阜新地区玉米高产高效综合栽培技术

针对阜新地区自然条件和社会经济特点,以提高玉米产量为突破口,建立阜新地区玉米高产高效栽培技术体系。其核心技术是在研究并明确玉米耗水规律、土壤水分运动规律基础上,引进筛选抗旱耐旱品种,推广适期早播、增加镇压强度的平衡施肥、化肥一次深施、秸秆还田、地膜覆盖等配套技术,进而有效提高水分利用率和化肥利用率,为玉米高产高效提供技术支撑。     

阜新地区玉米机收现状调查

阜新地区是辽宁玉米主产区,全市玉米生产除收获环节之外基本实现了机械化。玉米收获机械化成为制约阜新地区玉米生产机械化技术发展的瓶颈,也是深入推广机械化保护性耕作技术的难点。论述了阜新地区的玉米机收发展现状,分析了阜新地区发展玉米机收存在的制约因素,提出了今后阜新地区发展玉米机收的建议。     

阜新地区玉米机收现状调查

阜新地区是辽宁玉米主产区,全市玉米生产除收获环节之外基本实现了机械化。玉米收获机械化成为制约阜新地区玉米生产机械化技术发展的瓶颈,也是深入推广机械化保护性耕作技术的难点。论述了阜新地区的玉米机收发展现状,分析了阜新地区发展玉米机收存在的制约因素,提出了今后阜新地区发展玉米机收的建议。     

谈加快阜新地区玉米生产机械化发展的意义和主要措施

近年来,阜新地区玉米生产机械化取得了较快发展。但从总体上看,全市玉米生产机械化发展动力不足,尤其是玉米机械化收获水平相对较低,成为玉米生产机械化发展的瓶颈。提高玉米机械化收获水平,加快玉米生产机械化发展,是提升阜新地区农业机械化水平的有效途径。     

阜新地区玉米机械化高产栽培技术要点

根据阜新地区的气候特点,在深入研究玉米需水规律、干旱敏感性及水分运行规律的基础上,从品种选择、蓄水保墒、抗旱播种、水肥调控和田间管理等方面,总结阜新地区玉米机械化高产栽培技术,为半干旱地区的玉米生产提供有益参考。     

阜新地区玉米机械化高产栽培技术要点

根据阜新地区的气候特点,在深入研究玉米需水规律、干旱敏感性及水分运行规律的基础上,从品种选择、蓄水保墒、抗旱播种、水肥调控和田间管理等方面,总结阜新地区玉米机械化高产栽培技术,为半干旱地区的玉米生产提供有益参考。     

阜新地区玉米免耕(少耕)高产栽培技术要点

总结玉米免耕(少耕)栽培在阜新地区玉米生产中的优势,如提早播种缩短播期、保持土壤有良好结构、增强耕地蓄水保墒能力、节本增效等,总结适合阜新地区的玉米免耕(少耕)高产栽培技术要点,为阜新玉米生产节本增效提供技术支撑     

阜新地区玉米收获机械化发展现状及措施

机械化保护性耕作的大力实施,有力促进了阜新地区玉米生产机械化发展,但玉米机械化收获始终是制约当地玉米全程机械化进一步发展的瓶颈。就阜新地区玉米机收发展现状和存在的问题进行深入探讨,并提出有效的解决措施。     

阜新地区玉米收获机械化发展现状及措施

机械化保护性耕作的大力实施,有力促进了阜新地区玉米生产机械化发展,但玉米机械化收获始终是制约当地玉米全程机械化进一步发展的瓶颈.就阜新地区玉米机收发展现状和存在的问题进行深入探讨,并提出有效的解决措施.     

