Significance of fruit transpiration on calcium nutrition in developing apricot fruit

The first objective of this study was to search for a possible correlation between accumulation of calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) and fruit transpiration in developing apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit. Secondly, the work aimed to determine the significance of transpirational flux on Ca nutrition. We hypothesized that if the fruit transpiration is the determining factor of Ca accumulation (phloem‐immobile element) then the import of Ca would be suppressed by restriction of fruit water loss, while the import of phloem‐mobile nutrients (i.e., K and Mg) would not be. To test this hypothesis, the seasonal changes of transpiration and of Ca, K, and Mg concentration/accumulation were assessed in fruits left to naturally transpire or under restricted transpiration (bagged fruits). Fruit transpiration was measured on detached fruits using a portable gas‐exchange equipment (ADC‐LCA4, ADC BioScientific Ltd, Hoddesdon, England). Results demonstrated that 83% of total fruit Ca content was gained within the first 4 weeks after fruit‐set, and that Ca import ceased concomitantly to a reduction of transpiration. In spite of the limitation of fruit transpiration, Ca entered the nontranspiring fruits, and its concentration was about 45% of that in control fruits suggesting that other factor(s) operated for Ca accumulation. This study provides the evidence that fruit transpiration accounted for 55% of total Ca that entered a fruit. We conclude that optimal soil Ca availability and apportioning to the fruit during the early 4 weeks of growth are essential to sustain the fruit demand of this nutrient and that some cultural practices (e.g., summer pruning, irrigation) should be tested as possible tools to improve fruit Ca nutrition via increasing fruit transpiration.     

四川茶区土壤营养元素背景值研究

采用单道扫描等离子发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)对四川茶区72个产茶县422个取样点035.cm土层中P、S、K等17种营养元素含量进行测定,分析了该地区茶园土壤的无机营养元素背景值特征。结果表明,四川茶区土壤中P、K、Ca、Mg、S等5种大、中量元素均相对贫乏;微量元素Mn、B、Zn在大部分地区土壤中相对富集,而Fe、Mo在大部分地区土壤相对贫乏;其他元素中Se和Sb相对富集,其浓集系数K值分别为5.45和22.3。方差分析表明,17种营养元素的含量在不同产茶地区土壤中的差异均显著。土壤中营养元素的背景值因土壤类型的不同而表现出一定的差异,其中棕壤中的营养元素含量相对丰富,而红壤中营养元素的含量相对缺乏。因此应有针对性地增施有机肥及微量元素肥料,以补充相对贫乏的营养元素。     

根际通气对基质气体、肥力及黄瓜伤流液的影响

为改善根际气体环境,试验采用基质通气栽培方式,研究不同通气方式对基质气体、肥力及黄瓜伤流液的影响。结果表明,基质底部通气和基质上部通气均显著改善根际二氧化碳和氧气体积分数,二氧化碳体积分数比对照降低33.31%～98.02%,氧气体积分数比对照提高2.13%～12.22%。通气处理显著提高基质速效养分质量分数,碱解氮比对照提高12.95%～28.87%,速效磷比对照提高12.02%～20.46%。基质上部通气处理的伤流液流量、电导率值和伤流液氨基酸含量均最高,表明基质上部通气处理根系代谢旺盛,是较理想的基质通气方式。     

Concentrations of Major and Minor Mineral Elements in Different Organs of Kosteletzkya virginica and Saline Soils

Abstract

Kosteletzkya virginica (L.) Presl. is a perennial dicot halophytic species that grows in brackish portions of coastal tidal marshes of the mid-Atlantic and southeastern United States. It was introduced into Northern Jiangsu, China, by the Halophyte Biotechnology Center (University of Delaware, Newark, DE) as a species with potential to improve the soil and develop ecologically sound saline agriculture. Fifteen major and minor elements [calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), lithium (Li), cobalt (Co), and vanadium (V)] in roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of Kosteletzkya virginica and saline soils were measured in the study. Concentrations of Al, Fe, Zn, Mn, V, and Pb were the highest in soils, whereas concentrations of Na, Li, Cu, Ca, and Mg were the highest in the roots, stems, and leaves, respectively, and concentrations of K and P were the highest in the seeds. Potassium, P, Mg, and Ca were the main constituents in the seeds, and concentrations of Fe, Li, Mn, Zn, and Cu in seeds were relatively high. However, concentrations of Na and Al were very low in the seeds. The K/Na ratio in the seeds was 34.26, and the Ca/P ratio was 0.52, which was less than the maximum tolerable value for the human diet. These proportions were considered to be an advantage from a nutritional point of view. From roots to stems to leaves, increases in K/Na, Ca/Na, and Ca/Mg ratios could mitigate salt stress of the growth habitat of Kosteletzkya virginica. These results suggest that Kosteletzkya virginica is a halophytic species with potential as a rich source of mineral-element supply, and its products could be used for development of food, fodder, health care products and industrial raw materials.     

