内陆可引水柜纽泥沙冲淤规律研究

针对黑河草滩庄引水枢纽上游泥沙淤积状况，对枢纽泥沙冲淤规律进行了探讨，得到该枢纽泥沙冲淤变化分为主河槽摆动、江心洲形成和江心洲消亡 三个阶段的主要结论。     

位山灌区泥沙处理及利用技术

位山灌区是黄河中下游大型引黄灌区，渠系泥沙淤积严重，泥沙处理困难。通过采用远距离输沙、集中处理沉沙区泥沙、分散沉沙和节水减淤等技术措施，减少了渠系的泥沙淤积。对清淤产生的泥沙，采取综合开发利用的技术和管理措施，取得了比较可靠的效果。     

内陆河引水枢纽泥沙冲淤规律研究

针对黑河草滩庄引水枢纽上游泥沙淤积状况,对枢纽泥沙冲淤规律进行了探讨,得到该枢纽泥沙冲淤变化分为主河槽摆动、江心洲形成和江心洲消亡三个阶段的主要结论.     

多泥沙泵站的机组起动与泥沙处理

以王庄泵站多年的泥沙状况，分析了泥沙淤积的原因和危害，并针对泥沙造成的机组不能开机起动的情况，采取了小泵清淤、主泵回水冲淤。主泵抽水挟沙等措施，取得了满意的效果。值得多泥沙泵站借鉴。     

三峡水库减淤调度方案探讨

三峡水库蓄水运行以来虽然入库沙量与设计论证阶段相比明显减小,库区泥沙淤积大为减轻,但近几年三峡水库进行了大量的优化调度与实践,导致变动回水区泥沙淤积有所加大,加之随着库水位的逐步升高,库尾一些重点河段局部出现累积性淤积,影响航行安全,泥沙问题仍是社会广泛关注的焦点。因此,在分析三峡水库蓄水运用以来泥沙淤积和水库运用特性基础上,初步提出了汛期开展沙峰排沙调度、蓄水期优化水库蓄水进程、消落期开展库尾减淤调度的三峡水库减淤调度方案,为优化三峡水库调度运行方式,有效控制水库淤积,延长水库使用寿命提供参考。     

不同的岩石风化壳对广东省水库泥沙淤积的影响

论述了广东省大中型水库流域岩石风化壳的组成概况,结合野外调查和实测的水库泥沙淤积资料,探讨流域不同的岩石风化壳组成与水土流失的关系及对广东省水库泥沙淤积造成的影响.     

不同的岩石风化壳对广东省水库泥

论述了广东省大中型水库流域岩石风化壳的组成概况,结合野外调查和实测的水库泥沙淤积资料,探讨流域不同的岩石风化壳组成与水土流失的关系及对广东省水库泥沙淤积造成的影响。     

基于GIS的多年土壤侵蚀对安基山水库淤积的影响

为研究多年土壤侵蚀变化对下游水库淤积影响,以安基山水库为例,分析2007-2011年5a间流域上游土壤侵蚀对水库淤积情况。基于RS遥感影像数据获取流域内的植被和土地利用信息;收集降雨和土壤数据;以流域DEM数据为基础利用ArcGIS表面分析功能提取流域内的坡度和坡长等数据;在通用土壤流失方程USLE基础上建立流域土壤侵蚀定量检测模型。应用ArcGIS空间分析技术对水库2007-2011年土壤侵蚀量进行定量估算,统计和分析安基山流域土壤侵蚀强度分布及其动态变化规律,以此研究水库多年拦沙率及淤积量。分析结果是:强度侵蚀主要发生在流域中下部,2007年土壤侵蚀最为严重,2008年土壤侵蚀最弱且水库拦沙率最大,2007年和2011年水库泥沙淤积量最多,2008年水库泥沙淤积量最少。该方法可为土壤侵蚀防治和水库泥沙淤积治理提供指导作用。     

