不同施氮量对结缕草生长及光合荧光特性的影响

研究不同氮肥用量(N 0、3和9 g·m-2)对结缕草生理、光合及荧光特性的影响。结果表明,3和9 g·m-2氮肥均使结缕草地上及地下生物量增加;提高了结缕草叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用率(WUE)、PSⅡ最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的活性(Fv/Fo)、实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSII)、光化学淬灭系数(qP),降低了非光化学淬灭系数(qN)。3 g·m-2氮肥处理效果好于9 g·m-2氮肥处理,对结缕草的生长和发育的促进作用更加明显。     

Image changes in chlorophyll fluorescence of cucumber leaves in response to iron deficiency and resupply

Iron (Fe) is an essential element for plants and its deficiency causes decrease not only in the photosynthetic rate but also in the actual photosystem II efficiency at steady‐state photosynthesis. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of Fe deficiency in plants of Cucumis sativus (L.) in two different experimental conditions. In the first experiment, plants were grown with or without Fe for 7 d. After 7 d, Fe‐deficient plants were resupplied with Fe and sampled after 12 h and 48 h. In the second experiment, plants were grown with Fe in the nutrient solution for 3 d and after this period, Fe was withdrawn and plants sampled after 3 and 6 d. Iron and chlorophyll (Chl) concentration and Chl‐fluorescence imaging were measured. In cucumber leaves subjected to Fe deficiency, fluorescence imaging of Chl a evidenced spatial changes on leaf lamina. Following Fe deficiency both after 7 d (Exp. 1) or 6 d (Exp. 2) leaves showed a slight, nonsignificant decrease in F_v/F_m ratio. However Chl‐fluorescence parameters determined in light conditions showed significant changes which indicate an alteration in the photosynthetic process. Surprisingly, the effect of Fe deficiency was more pronounced in leaves of plant of Exp. 2 as compared to those that had grown in complete absence of Fe (Exp. 1). In the latter case down‐regulated mechanisms preserved leaves from irreversible photoinhibition leading to complete recovery when plants were resupplied with the microelement.     

Sulphur fertilizer effect on cotton: II. Growth characteristics,nutrient status and yield

Abstract

The effect of S fertilization on growth characteristics, nutrient status and yield of cotton were studied during the growing seasons of 1980 and 1981. Four experiments were conducted on Mollic Hapludalf and Arenic Hapludalf soils using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Leaf samples were taken one week prior to boll set and analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and B. Yield, plant populations and plant height were measured at time of plant maturity. Percent blooms reaching maturity, staple length, micronaire and percent lint were determined at one location in 1981. Lack of yield response to S treatments suggest the initial soil SO₄ ⁼‐S level was sufficient for optimum yield. Plant height and plant populations were not affected by S. Differences in plant height due to N treatment were noted. Percent lint, staple length, micronaire, percent blooms reaching maturity and days from bloom to maturity were not affected by S treatment. There was positive correlation between S treatment and Ca and S status of plant; negative relationships with N and P and other nutrients were not affected.     

Assessment of economic and environmental impacts of two typical cotton genotypes with contrasting potassium efficiency

It is essential to produce optimal crop yields while reducing adverse environmental impacts of overfertilization. Therefore, nutrient‐efficient plants may play a major role in improving the efficiency of fertilizer use whilst increasing crop yields. This field trial was conducted to study the differences on absorption and utilization of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) of K‐efficient cotton genotype 103 and K‐inefficient cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotype 122 and their environmental and economic effects. The results show that seed cotton yield was significantly different between K‐efficient cotton genotype 103 and K‐inefficient cotton genotype 122; the yields of genotype 103 were 39.2%, 33.8%, and 25.0% higher than those of genotype 122 with no K fertilizer (K0), 112 kg K ha^–1 K (K1), and 224 kg K ha^–1 (K2), respectively. Even when no K fertilizer was applied, the yield of genotype 103 was still 7.9% higher than the yield of genotype 122 at the highest K level (K2). Further economic benefit analysis revealed that the value cost ratio (VCR) of genotype 103 was significantly higher than 122 at K0 and K1, and harvest index (HI) of genotype 103 was significantly higher than that of genotype 122 at all three K levels. In addition, when fertilized with K, partial factor productivity of applied K (PFP_K) of genotype 103 was dramatically higher than that of genotype 122, demonstrating that genotype 103 had stronger ability to utilize K. Besides, the N‐ and P‐use efficiencies of genotype 103 were also higher than those of genotype 122. It is concluded that: (1) genotype 103 gives better profit than genotype 122 and (2) genotype 103 uses fertilizer more efficiently and reduced fertilizer inputs will alleviate environmental risks.     