阜新地区花生高产综合栽培技术

针对阜新地区的自然条件和社会经济特点,通过应用综合技术,解决花生生产中的关键技术问题。以提高花生产量为突破口,建立阜新地区花生高产栽培技术体系,为花生的高产、稳产、高效提供技术支撑。     

Regional crop modelling in Europe: The impact of climatic conditions and farm characteristics on maize yields

Impacts of climate variability and climate change on regional crop yields are commonly assessed using process-based crop models. These models, however, simulate potential and water limited yields, which do not always relate to observed yields. The latter are largely influenced by crop management, which varies by farm and region. Data on specific management strategies may be obtained at the field level, but at the regional level information about the diversity in management strategies is rarely available and difficult to be considered adequately in process-based crop models. Alternatively, understanding the factors influencing management may provide helpful information to improve simulations at the regional level.In this study, we aim to identify factors at the regional level that explain differences between observed and simulated yields. Observed yield data were provided by the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) and Eurostat. The Crop Growth Monitoring System (CGMS), based on the WOFOST model, was used to simulate potential and water limited maize yields in the EU15 (i.e., the old member states of the European Union). Differences between observed and simulated maize yields were analysed using regression models including: (i) climatic factors (temperature and precipitation), (ii) farm size, (iii) farm intensity, (iv) land use, (v) income and (vi) subsidies. We assumed that the highest yields observed in a region were close to the yield potential as determined by climate and considered the average regional yields as also influenced by management. Model performance was analysed with respect to spatial and temporal yield variability.Results indicate that for potential yield, the model performed unsatisfactory in southern regions, where high temperatures increased observed yields which was in contrast to model simulations. When considering management effects, we find that especially irrigation and the maize area explain much of the differences between observed and simulated yields across regions. Simulations of temporal yield variability also diverted from observed data of which about 80% could be explained by the climatic factors (35%) and farm characteristics (50%) considered in the analysis. However, effects of specific factors differed depending on the regions. Accordingly, we propose different groups of regions with factors related to management which should be considered to improve regional yield simulations with CGMS.     

The impact of climate change on maize yields in the United States and China

This study analyzes the impacts of climate change on maize yields using an econometric model that incorporates climate, economic, and technology variables. The major finding is climate change will not universally cause negative impacts of maize yields in the United States and China. The results of a simulation of climate change on maize yields over the period 2008-2030 show that a combination of changes in temperature and precipitation can either bring positive or negative effects on maize yields. Furthermore, variation in regional climatic and economic conditions makes the impacts of climatic change on maize yields substantially different in different regions. In this research, the impacts of climate change on maize yields are not simply examined by climate factors. Economic and technology adaptation effects on maize yields are also incorporated. Thus, even with significant changes in climate conditions that alter the maize crop’s growing environment and affect crop yields, a decrease in maize supply due to a decrease in maize yields would lead to an increase in the maize price, which in turn would induce farmers to add more investments in production inputs to raise yields. Thus, the decrease in actual yields may not be as dramatic as predicted in only climate factor considered cases. In this research, findings gained from the study can be used for early-staged policymaking decisions and advanced problem prevention programs. To ensure the continuous increase in maize yields in the future, further studies and research, as well as efficient environmental policies and actions are required.     

Effects of tillage and fallow period management on soil physical behaviour and maize development

Effects of two tillage treatments and two fallow period managements under continuous maize cropping on soil temperature, soil water dynamics and maize development were evaluated over a 4-year period (2005–2008). Tillage treatments were conventional tillage with mouldboard ploughing and conservation tillage with disk harrowing. The fallow period managements were bare soil or soil sown with a cover crop after maize harvest. For each year, topsoil temperature (0–20 cm-depth) was lower under conservation tillage systems at sowing, from 0.8 to 2.8 °C. This difference persisted several weeks after sowing, and disappeared afterwards. Under conservation tillage, higher soil water content was generally measured at sowing and during the growing season strong fluctuations were observed at 40 cm-depth. Under conventional tillage, soil water content varied mainly in the tilled layer (20 cm-depth). Tillage and fallow period management affected water flow rate at 40 cm-depth. During the maize growing season, the lowest drainage volumes were measured in 2006 and 2008 under conservation tillage in cover cropped plots. No effect of fallow period management on maize development and yield was observed but significantly higher yields were measured under conservation tillage in 2005 and 2007. From this 4-year experiment under continuous maize cropping, using cover crop and reducing tillage intensity enhanced water use efficiency while maintaining or increasing maize yields.     

