒体等细胞器上检测到了ACPase活性,在成熟筛分子胞间连丝上也检测到了ACPase活性,表明ACPase不仅参与了小麦颖果筛分子和导管发育中PCD进程,可能还与细胞间物质运输有关。     

乙酰胆碱和微丝、微管抑制剂对大葱细胞 内含物再分配的影响

以大葱为材料,采用叶片环剥方法,分别用乙酰胆碱(Ach)、细胞松弛素B(CB)和甲酰氨草磷(APM)对裸露维管束处理,以叶片中N、P和K为指标,研究了这三种药剂对细胞内含物再分配的影响。结果表明,低浓度Ach促进细胞内含物的运输;CB和APM均有效地减弱了细胞内含物的运输。初步从维管束水平上证实,维管束中原生质参与韧皮部运输。     

Nanomechanical basis of selective gating by the nuclear pore complex

The nuclear pore complex regulates cargo transport between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. We set out to correlate the governing biochemical interactions to the nanoscopic responses of the phenylalanineglycine (FG)-rich nucleoporin domains, which are involved in attenuating or promoting cargo translocation. We found that binding interactions with the transport receptor karyopherin-beta1 caused the FG domains of the human nucleoporin Nup153 to collapse into compact molecular conformations. This effect was reversed by the action of Ran guanosine triphosphate, which returned the FG domains into a polymer brush-like, entropic barrier conformation. Similar effects were observed in Xenopus oocyte nuclei in situ. Thus, the reversible collapse of the FG domains may play an important role in regulating nucleocytoplasmic transport.     

美洲黑杨次生韧皮部筛管发育过程中原生质组分选择性自溶现象

观察次生韧皮部筛管分子发育过程中原生质组分的变化,对于研究筛管的生理功能具有重要作用.该文以美洲黑杨为实验材料,在电子显微镜下观察研究了次生韧皮部筛管发育过程.根据筛管细胞结构和原生质组分的系列变化,可将筛管发育过程划分为未成熟期、成熟期和衰退期.未成熟期是指筛管液泡膜破裂之前筛管的发育阶段,在这一时期内出现了细胞的径向扩展、壁的增厚以及筛管质体和P蛋白质的产生.成熟期是筛管原生质组分发生选择性自溶,形成成熟筛管的阶段,以液胞膜的裂解作为分化开始的标志.在此时期内,筛管内的游离核糖体、高尔基体、内质网、细胞核等细胞器迅速解体消失.细胞核的降解存在两种截然不同的方式:①核膜早期降解,核质呈弥散状,这种弥散状的核质与由P蛋白质构成的电子致密物相连;②染色质早期凝聚,后期核物质几乎完全降解,但核膜依然非常清晰.筛管衰退期以质膜开始解体作为标志.此时筛管质体的被膜裂解,淀粉类物质分散在筛管腔内,而线粒体是筛管内较迟降解的细胞器.后期筛板上产生胼胝质,筛管内P蛋白质解体.在筛管原生质完全降解消失后,筛板处的胼胝质自溶,最后形成具开放筛孔的筛板,至此筛管完全失去功能.      

杜仲茎韧皮部超微结构的初步研究

杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.)茎韧皮部组成分子的超微结构与一般双子叶植物的相类似,但其韧皮薄壁组织细胞之间分布着含胶细胞。韧皮薄壁细胞中含有少量橡胶颗粒,伴胞和成熟的筛分子中却未见有分布。橡胶物质在细胞间转移的趋势不明显。因此,我们认为韧皮部含胶细胞内橡胶物质的合成和积累具有相对的独立性。其筛分子质体为S—型。此外,在成熟筛板的筛孔周围都衬有很厚的胼胝质,并为一些电子不透明的P—蛋白质所堵塞,这种现象可能是由于制备样品过程中对韧皮部损伤而引起的损伤反应。     

A cesium-selective ion sieve made by topotactic leaching of phlogopite mica

Ahydrated, sodium phlogopite mica with a c-axis spacing [d(001)] of 12.23 A made by careful low-temperature leaching, showed extremely high selectivity for cesium. This newly discovered cesium ion sieve is useful in the decontamination as well as immobilization of cesium at room temperature through chemical bonding and may find applications in nuclear waste disposal and in decontamination of the environment after accidental releases of nuclear materials.     