Changes in photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants in response to manganese stress

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to assess the physiological and biochemical responses of cotton plants to manganese (Mn²⁺) nutrition. Four cotton genotypes (G1 – TMG 47; G2 – FM 975 WS; G3 – TMG 11 WS and G4 – IMA 8405 GLT) were grown in nutrient solution under two Mn²⁺ concentrations (2 and 200 µmol L^?1) for 10 days. No visible symptoms of Mn²⁺ toxicity were observed in the genotypes tested. All genotypes showed a marked increase in leaf chlorophylls, pheophytins, carotenoids, sucrose and total sugars concentration in response to high Mn²⁺ in a nutrient solution. However, the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, internal carbon dioxide concentration and transpiration decreased in genotypes G1 and G2 growing under 200 µmol L^?1. Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities increased in genotypes G1, G3 and G4. Cotton genotypes showed an increased leaf antioxidant and sugar metabolism as a possible strategy to mitigate oxidative stress. The decrease in the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance; the increased antioxidant enzymes activities (SOD, APX and GR); and the increase in leaf sucrose and total sugar concentration were the main physiological and biochemical responses in cotton plants to Mn²⁺ stress.     

基于叶绿素荧光发射光谱的光能利用率探测

该文从光合作用光谱探测角度出发,研究基于自然光下植被叶绿素荧光光谱的植被光能利用率遥感探测的可行性。设计了日变化试验,获取植被光合、光谱及荧光参数,分析光能利用率的影响因素和光谱探测方法;基于叶绿素荧光夫琅和费（fraunhofer）线探测原理,计算植被冠层在2个氧吸收波段（688 nm和760 nm）叶绿素荧光发射光谱;并在此基础上建立了基于荧光发射光谱的光能利用率统计模型,并与基于光化学植被指数的光能利用率统计模型进行了对比。研究结果表明：PSII（photosystemⅡ,光系统II）光下量子产量与     

Nonstructural carbohydrates in leaves subtending cotton bolls,fibers and embryos in response to nitrogen stress

A field study was conducted in 2013 and 2014 where cotton was exposed to three N regimes: (1) the control without N application (low N); (2) 260 kg N ha^?1 (medium N); (3) 520 kg N ha^?1 (high N). Boll size, lint mass per boll, seed mass per boll, fiber length and strength were significantly decreased under N deprivation in the two years. The increased carbohydrate levels of LSCB (leaf subtending the cotton boll) led to decreased carbohydrate levels of fibers in the low N relative to the other N treatments. The low N embryos exhibited lower starch concentrations at 17 and 31 DPA (days post anthesis), and TNC (total nonstructural carbohydrate) concentrations at 17, 31, 45 and 52 DPA compared to medium N embryos. Starch levels in LSCB had negative associations with those in fibers at 17, 31 and 45 DPA, but positive associations with those in embryos at 24 and 45 DPA. Fibers expressed negative associations with embryos in glucose level at 24 and 38 DPA, and in TNC levels at 17 and 45 DPA. The study suggests that carbon assimilate levels in fibers and embryos could explain the difference in boll yield components and fiber quality.     

施氮量对棉铃干物质和氮累积及分配的影响

以高品质棉（科棉1号）和常规棉（美棉33B）品种为材料,2005年在江苏徐州（11711E, 3415N）、2007年在河南安阳（11413E, 3604N）设置施氮量（低氮N 0 kg/hm2,适氮N 240 kg/hm2,高氮N 480 kg/hm2）试验,研究施氮量对棉铃干物质、氮累积分配和棉铃（纤维、棉子）品质的影响。结果表明:施氮可改变棉铃各部分干物质和氮素的累积特征,进而影响棉铃重和棉铃品质。在本试验N 240 kg/hm2水平下,单铃棉子和纤维的干物质累积量最大,棉铃各部分（铃壳、纤维、棉子）氮含量适中、氮累积量最高,最终铃重最大,棉纤维和棉子品质最优;在不施氮（N 0 kg/hm2）时,棉铃干物质和氮快速累积期开始较早、累积速率较低,最终干物质和氮累积量均较低,铃重最低,棉纤维和棉子品质最差。在N 480 kg/hm2水平下,棉铃各部分（铃壳、纤维、棉子）的氮含量和累积量提高,且在成熟棉铃中棉纤维干物质的分配系数下降,棉子中的氮分配系数提高,最终棉子中蛋白质含量上升,铃重和棉纤维比强度、棉子油分含量均降低。综上所述,施氮量过低影响棉铃干物质和氮素的累积,而施氮量过高则主要影响棉铃干物质和氮素在铃壳、棉子和纤维间的分配,二者均导致最终的铃重降低、棉纤维和棉子品质变劣。     