波流联合作用下广东阳西电厂海域二维泥沙数值模拟研究

建立波流联合作用下平面二维泥沙数学模型,在对模型进行充分验证的基础上,对广东阳西电厂工程海区的潮流泥沙进行了数值模拟,对潮流场泥沙场特征进行了分析,计算了工程附近海域冲淤变化及暴风骤淤特征。研究结果表明;工程方案实施后,流态变化比较大的区域主要是取排水口附近、防波堤两侧以及防波堤东侧水域。排水口处流速明显增大,增幅可达167%;取水口东侧、南侧均为泥沙淤积区,取水口附近年冲淤厚度范围为0.1～0.2 m/a;加长码头防波堤后,堤头东侧水域则会有所冲刷,最大冲刷为0.2 m/a左右;台风作用下,海域含沙量明显增大,造成港池和取水口的较强淤积,取水口东南侧均为泥沙淤积区,取水口附近淤积厚度为0.20～0.25 m;加长码头防波堤后,堤头东侧会有所冲刷,最大冲刷可达0.5 m。     

广州市石井河河道淤积与治理对策

广州市石井河河道淤积问题十分严重,直接影响到河道灌溉排水功能的正常发挥.根据近年石井河综合整治工程的清淤工程,初步分析了其严重淤积的主要原因,总结了正在运用的3种有效清淤方式,定量分析了主河道单位长度淤积量和断面平均单宽淤积量.结合石井河流域综合整治,探讨了长效治理石井河的工程措施和非工程措施.认为前期以工程措施为主,后期应运用工程措施和非工程措施相结合的治理对策,真正实现防淤和减淤的目标,石井河河道才能逐步达到冲淤平衡,恢复其河道功能和生态效应.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域治理对侵蚀产沙特征的影响

以黄土丘陵沟壑区第Ⅲ副区内治理小流域桥子东沟和未治理小流域桥子西沟为对象,分析降雨、径流、泥沙资料,研究水土保持综合治理对流域侵蚀产沙、水沙关系、次降雨泥沙输移过程的影响。结果表明：水土保持综合治理的桥子东沟的年降雨侵蚀产沙显著低于未治理的桥子西沟。水土保持综合治理降低了径流平均含沙量、输沙率,桥子东沟的径流平均含沙量、输沙率比桥子西沟分别减少40%、80%。水土保持综合治理改变了次降雨径流含沙量和输沙率动态过程。治理初期,桥子东沟的径流含沙量过程都明显高于桥子西沟,桥子东、西沟输沙率在不同时间段有高有低;治理后期,桥子东沟的径流含沙量、输沙率都显著低于桥子西沟。水土保持综合治理影响小流域次降雨水沙关系。     

Applicability of targeting vegetative filter strips to abate fecal bacteria and sediment yield using SWAT

Quantifying and evaluating effects of best management practices (BMPs) on water quality is necessary to maximize the effectiveness of BMPs for minimizing pollutants. Watershed-scale evaluation of effects of BMP implementation on fecal bacteria and sediment yield can be estimated using a watershed water quality model, and strategies for identifying critical areas in a watershed can be pollutant specific. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model was used in the Upper Wakarusa watershed (950 km²) in northeast Kansas to explore effectiveness of vegetative filter strip (VFS) lengths applied at the edge of fields to reduce non-point source pollution. The Upper Wakarusa watershed is a high priority total maximum daily load (TMDL) designation watershed for fecal bacteria in Kansas. This study characterizes fecal bacteria sources (human, livestock, and wildlife) and targets VFS to abate sediment and fecal bacteria pollution from the Upper Wakarusa watershed.Objectives of this study were to test the effectiveness of VFS lengths (0, 10, 15 and 20 m) for removing overland process sediment and fecal bacteria concentration, rank sub-watersheds after determining sediment and fecal bacteria contribution of each sub-watershed, and demonstrate the SWAT model's ability to evaluate effectiveness of VFS application to abate sediment and fecal bacteria using targeted and random approaches to select 10, 25 and 50% of the sub-watersheds. The 15-m VFS reasonably reduced fecal bacteria concentration in the watershed. The greatest difference between the target and random approaches to fecal bacteria reduction was at 50% VFS adoption; the target approach removed about 60% of fecal bacteria, and the random approach removed about 42%. For sediment yield, the greatest reduction was at 25% VFS adoption; the target approach removed about 63% of sediment yield, and the random approach removed about 33%. A targeted watershed modeling approach using SWAT was effective at reducing both fecal bacteria concentration and sediment yield.     