Electrical Conductivity and pH Prediction in a Recirculated Nutrient Solution of a Greenhouse Soilless Rose Crop

The influence of nutrient solution (1) mixing rate, and (2) time of use on pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of a recirculated nutrient solution used for the irrigation of a greenhouse soilless rose crop was studied. Measurements of microclimate variables, pH, and EC of nutrient solutions and crop transpiration were conducted. The measurements of pH and EC values of nutrient solutions mixed with different mixing rates and applied for crop fertigation were used to develop and calibrate a model for pH and EC prediction in relation to nutrient-solution mixing rate and time of use. Application of the calibrated model gave satisfactory results. It was found that nutrient solutions with high mixing rates or volume equal to or double that of the total water consumed by the canopy during the conservation period had the most stable EC evolution and minimal pH changes.     

荔枝叶片养分含量动态及不同比例钾、氮肥施用效应

【目的】探索荔枝叶片养分含量的周年变化规律及钾、氮肥不同施用比例对荔枝产量及其种植效益的影响,为荔枝生产中的施肥管理、营养调控与增产增效提供理论依据和实践指导。【方法】在大田栽培条件下,以1995年嫁接苗种植的国内主栽品种妃子笑为试材,设置钾、氮肥不同施用比例（K2O/N分别为0.6、0.8、1.0、1.2和1.4）5个处理,随机区组排列,于2009~2012年3个生长季在广东省惠州市荔枝主产区进行试验。在荔枝不同生育期定期采集荔枝叶片测定矿质元素含量,荔枝成熟时于田间按小区实收称重测产。【结果】荔枝叶片不同生育期的养分含量存在明显差异;在整个生育期,叶片养分含量的大小均表现为N﹥K﹥Ca﹥Mg﹥P﹥S﹥B﹥Zn﹥Mo;叶片K与Ca、Mg含量有极显著的负相关关系,K与Zn含量呈显著负相关,而Ca、Mg、Zn含量两两间呈显著正相关;叶片N与S、B含量呈显著负相关,而S与B呈极显著正相关;叶片P与Ca、Si含量呈显著负相关,而Ca与Si呈显著正相关。等氮基础上随着K2O/N比的提高,荔枝产量和种植效益均出现先升高后降低的规律;以K2O/N比例为1.0~1.2时荔枝产量最高、效益最好。【结论】在我国荔枝主产区以保持钾、氮肥养分施用比例（K2O∶N）为1.0~1.2为宜。     

垄膜沟灌对旱区农田土壤盐分及硝态氮运移特征的影响

引黄水量的执行性削减加剧了河套灌区农业水资源的紧缺程度及土壤次生盐渍化问题。采取合理的节水灌溉模式对缓解河套灌区农业用水紧张、改良盐渍化土壤、营造适宜作物生长的土壤环境具有重要意义。为明晰垄膜沟灌对河套灌区土壤盐分及硝态氮运移特征的影响及调控效果,通过4次田间沟灌试验,对比研究了高水、中水、低水及高肥、低肥6个组合处理条件下土壤盐分以及土壤硝态氮的变化特征。结果表明:垄膜沟灌条件下灌水量对土壤全盐量的影响高于施肥量,中水处理土壤全盐量始终维持在一个适宜且稳定的水平。灌水量和施肥量对土壤硝态氮含量均有不同程度的影响,中、低水处理后期硝态氮的淋溶显著低于高水处理。垄膜沟灌种植模式下中水低肥处理增加了土壤水分的有效性,抑制了土壤反盐,减少了垄上硝态氮的淋溶,在节水节肥的基础上为作物的生长发育提供了一个适宜的土壤环境,利于生物量的累积及最终产量的形成,在一定程度上解决了河套灌区引黄灌溉配额减少与漫灌洗盐方式严重浪费水资源之间的矛盾,为当地垄膜沟灌技术的推广提供了一定的理论依据与技术支撑。     