Agronomic traits at the seedling stage,yield, and fiber quality in two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars in response to phosphorus deficiency

ABSTRACT

Cotton is critical for phosphorus demands and very sensitive for its deficiency. However, identifying the effect of low-phosphorus tolerance on cotton growth, yield, and fiber quality by reducing phosphorus consumption. This may help to develop phosphorus-tolerant high-yielding cotton cultivars. In a two-year repeated (2015 and 2016) hydroponic experiment (using 0.01 and 1 mM KH₂PO₄), two cotton cultivars with phosphorus sensitivity (Lu 54; a low-phosphorus sensitive and Yuzaomian 9110; a low-phosphorus tolerant) were screened on the base of agronomic traits and physiological indices through correlation analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis from 16 cotton cultivars. Low phosphorus nutrition reduced the plant height, leaf number, leaf area, phosphorus accumulation and biomass in various organs of seedlings. The deficiency negatively affected the morphogenesis of seedlings, as well as yield and fiber quality. Further, these screened cultivars were tested in a pot experiment with 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 during 2016 and 2017. It was found to have a significant (P< 0.05) difference in boll number, lint yield, fiber strength, and micronaire at the harvest. Furthermore, after collectively analyzed the characteristics of Lu 54 and Yuzaomian 9110, there were six key indices that could improve the low phosphorus tolerance of cotton cultivars. These were root phosphorus accumulation, stem phosphorus accumulation percentage, leaf and total biomass of seedlings, seed cotton weight per boll and fiber length.     

棉花根际解钾细菌的生理活性和促生效果

考察优良棉花根际解钾菌株K1111、K1114、K2115、K3105和K3205的溶磷、解钾、产铁载体和产吲哚乙酸等生理活性。将其接种到棉花根际,通过盆栽试验,研究5株菌株对棉花根系发育与生长的影响。结果表明,这5株菌的产铁载体能力均达到5+(极高量)水平;分泌吲哚乙酸的浓度在6.6～12.4μg/mL之间;同时具有很高的溶磷能力。接种5株菌株的棉花根系活力、株高和干重均显著高于不施钾肥的对照组,高于或相当于施钾对照组。     

Nitrogen nutrition index and leaf chlorophyll concentration and its relationship with nitrogen use efficiency in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important nutrients for barley, and at the same time excessive N fertilization can have a negative impact on the environment. A 2-year field study was conducted with the objective to determine the relationship of N Use Efficiency (NUE) and its components N utilization efficiency (NUtE), and N uptake efficiency (NUpE) with N diagnostic tools N nutrition index (NNI) and chlorophyll meter (CM) readings of barley. CM readings were negatively correlated with NUE and NUpE. NNI varied from 0.79 to 1.00 across years and cultivars. This study provides new information about the effect of N application on NUE and its components and its relationship with CM readings and NNI of barley which can be used for proper N management and protection of the environment.     

Interactive effects of biochar addition and elevated carbon dioxide concentration on soil carbon and nitrogen pools in mine spoil

Purpose

This study aimed to assess the effects of biochar on improving nitrogen (N) pools in mine spoil and examine the effects of elevated CO₂ on soil carbon (C) storage.

Materials and methods

The experiment consisted of three plant species (Austrostipa ramossissima, Dichelachne micrantha, and Lomandra longifolia) planted in the N-poor mine spoil with application of biochar produced at three temperatures (650, 750, and 850 °C) under both ambient (400 μL L^?1) and elevated (700 μL L^?1) CO₂. We assessed mine spoil total C and N concentrations and stable C and N isotope compositions (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N), as well as hot water extractable organic C (HWEOC) and total N (HWETN) concentrations.

Results and discussion

Soil total N significantly increased following biochar application across all species. Elevated CO₂ induced soil C loss for A. ramossissima and D. micrantha without biochar application and D. micrantha with the application of biochar produced at 750 °C. In contrast, elevated CO₂ exhibited no significant effect on soil total C for A. littoralis, D. micrantha, or L. longifolia under any other biochar treatments.