Regulation of absorption and ABC1-mediated efflux of cholesterol by RXR heterodimers

Several nuclear hormone receptors involved in lipid metabolism form obligate heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and are activated by RXR agonists such as rexinoids. Animals treated with rexinoids exhibited marked changes in cholesterol balance, including inhibition of cholesterol absorption and repressed bile acid synthesis. Studies with receptor-selective agonists revealed that oxysterol receptors (LXRs) and the bile acid receptor (FXR) are the RXR heterodimeric partners that mediate these effects by regulating expression of the reverse cholesterol transporter, ABC1, and the rate-limiting enzyme of bile acid synthesis, CYP7A1, respectively. Thus, these RXR heterodimers serve as key regulators of cholesterol homeostasis by governing reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral tissues, bile acid synthesis in liver, and cholesterol absorption in intestine.     

Golgin tethers define subpopulations of COPI vesicles

Coiled-coil proteins of the golgin family have been implicated in intra-Golgi transport through tethering coat protein complex I (COPI) vesicles. The p115-golgin tether is the best studied, and here we characterize the golgin-84-CASP tether. The vesicles bound by this tether were strikingly different from those bound by the p115-golgin tether in that they lacked members of the p24 family of putative cargo receptors and contained enzymes instead of anterograde cargo. Microinjected golgin-84 or CASP also inhibited Golgi-enzyme transport to the endoplasmic reticulum, further implicating this tether in retrograde transport. These and other golgins may modulate the flow patterns within the Golgi stack.     

Sucrose efflux mediated by SWEET proteins as a key step for phloem transport

Plants transport fixed carbon predominantly as sucrose, which is produced in mesophyll cells and imported into phloem cells for translocation throughout the plant. It is not known how sucrose migrates from sites of synthesis in the mesophyll to the phloem, or which cells mediate efflux into the apoplasm as a prerequisite for phloem loading by the SUT sucrose-H(+) (proton) cotransporters. Using optical sucrose sensors, we identified a subfamily of SWEET sucrose efflux transporters. AtSWEET11 and 12 localize to the plasma membrane of the phloem. Mutant plants carrying insertions in AtSWEET11 and 12 are defective in phloem loading, thus revealing a two-step mechanism of SWEET-mediated export from parenchyma cells feeding H(+)-coupled import into the sieve element-companion cell complex. We discuss how restriction of intercellular transport to the interface of adjacent phloem cells may be an effective mechanism to limit the availability of photosynthetic carbon in the leaf apoplasm in order to prevent pathogen infections.     

Antibodies to clathrin inhibit endocytosis but not recycling to the trans Golgi network in vitro

Mannose 6-phosphate receptors carry newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes from the trans Golgi network (TGN) to prelysosomes and then return to the TGN to carry out another round of lysosomal enzyme delivery. Although clathrin-coated vesicles mediate the export of mannose 6-phosphate receptors from the TGN, nothing is known about the transport vesicles used to carry these receptors back to the TGN. Two different in vitro assays used in this study show that an antibody that interferes with clathrin assembly blocks receptor-mediated endocytosis of transferrin, but has no effect on the recycling of the 300-kilodalton mannose 6-phosphate receptor from prelysosomes to the TGN. These results suggest that the transport of mannose 6-phosphate receptors from prelysosomes to the TGN does not involve clathrin.     

Long unfolded linkers facilitate membrane protein import through the nuclear pore complex

Active nuclear import of soluble cargo involves transport factors that shuttle cargo through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) by binding to phenylalanine-glycine (FG) domains. How nuclear membrane proteins cross through the NPC to reach the inner membrane is presently unclear. We found that at least a 120-residue-long intrinsically disordered linker was required for the import of membrane proteins carrying a nuclear localization signal for the transport factor karyopherin-α. We propose an import mechanism for membrane proteins in which an unfolded linker slices through the NPC scaffold to enable binding between the transport factor and the FG domains in the center of the NPC.     

Insulin stimulation of nucleoside triphosphatase activity in isolated nuclear envelopes

The activity of nucleoside triphosphatase, an enzyme that regulates nuclear messenger RNA transport, was measured in highly purified nuclear envelopes isolated from rat liver. Addition of picomolar concentrations of insulin to freshly prepared nuclear envelopes directly increased the enzyme activity. The major effect of insulin on this enzyme was to increase the maximum velocity of its activity; no significant effects were seen on the affinity constant. These studies raise the possibility, therefore, that the nuclear envelope is a site where insulin regulates nuclear functions.     