小流域淤地坝系规划中水文特征基本参数的确定研究

小流域坝系具有拦截泥沙、保持水土、改善生态环境,淤地造田、促进生产的重要作用,是小流域水土流失综合治理的有效措施。淤地坝系规划阶段水文计算的主要任务是计算设计暴雨量、设计洪水量和输沙量等重要特征参数。以某小流域坝系为例,对缺乏水文泥沙资料情况下,坝系规划中所依据的重要水文特征参数的确定作了系统分析和研究,为小流域淤地坝系的合理规划提供了科学依据。     

水电开发下的河流生态系统管理

水电开发对河流水质、水文情势、泥沙等物理化学状况有着较大的改变，从而引起其中的水生生物及整个河流生态系统的重新调整，影响河流生态系统服务功能的正常发挥。探讨这些影响并对河流生态系统进行正确的管理，关系到河流生态系统甚至整个流域的可持续发展。本文简述了河流生态系统管理的发展过程以及水电开发对河流的影响，并针对这些影响，总结了对应的河流生态系统管理方法，为水电开发下河流生态系统的科学管理和促进流域可持续发展提供参考。     

淤地坝在流域水土保持措施中的贡献研究

淤地坝既能拦截泥沙、保持水土、又能淤地造田、增产粮食,在黄土高原地区已经有上百年的历史。研究淤地坝在流域水土保持措施中的贡献,已成为泥沙研究和水土保持研究的一项重要课题。本次研究以黄土高原典型流域马家沟为例,分析淤地坝在水土保持措施中的的贡献,研究结果表明：1990~2007年年均减沙量最大的是淤地坝,其次是梯田,依次为林地和草地。坝地的减沙量贡献率在1990~2000年为41.51%,在2001~2007年平均达到了46.58%。     

三峡库区小流域工程措施对农业非点源氮磷的截留效应

为研究工程措施对小流域农业面源污染的综合治理作用,在三峡库区典型小流域内进行土地整理方面的工程布设,研究了工程措施对农业非点源氮磷的截留效应。结果表明:工程措施能够对三峡库区小流域内氮磷的流失起到截留作用,对径流和泥沙中全氮和总磷的截留作用显著。工程措施对径流全氮的截留强度为3.43 kghm2,总磷的截留强度为0.098 kghm2;对泥沙全氮的截留强度为6.73 ghm2,总磷的截留强度为1.24 ghm2。工程措施对氮的截留效果好于磷。研究结果为从工程方面治理三峡库区小流域农业面源污染提供了理论依据。      

Spatial distribution of soil hydro-physical properties and morphometric analysis of a rainfed watershed as a tool for sustainable land use planning

In this study, high resolution (5.8 m) multi-spectral satellite data (IRS-P6, LISS IV) along with extensive ground information were used for sustainable land use planning of a rainfed watershed in eastern India (Bahasuni watershed, Dhenkanal, Orissa). Pedo-transfer functions were developed to predict soil water constants using easily measured parameters such as cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, oven-dry bulk density, soil texture, calcium carbonate etc. Different morphometric parameters like drainage density, stream frequency, form factor, circulatory ratio, elongation ratio, bifurcation ratio, relief ratio, relative relief, etc., were analyzed in relation to the development of water resources in the watershed. A circulatory ratio of 0.56 indicated that the shape of the basin was fairly elongated and suggested that the area was not prone to flood. The elongated shape, together with a moderate bifurcation ratio (3.01), indicates moderate flow, moderate runoff and moderate sediment yield. A low drainage density (2.7 km/km²) furthermore implies the presence of permeable strata with high groundwater prospects and supports the assumption of moderate runoff and sediment yield. After studying potentials and prospects of soil hydro-physical properties and morphometric parameters, a suggested land use alternative was implemented in representative, rainfed rice areas of the watershed and was found to be more productive and more profitable.     