Conclusions

Biochar application is a promising means to improve N retention and thus, reduce environmentally harmful N fluxes in mine spoil. However, elevated CO₂ exhibited no significant effects on increasing soil total C, which indicated that mine spoil has limited potential to store rising atmospheric CO₂.

     

Effect of phosphorus,nitrogen fertilization and foliar applied manganese on yield and nutrient concentration of soybean

Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was conducted on clay loam soil of pH 7.8 to evaluate the effect of P, N fertilization and foliar applied Mn on yield and nutrient concentration in leaves and seeds of soybean. A significant yield increase was obtained for each added increment of P fertilizer up to 30 kg P₂O₅/acre. At application rates of 0, 15, 30 & 45 kg P₂O₅/acre, the seed yield was subsequently 27.8, 65.8, 82.8 & 83.6% of the maximum yield obtained at the maximum calculated P level. The yield increase accounted 14.2 and 10.2% for N and Mn applications. In all treatments, in which P was combined with N, the seed yield was relatively higher than with P or N applied alone.

Phosphorus, N and Mn content in leaves and seeds were positively correlated with the applied nutrient fertilizers. At any given level of applied P and Mn, P content was significantly higher in +N than ‐N treatments. By Mn application, P content in leaves and seeds was decreased. Phosphorus and Mn applications did not influence N content in leaves and seeds.     

Productivity and nutrient use efficiency of maize,sorghum, and cotton in the West African Dry Savanna

Sustainable agricultural practices are needed to improve food security and support livelihoods in West Africa, where soil nutrient deficiencies and rainfed production systems prevail. The objective of this study was to assess the productivity and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) use efficiencies of three dominant crops (maize, sorghum, and cotton) under different soil management strategies in the dry savanna of northern Benin. Data were collected for each crop in experiments with (1) an un‐amended soil as control, (2) a low use of external inputs, (3) an integrated soil–crop management practice, and (4) a high mineral fertilizer use, as treatments. Data were collected through researcher‐managed and farmer‐managed on‐farm trials in 2014 and 2015, and analyzed using linear robust mixed effects model and Pearson's correlation. Above‐ground biomass accumulation did not differ significantly among the control, integrated soil–crop management practice, and high mineral fertilizer use up to 30, 50, and 60 d after planting for maize, cotton, and sorghum, respectively. Thereafter, the differences in growth were substantial for each crop with highest biomass monitored with high mineral fertilizer use and lowest with the control. Biomass and economic yields at harvest were highest under high mineral fertilizer use and integrated soil–crop management practice, although the magnitude was crop‐specific. With the integrated soil–crop management practice and high mineral fertilizer use, N and P uptake by all crops was higher than for the un‐amended soil conditions. Inter‐seasonal changes in N uptake were higher for sorghum and cotton, but lower for maize. The highest agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery of N and P as well as positive N and P partial balances were obtained with the integrated soil–crop management practice for all three crops tested. The integrated soil–crop management strategy gave the highest yields and significantly improved N and P use efficiencies. The findings can contribute to formulating site and crop‐specific recommendations for sustainable agricultural practices in the Dry Savanna zone of West Africa.     

施氮量对不同开花期棉（Gossypium hirsutum L.）铃纤维细度和成熟度形成的影响

为兼顾试验的重复性和生态区域性,选用高品质棉（科棉1号）和常规棉（美棉33B）品种为材料,于2005年分别在江苏南京（118o50E, 32o02N,长江流域下游棉区）和江苏徐州（11711E, 3415N,黄河流域黄淮棉区）设置施氮量（低氮:N 0 kg/hm2;适氮:N 240 kg/hm2;高氮:N 480 kg/hm2）试验,研究施氮量对不同开花期棉铃纤维细度、成熟度和马克隆值形成的影响。结果表明:（1）施氮量显著影响棉纤维细度、成熟度和马克隆值的形成过程,但三者在不同开花期对氮素水平的响应不同,施氮量与开花期对棉纤维细度、成熟度和马克隆值的形成存在互作效应。8月10日前开花的棉铃,铃期［花后0～50 d （DPA）］日均温在23.3 oC以上,纤维细度、马克隆值以N 0 kg/hm2施氮量下最大,棉纤维马克隆值与纤维细度的相关性较大;8月25日开花的棉铃（铃期日均温在20.8～23.3 oC之间）,纤维成熟度、马克隆值以N 240 kg/hm2施氮量下最大;9月10日开花棉铃（铃期日均温低于20.8 oC）,纤维细度、成熟度和马克隆值均以N 480 kg/hm2最大,棉纤维马克隆值与纤维成熟度的相关性增强。（2）影响不同开花期间纤维细度、成熟度和马克隆值的主要因素是铃期日均温,最终纤维细度、成熟度和马克隆值在不同施氮量之间的变异与不同开花期（铃期日均温不同）间的变异比较,前者显著小于后者。综上,因开花期不同而形成的铃期日均温是决定细度、成熟度和马克隆值的最重要因素,施氮量可通过对位叶叶氮浓度NA影响棉纤维细度、成熟度和马克隆值的形成过程,增加施氮量可减小上述指标在不同开花期间的差异。     