A natural product that lowers cholesterol as an antagonist ligand for FXR

Extracts of the resin of the guggul tree (Commiphora mukul) lower LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels in humans. The plant sterol guggulsterone [4,17(20)-pregnadiene-3,16-dione] is the active agent in this extract. We show that guggulsterone is a highly efficacious antagonist of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear hormone receptor that is activated by bile acids. Guggulsterone treatment decreases hepatic cholesterol in wild-type mice fed a high-cholesterol diet but is not effective in FXR-null mice. Thus, we propose that inhibition of FXR activation is the basis for the cholesterol-lowering activity of guggulsterone. Other natural products with specific biologic effects may modulate the activity of FXR or other relatively promiscuous nuclear hormone receptors.     

小麦旗叶光合功能衰退过程中PSII特性的研究

 小麦旗叶光合功能自然衰退过程中光合膜特性变化的观察结果表明 ,在光合功能可逆衰退阶段中 ,类囊体及PSII颗粒电子传递活性维持在较高水平 ,多肽组分也维持相对稳定。进入光合功能不可逆衰退阶段后 ,PSII活性呈快速下降趋势 ,PSII的OEC33kD、OEC17kD、CP4 3等组分均出现不同程度降解 ;在接近自然强光 (10 0 0、180 0μmolE·m-2 ·s-1)的光照处理下 ,不可逆阶段PSII活性下降的速度明显比可逆阶段快 ,人工极强光 (2 5 0 0、30 0 0μmolE·m-2 ·s     

马铃薯相对分离筛运动位移分析与分离筛性能试验

为解决摆动分离筛薯土分离机理不明确,分离筛参数匹配不尽合理的问题。通过田间试验,获得了无土和有土筛面上马铃薯相对分离筛的位移随曲柄转速、筛面倾角和机器前进平均速度等参数的变化规律,以及分离筛性能指标随参数的变化关系。试验结果表明:马铃薯相对分离筛位移的波动幅度随着曲柄转速的升高而先增大后减小,筛面倾角越大马铃薯相对分离筛位移的波动幅度越小,机器前进平均速度越大位移的波动幅度越大;有土筛面上马铃薯相对分离筛位移的波动幅度较无土筛面上马铃薯位移的波动幅度大;明薯率和破皮率随着曲柄转速的增加而先增大后减小,随着筛面倾角的增大而先减小后增大;机器前进平均速度对明薯率影响不明显,破皮率随着机器前进平均速度的增加而先减小后增大。     

Crossing the nuclear envelope: hierarchical regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport

Transport of macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm is a critical cellular process for eukaryotes, and the machinery that mediates nucleocytoplasmic exchange is subject to multiple levels of control. Regulation is achieved by modulating the expression or function of single cargoes, transport receptors, or the transport channel. Each of these mechanisms has increasingly broad impacts on transport patterns and capacity, and this hierarchy of control directly affects gene expression, signal transduction, development, and disease.     

水稻种子风筛精选加工中筛片组合孔径比参数研究

本研究旨在确定水稻风筛精选中筛片组合关键参数,提高加工的水稻种子的净度和发芽率,进而提高种子的使用价值和商品价值。以云南省籼稻、粳稻2个类型的18个主栽水稻品种的种子为材料,在测定其种子的粒径比基础上,用进口的LA-LS小型风筛精选机设备,开展风筛精选加工中不同筛片组合参数试验研究。结果表明：粳稻种子平均粒径比为1.40,籼稻种子平均粒径比为1.33;种子粒径比、下/上筛片孔径比（以下简称筛片孔径比）与净度及获选率之间呈线性关系;满足粳稻进行精选加工的上层筛片尺寸为2.60mm,下层筛片尺寸范围为1.70～1.90mm,最佳筛片孔径比为0.73。适于籼稻进行精选加工的上层筛片尺寸范围为2.25～2.60mm,下层筛片尺寸范围为1.50～1.90mm,最佳筛片孔径比为0.63。本研究获得的筛片组合关键参数在加工能力为4t/h的CIMBRIA DELTA SUPER 104型种子加工精选设备上进行验证,获得了加工种子质量和生产效率同步提高的效果,研究结果为水稻种子风筛精选加工和标准化处理提供了重要的技术支持。     

Structure of Nup58/45 suggests flexible nuclear pore diameter by intermolecular sliding

The nucleoporins Nup58 and Nup45 are part of the central transport channel of the nuclear pore complex, which is thought to have a flexible diameter. In the crystal structure of an alpha-helical region of mammalian Nup58/45, we identified distinct tetramers, each consisting of two antiparallel hairpin dimers. The intradimeric interface is hydrophobic, whereas dimer-dimer association occurs through large hydrophilic residues. These residues are laterally displaced in various tetramer conformations, which suggests an intermolecular sliding by 11 angstroms. We propose that circumferential sliding plays a role in adjusting the diameter of the central transport channel.