渗灌灌水控制下限对保护地土壤剖面磷素分布的影响

连续5 a以相同方案于2000～2004年在沈阳农业大学科研基地进行保护地番茄栽培的渗灌试验,其5个处理的灌水控制下限土壤水分吸力值分别为10、16、25、40和63 kPa,灌水控制上限土壤水分吸力值均为6 kPa。 研究结果表明：渗灌及其灌水控制下限能够显著影响不同形态磷素含量在土壤剖面中的分布。具体表现为土壤表层（0～10 cm和 10～20 cm）的土壤全磷、无机磷和速效磷含量均高于其他土层,在30～40 cm土层的含量为最低,灌水对土壤速效磷含量的影响主要发生在0～30 cm土层;有机磷随着灌水向土壤底层发生迁移,其含量在土壤深层40～60 cm为最高;各处理不同深度土层中的磷素均以无机磷为主。因此,灌水可以作为调节土壤中磷素的转化及其有效性的方式。     

基于HYDRUS-1D模型的河套灌区典型夹砂层耕地水分利用分析

为研究夹砂层耕地水分利用规律,以河套灌区典型夹砂层土壤耕地为研究对象,利用在春玉米生育期田间监测数据,应用土壤水分运动数值模型,探究对夹砂层土壤田间蒸散发、作物耗水及深层土壤水分的补给与深层渗漏规律。选择2种土壤的夹砂层埋深梯度S1（40～95 cm）、S2（60～110 cm）,设置了3个灌水水平W1（252.5 mm）、W2（315.85 mm）、W3（378.75 mm）开展田间试验,同不含夹砂层处理B作对照,并应用HYDRUS-1D模型模拟春玉米生育期田间蒸散发,土壤水分深层渗漏及地下水补给耕层水量与根系吸水量,与不含夹砂层处理对比分析夹砂层对田间水分利用影响。结果表明：随着砂层埋深增加,棵间蒸发损失减小,叶面蒸腾水量增加;不含夹砂层处理玉米田间毛管向上补给水量较浅埋砂层与深埋砂层处理分别大57.01%、118.53%,灌水量为315.85 mm时含夹砂层处理的土壤水分深层渗漏最小;玉米生育期内根系吸水量随砂层埋深的增加而减少,不含夹砂层处理根系吸水量最大。浅埋砂层与深埋砂层处理分别为蒸散量的55.51%、61.31%,不含夹砂层处理为66.69%;暂时性亏缺水量从大到小依次为：S2、S1、B,水分从大到小依次为：B、S2、S1。综合考虑夹砂层土壤水分迁移、作物水分利用规律,建议在夹砂层耕地春玉米灌溉根据砂层分布因地制宜定灌溉制度,当夹砂层埋深在40～110 cm范围时,推荐春玉米在生育期灌溉定额为315.85 mm。该研究结果可为河套灌区含有夹砂层农田灌溉制度的制定提供理论指导。     

中水灌溉条件下含砾砂土污染物运移的初步研究

以宁夏回族自治区大武口市森林公园的含砾砂土为研究对象，通过室内试验，对中水灌溉条件下砂砾质土壤在不同灌水量、多次连续灌水、降雨淋洗等不同来水条件下水分、污染物运移的规律进行了初步的研究，为微污染水用于绿化灌溉对砂砾质土壤中污染物运移及累积的研究提供科学依据。     

调亏灌溉与氮营养对玉米根区土壤水氮有效性的影响

为探索调亏灌溉与氮营养对玉米根区土壤水氮有效性的影响,采用盆栽玉米试验,研究了水分调亏时期和不同施氮量对玉米根区土壤硝态氮迁移动态和水氮利用的影响。结果表明：施氮量决定根区土壤硝态氮含量,各生育阶段的灌水量和养分吸收影响硝态氮的变化动态。调亏灌溉的玉米根区中、下层土壤硝态氮含量介于常规灌溉的高水和低水处理之间。抽穗期结束时根区中、下层土壤硝态氮含量与施氮量呈正相关关系。施氮量、调亏时期对干物质和全氮累积量影响显著。拔节期水分亏缺对干物质累积量影响最大,苗期水分亏缺影响次之,抽穗期水分亏缺影响最小。苗期亏水、高氮处理的水分利用效率最高。高氮处理的植株全氮累积量最大,是无氮处理的2.54～3.23倍。低氮调亏灌溉的氮肥表观利用效率都大于30%,比高氮调亏灌溉的高约6.6%。最佳的水氮组合为抽穗期亏水低氮处理。     