施氮量对棉花功能叶片生理特性、氮素利用效率及产量的影响

【目的】黄河流域棉区是我国三大棉区之一,氮肥管理在棉花生产中至关重要,氮肥供应不足或过量会影响棉花的皮棉产量和纤维品质,过量施氮可能导致棉花营养生长过旺,产量下降,也会造成不必要的浪费及棉田环境污染,氮肥供应不足会导致棉花生物量较小,皮棉产量降低,纤维品质下降。本文通过3年不同氮肥用量的田间小区定位试验,研究施氮量对棉花功能叶生理特性、氮素利用效率及籽棉产量的影响,旨在探讨黄河流域棉区华北平原亚区中等肥力棉田适宜施氮量,揭示棉花氮素高效利用的相关机理。【方法】田间试验于2011 2013年在河南安阳县中棉所试验农场进行,供试田块为多年连作棉田,土壤为壤质潮土,2011年播种前0—20 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮(N)、速效磷(P)、速效钾(K)含量分别为11.24 g/kg、0.82 g/kg、77.43 mg/kg、16.69 mg/kg、129.82 mg/kg。以转Bt+Cp TI中熟棉花品种中棉所79为材料,采用随机区组设计,重复4次,设置0、90、180、270、360、450 kg/hm26个施氮水平,氮肥底施和初花期追施各半,磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)全部底施,施用量均为120kg/hm2。试验小区长10 m,宽4.8米,每小区6行棉花,种植密度57500 plant/hm2。2011年4月17日播种,2012年4月25日播种,2013年5月3日播种。2013年研究了施氮量对初花期棉花功能叶光合速率、不同生育期棉花群体叶面积指数(LAI)、不同生育期棉花功能叶叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性的影响,2012、2013年研究了施氮量对棉花氮素内在利用率、氮肥农学利用率、氮素生理利用率、氮肥回收率及籽棉产量的影响。【结果】随施氮量的增加,不同生育期棉花群体LAI、功能叶叶绿素含量、GS活性、初花期棉花功能叶净光合速率呈增加的趋势,而功能叶MDA含量呈下降趋势。施氮量270、360 kg/hm2处理棉花在盛铃期群体LAI较适宜,吐絮期棉花功能叶能维持较高的生理活性,可为棉花高产提供物质保障。棉花氮素积累量、籽棉产量与施氮量间均呈二次曲线关系,棉花氮肥农学利用率和氮素内在利用率随施氮量增加显著下降,施氮量超过180 kg/hm2时氮素生理利用率下降,施氮量为270 kg/hm2时氮肥回收率高于其他处理。施氮量360 kg/hm2时,籽棉平均产量最高,显著高于施氮量为0、90 kg/hm2的处理,但与施氮量180、270、450 kg/hm2处理间差异不显著。棉花3年籽棉平均产量(Y)与施氮量(N)的效应方程为Y=3143.8036+4.2057N-0.006220N2(R2=0.9805,P=0.002717);棉花的最高产量施氮量为338.1 kg/hm2,经济最佳施氮量为299.7 kg/hm2。【结论】黄河流域棉区华北平原亚区中等肥力棉田施氮量超过270 kg/hm2时,棉花氮肥农学利用率、氮素内在利用率、氮素生理利用率、氮肥回收率开始下降,该区棉田推荐经济施氮量299.7 kg/hm2。     

Responses of photosynthesis,chlorophyll fluorescence,and grain yield of maize to controlled‐release urea and irrigation after anthesis