Sediment flow behaviour from small agricultural watersheds

Runoff, soil loss, sediment concentration, and particle size distribution of sediment eroded by runoff events were measured between 1976 and 2000 from 5 small agricultural watersheds on Vertisols at ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India. The effects of storm size and land management system on total soil loss and size distribution of sediment during runoff are discussed. At the beginning of runoff events, the clay content of the eroded material was greater than that of the top soil but as the process of runoff continued, the clay content of the sediment tended to decrease. Generally smaller storms produced eroded material with higher clay content than did the bigger storms. Large differences in particle size distribution between the land management treatments were observed for small and medium runoff events, however, these differences were small during big runoff events. The particle size distributions of sediments eroded by big storms were comparable to the size distribution of cultivated top soil of the watersheds. The peak sediment concentration for most of the storms, generally preceded or occurred simultaneously with peak runoff rates. At about the peak runoff rate of most runoff events, the texture of the eroded soil was similar to the cultivated top soil of the watershed. Land management systems not only had significant effect on runoff and soil loss but also on the particle size distribution of eroded materials.     

Sediment phosphorus dynamics for three tile fed drainage ditches in Northeast Indiana

Phosphorus (P) losses from agricultural lands degrade surface waters due to anthropogenic eutrophication. Previous studies focused on plot-to-field scale P loss and reductions from best management practices (BMP's), little information in intense agricultural catchments has been gathered on the dynamics influencing P beyond the edge of the field. This study was conducted to examine the phosphorus equilibrium between the water column and sediments in three tile fed drainage ditches in Northeast Indiana. Surface water and sediment samples were collected and analyzed for organic carbon (C), particle size and P from sites along three ditches with similar soils and land use at sites within each watershed draining approximately 300 and 1500 ha on each ditch. Organic C, silt and clay fractions of the bottom sediments decreased with increasing drainage area. Soluble P concentrations were low in Ditch A, but increased with increasing drainage area (0.02–0.05 mg P L⁻¹). Overall, the P concentrations were higher in the Ditches B and C (0.06–0.09 mg P L⁻¹). Exchangeable P, P partitioning index and equilibrium P concentrations (EPC_o) decreased with increasing drainage area by as much as 95, 93 and 100%, respectively, except in one catchment area with a confined animal feeding operation between sampling points, where ExP and EPC_o increased by 4 and 116%, respectively. Aluminum sulfate and calcium carbonate treatment of ditch sediments reduced exchangeable P and sediment EPC_o in this study. Results from this study indicated some watershed characteristics, as well as sediment physiochemical properties, affect ditch sediment and water P equilibrium and buffering capacity. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that managers could potentially use chemical treatment of the ditches to increase the temporary retention of P in ditches and maybe reducing sediment P availability.     

Environmental and economic impacts of reducing total phosphorous runoff in an agricultural watershed

The economy of northwest Arkansas relies greatly upon livestock and poultry production. The supply of production by-products is increasingly coming under scrutiny as an important source of water pollution in the region. This study uses stochastic dominance techniques to evaluate, environmentally and economically, a range of ten best management practice scenarios to lessen water pollution in the Lincoln Lake watershed. The goal is to generate rankings that could be useful for supporting producers’ and watershed managers’ selection of management practices to reduce total phosphorous losses in runoff. Specifically, this study compares scenarios in terms of net return risk reduction for bermudagrass hay producers.The results showed that environmental and economic rankings differ from each other. Although all scenarios analyzed were effective in reducing total phosphorous losses when compared to a baseline, six of them also decreased net returns. This suggests that including some best management practices may lead to increased net return risk. However, some scenarios were identified that may increase net returns, reduce total phosphorous losses and do not differ considerably from producers’ current management practices.The previous results suggested that the joint environmental-economic impact was important when considering scenarios and that producers’ risk attitudes and best management practices’ economic impacts should be accounted for when selecting scenarios. Producers and watershed managers can weigh trade-offs between total phosphorous losses reduction and net returns variability when making water conservation decisions.