盐渍化平原区玉米产量空间变异与地形关系研究

选择华北平原中存在盐渍化的禹城市作为典型研究区,在获取全市范围玉米测产、地形数据信息的基础上,利用空间插值技术研究了地形因子对玉米产量的影响.研究发现,禹城市玉米产量沿东北到西南方向逐渐递增,与地形起伏一致.地形起伏虽然较小,但玉米产量仍随着海拔高度的增加而增加,呈极显著正相关(R=0.263,p＜0.01).平面曲率与玉米产量呈显著负相关(R=-0.245,p＜0.05),即田块的平面曲率越大,越易积聚盐分,导致玉米产量越低.地形因子对禹城市玉米产量空间变异起到12.4％的影响作用.     

Economic evaluation of alley cropping leucaena with Maize-Maize and Maize-Cowpea in Southern Nigeria

Alley cropping is an aspect of agroforestry being developed for small farmers in the tropics. It consists of establishing fast-growing leguminous shrubs or tree species in rows, then controlling the shading from the trees during cropping by pruning the branches which can be used as mulch or green manure to benefit the companion crops planted between the alleys. This paper attempts to assess the economic implications on labour utilization for the management of the leucaena hedgerows, on crop yields and the overall benefits from alley cropping with leucaena. The results show that although the management of leucaena trees increases labour requirements by about 50%, the system can sustain and increase maize yields by over 60%, reduce the use of nitrogenous fertilizers and give an attractive net income and marginal rate of return per unit cost. It gave a reasonable benefit-cost ratio of 1·23 to 1·32 and looks promising, especially for maize production in tropical areas.     

提高玉米种子发芽率的措施

发芽率是玉米种子质量检验的重要指标,种子发芽率低会影响农业作物单产。影响玉米种子发芽率的因素有种子成熟度、病虫害、水分、温度等。通过采取选择合适品种、加强田间管理、采用科学制种技术等措施,可以提高玉米种子发芽率,保证玉米稳产、高产。     

用叶绿素测值(SPAD)评估夏玉米氮素状况的实验研究

比较了 2 0 0 0年北京永乐店夏玉米生长过程中 ,不同水分、氮素处理条件下反映叶片叶绿素含量的SPAD值的变化过程 ,并且就生育期内平均 SPAD值与作物产量 ,水分生理利用效率之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明 ,采用叶绿素仪可以较好的对夏玉米生长过程中作物氮素状况对生长的影响进行评价和预测。     

覆膜滴灌对玉米生长及苗期土壤温度的试验研究

为了探索河套灌区玉米不覆膜滴灌对其产量及土壤理化性质的影响,2015年在内蒙古河套灌区中游开展了玉米不覆膜滴灌试验研究。定株测试玉米不同生育期的株高、茎粗和产量对比分析,得出:在苗期和拔节期,覆膜滴灌玉米株高和茎粗显著优于不覆膜处理,抽雄期后对玉米植株生长性状影响差异不显著,但不覆膜处理玉米产量较覆膜处理下降了15.87%;在玉米苗期,0~40cm耕层土壤,覆膜处理较不覆膜处理土壤温度平均增加了5.62℃。土壤耕层温度的提高为玉米生长提高良好的土壤环境。     

深松在玉米大垄双行疏密种植中的应用研究

为提高辽宁南部地区的玉米产量,采用对比试验的方法,探讨深松在玉米大垄双行机械化疏密种植技术中的应用效果。试验结果表明,在玉米大垄双行疏密种植中应用深松技术,能够提高玉米产量和增加农业收入,有利于农业的可持续发展。     

不同种子处理方法对玉米产量的影响

等离子体种子处理、磁场种子处理、电场种子处理技术是近年来发展起来的新技术,可用于玉米、大豆、高粱、小麦等作物的种子处理。鞍山市农机技术推广中心选择大屯中心示范农场,对玉米播前种子处理栽培效果进行试验。结果表明,不同种子处理方法对玉米产量影响较大,磁场种子处理可使玉米增产22%,等离子体种子处理可增产18%,电场种子处理可增产9%。