我国著名的土地资源及水土保持专家宋桂琴研究员

宁南地区土壤矿质元素的含量顺序为SiO₂>Al₂O₃>CaO>Fe₂O₃MgO>K₂O>MnO>Zn>Cu,其中硅、铝、铁、钛空间分布较均匀；钙、镁、钾变异较大、空间分布不均匀。硅、钛、铜、锌、锰为残积母质>洪冲积母质>黄土母质；铁、镁、钾为洪冲积母质>残积母质>黄土母质；铝为洪冲积母质>黄土母质>残积母质；钙为黄土母质最高，残积母质很低。从山地洪积扇中上游阶地中下游阶地，硅、铜、锌、锰逐渐减少；铝、镁、铁、钙、钾则不断增加     

滴灌施钙时间对盐碱土水盐运移特征研究

通过室内试验测定新疆昌吉地区盐碱土在不同滴灌施钙时间的入渗运动过程,研究不同施钙时间(前期施用Ca-W、后期施用W-Ca、中间施用W-Ca-W、前后期施用Ca-W-Ca)的盐碱土土壤盐分运移和水分运动.结果表明不同施钙方式对滴灌盐碱土土壤水分分布具有影响,对盐碱土盐分运移影响明显,随着湿润锋水平、垂直运移距离的增加,不同滴灌施钙方式的土壤含盐量、钠离子含量和钠吸附比均在不断增加,Ca-W-Ca方式的达标脱盐区评价系数和脱钠区深度系数均大于其他方式,钠吸附比均小于其他方式,脱盐效果均优于其他方式,说明Ca-W-Ca方式更有利于作物根系生长,改良盐碱土效果最明显.     

赣南水土保持型果业发展模式探讨

针对江西赣南果业开发中普遍存在的严重水土流失、土地利用率低下、短期效益少等问题,采取以间、套种草、饲、经济作物为主要手段的水土保持措施,栽种“百喜草”,设置“山边沟”,引入美国籽粒苋发展养殖业,开展立体经营,形成果-苋-猪-沼-果良性循环。实现了果园综合效益的同步增长,达到了增加果园植被覆盖度,提高土地利用率,改善果园生态环境的目的。研究表明:果业开发中出现的严重水土流失现象不容忽视,因地制宜的水土流失治理措施与果园生态环境、经济效益密切相关。其综合经营的多种治理模式促进了各业的发展,取得了明显的生态、经     

内蒙古河套灌区荒地水盐运移规律模拟

该文以内蒙古河套灌区为背景展开荒地水盐运移规律研究。在田间试验基础上,分析荒地土壤水盐的运移机理,利用HYDRUS-1D模型对荒地土壤水盐的迁移规律进行了模拟。荒地做为灌区盐分的贮存地,成为灌区水盐平衡的重要调节因素,荒地水盐动态研究对于干旱灌区具有重要意义。结果表明,强蒸发是荒地水盐运移的原动力,5 cm土层EC值上升了66.10%,20 cm土层EC值上升了63.89%。荒地在作物生育期是积盐的过程,在秋浇期是流失盐分的过程。经检验,HYDRUS－1D模型对盐渍化地区荒地水盐在垂直方向运移的模拟具有较高的精度,为区域水盐管理和灌区的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

氮肥运筹对寒地水稻籽粒植酸、蛋白质和矿质元素的影响

为探究寒地水稻优质栽培的氮肥施用方式,以粳稻品种垦粳7号和垦粳8号为试验材料,通过2年(2017-2018年)田间试验,设置4种氮肥运筹方式:习惯施肥(T1,施氮量150 kg·hm^-2,基肥:蘖肥:穗肥=6:3:1)、氮肥后移1(T2,施氮量150 kg·hm^-2,基肥:蘖肥:穗肥=4:3:3)、基于T2的减氮施肥(T3,施氮量135 kg·hm^-2,基肥:蘖肥:穗肥=4:3:3)和氮肥后移2(T4,施氮量150 kg·hm^-2,基肥:蘖肥:穗肥=5:3:2),其中以T1为对照,研究氮肥运筹对寒地水稻籽粒植酸、总蛋白质及组分、矿质元素含量的影响及其互作效应。结果表明,氮肥、品种对水稻籽粒中植酸含量的影响均达显著或极显著水平。与T1相比,T2、T3和T4水稻籽粒中植酸含量平均分别显著降低了31.92%、48.94%和21.28%;T2、T3和T4水稻籽粒中清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白以及总蛋白质含量均增加,且T2作用效果更明显,分别较T1显著提高了0.14、0.10、0.45和0.60个百分点(2017年两品种均值);T2和T3的醇溶蛋白含量略有降低,T4则略有增加,但与T1差异均不显著;T2和T3水稻籽粒中Cu、Mn、Fe、Ca、K、Zn含量均增加,且T2增加更明显,T4水稻籽粒中各矿质元素含量变化则无明显规律。通过分析氮肥运筹下水稻籽粒植酸含量与蛋白质、8种矿质元素含量的相关性可知,植酸含量与总蛋白质、清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白以及Cu、Mn、Fe、Zn、Ca、Mg、K含量均呈负相关,其中与球蛋白含量和2018年Zn和Ca含量呈显著负相关。综上所述,氮肥平衡分配能降低水稻籽粒中植酸含量,增加总蛋白质和矿质元素含量,有效改善蛋白质组分,从而提高稻米营养品质。本研究结果为寒地稻米的优质栽培的氮肥运筹方式提供了理论依据。     