Controlled‐release urea (CRU) is a new type of urea, which may increase crop nitrogen (N)‐use efficiency compared with conventional urea (CU), but the conditions where it outperforms urea are not well defined. A field experiment assessing responses of plant growth and grain yield of maize to CRU and irrigation was conducted on a typical agricultural farm in Shandong, China. Five treatments of the two types of urea (75, 150 kg N ha^–1, 0 kg N ha^–1) were applied as basal fertilizer when sowing maize, and two water treatments (W₀ and W₁) were used 23 d after anthesis. Net photosynthetic rate (P_N) and chlorophyll concentration as well as leaf‐area index (LAI) increased significantly by both CRU and CU application, with the increases being larger in CRU‐treated plants than in CU‐treated plants at grain filling and maturing stages. CRU significantly enhanced the maximum photochemical efficiency (F_v / F_m), PSII coefficient of photochemical fluorescence quenching (q_P), and actual quantum yield of PSII electron transformation (Φ_PSII) but decreased the nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Cob‐leaf N concentration of CRU‐treated plants was significantly higher than that of CU‐treated plants under no irrigation, but not in the irrigation treatment 30 d after anthesis. Significant positive correlations were found between cob‐leaf N concentration and P_N both with and without irrigation. Grain yield of maize was significantly higher in the CRU treatment than in the CU treatment under both irrigation conditions. In conclusion, CRU as a basal application appeared to increase the N‐use efficiency for maize relative to CU especially by maintaining N supply after anthesis.     

Effects of late planting on fiber quality and within-boll yield components as mediated by sucrose metabolism in cotton bolls

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of late planting on sucrose metabolism in cotton bolls and the relationship to fiber properties and within-boll yield components. Two cotton lines A201 and A705 were employed in a sowing date experiment where two temperature regimes during boll maturation period were created at mean daily temperature of 26.8°C, 28.3°C for early planting and 25.2°C, 23.1°C for late planting in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Boll size, seed mass per boll, seed index and fiber length were increased, and lint percentage was decreased by late planting. Greater cell wall invertase activity and the resultant hexose concentration in fibers were observed in late planting, and thus led to decreased osmotic potential accounting for the enhanced fiber length. Similarly, late planting increased the maximum of vacuolar invertase activity in ovules occurring at 5 days post anthesis (DPA) and hexose concentrations in embryos from 10 DPA afterwards which may favor embryo cell division, and thus increase final seed size. Our data indicate that acid invertase and hexose are implicated in the formation of within-boll yield components and fiber properties as affected by the lower temperature regime due to late planting.     

病害胁迫对棉叶光谱反射率和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

研究病害胁迫对棉叶光谱反射率和叶绿素荧光特性的影响,以期为利用光谱和叶绿素荧光技术监测棉花黄萎病提供新的技术和方法.通过田间黄篓病接种处理,诱导发病后测定病害棉叶理化参数,光谱及叶绿素荧光参数,并对三者进行分析.结果表明,随着病害严重度增加,棉叶叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b、叶片含水率、叶片全氮质量分数均减少,类胡...     

Effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration on biological nitrogen fixation, nitrogen mineralization and carbon decomposition in submerged rice soil

Controlled-environment chambers were used to study the effects of elevated CO₂ concentrations on biological N fixation, N mineralization and C decomposition in rice soil. In three chambers, CO₂ concentration was maintained at 353ᆣ/396ᆫ µmol mol^-1 (day/night; ambient CO₂), while in another three, CO₂ was maintained at 667ᆸ/700ᆽ µmol mol^-1 (day/night; elevated CO₂) throughout the growing season. Rice (var. Nipponbare) seedlings were grown under either ambient or elevated CO₂ concentrations, and then transplanted into the soils in the corresponding chambers. At different growth stages, soil samples were taken from surface (0-1cm) and sub-surface (1-10cm) layers at the centre of four hills, then sieved (<1 mm) to remove root residues. Fresh soil was used to measure N fixation activity (using the acetylene reduction assay), NH₄⁺ content and organic C. Separate sets of soil samples were transferred to serum bottles and anaerobically incubated at 30°C for 30 days to measure potential rates of N mineralization and C decomposition. Under an elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration, acetylene reduction activity significantly increased in the surface soil layer during the early cultivation stages and in the sub-surface soil layer during the latter part of cultivation. There was no difference in the amount of NH₄⁺ in fresh soils between elevated and ambient CO₂ chambers, while the rate of N mineralization was increased by elevated CO₂ during the latter part of cultivation. Soils from the elevated CO₂ chambers had obviously higher rate of C decomposition than that from the ambient CO₂ chambers. CH₄ production gradually increased with the growth of rice plants. These results suggest that elevated CO₂ affected biological N fixation, N mineralization and C decomposition in submerged rice soil during the different growth stages of rice.