基于液流计估测蒸腾分析覆膜滴灌玉米节水增产机理

深入了解覆膜滴灌下冠层辐射传输和能量分配情况,确定土壤蒸发和作物蒸腾之间的定量区分关系是合理灌溉和提高水分利用效率的重要研究内容。该研究在东北膜下滴灌地区开展连续2 a田间试验,测定了覆膜（M）和不覆膜（NM）玉米田的冠层辐射、田间土壤蒸发和作物蒸腾、作物生长和产量。结果表明：覆膜使冠层上方净辐射降低7.7%,从而减少了蒸发蒸腾可供能量,冠层下方净辐射降低34.0%,减少了土壤蒸发可供能量,冠层净辐射吸收量增加14.0% 用于作物蒸腾;覆膜能小幅度降低蒸发蒸腾总量3.9%～5.2%,而对其在土壤蒸发和作物蒸腾之间的分配影响显著,覆膜处理土壤蒸发占蒸发蒸腾总量的比例为12.5%～14.5%,而不覆膜处理该比例高达21.7%～25.0%;覆膜处理提高了成熟期玉米株高、地表20 cm高度处茎粗、生物量和最大叶面积,最终使产量提高5.9%～8.8%,水分利用效率提高12.0%～13.1%。综上所述,覆膜通过改变冠层辐射能量分配降低了玉米田蒸发蒸腾总量,提高了玉米产量和水分利用效率。     

Accumulation and distribution of calcium and magnesium in oat and correlation analysis with the uptake of sodium,potassium, and chloride elements

ABSTRACT

Calcium and magnesium are related to the structure and functions of soil, especially the saline alkali soil. This study aimed to explore calcium element and magnesium element concentration and accumulation in relation to salt ion uptake and soil quality. The two elements in plant organs were studied for six oat varieties at four growth stages. The results showed that calcium element concentration and accumulation across plant organs ranged from 3.4 to 12.1 g kg^?1 and 2.6 to 6.3 kg ha^?1 while those for magnesium element ranged from 1.7 to 5.3 and 1.5 to 3.3. Among varieties, the concentrations and accumulations varied significantly. Significant variations also occurred among the four growth stages with a peak at delayed harvest stage. However, the highest accumulation occurred at maturity. The ratio [calcium element/magnesium element] increased from elongation (heading stage) (1.2 to 1.9 times) to delayed harvest stage (2.9 to 3.2 times). A significant (partial) positive correlation was found among concentrations of calcium, magnesium, chlorine, potassium elements and sodium. The prospect of using oat treated with calcium and magnesium fertilizer to reduce soil alkalinity should be studied further.     

不同土壤水分下限对大棚滴灌甜瓜产量和品质的影响

以厚皮甜瓜品种伊莉莎白为材料,研究大棚滴灌条件下营养生长期不同土壤水分下限(75%田间持水量,I75;65%田间持水量,I65;55%田间持水量,I55;45%田间持水量,I45)对甜瓜生长、产量、品质以及灌溉水分利用效率的影响,并以沟灌(G75)作为对照。结果表明,株高、茎粗、叶面积和地上部干重均随着营养生长期土壤水分下限的降低而减小。I75果实横径、皮厚和肉厚均最大,果形指数最小;I65果实纵径最大。果实品质方面,总可溶性固形物(TSS)含量为:I65>I55>I75>I45;可溶性糖含量为:I55>I65>I45>I75;维生素C(Vc)含量为:I55>I65>I75>I45;可溶性蛋白质含量为:I55>I65>I45>I75;游离氨基酸总量为:I45>I65>I55>I75。I75的产量和平均单果重最高;I65的灌溉水分利用效率最高,达到29.16kg/m3,相比沟灌对照提高76.4%,可节水58.1%,而平均单果重仅比对照下降3.2%。综合考虑产量和品质,可以选择65%田间持水量作为武汉地区厚皮甜瓜营养生长期适宜的土壤水分下限指标。