白三叶人工草地数量化管理指数的研究

在综合分析影响白三叶人工草地生长发育的管理因子基础上,选择了4个管理因子,进行封闭型管理因子梯度试验设计,模拟草地管理过程。并采用数量化理论I方法,以白三叶单株产草量为因变量,以管理因子为自变量,建立管理指数的回归模型,通过逐步回归筛选出主导因子,以主导因子建立预测方程,编制出了白三叶人工草地数量化管理指数表。该管理指数表经检验符合精度要求,可以对白三叶人工草地进行管理效率的统一评价。     

黑麦草种间竞争与草地数量化管理指数的关系

对我国中亚热带中高山地区人工草地主要建植类型黑麦草Lolium perenne群落的主要植物种进行不同管理压力和干扰条件下的种间竞争研究.采用封闭型环境因子梯度试验设计,运用de Wit的RCC模型评价牧草之间的竞争力,同时应用草地管理指数对各管理因子进行数量标准化,并分析牧草种间竞争与管理指数的关系.研究表明:数量化管理指数是对草地管理因子标准化研究的有效方法,其中刈割次数、施肥和灌溉为草地管理的主导因子;黑麦草与其他种的竞争特征表现出黑麦草的竞争能力明显弱于白三叶Trifolium repens,但强于绣线菊Spiraea japonica var. nepalensis,芒Miscanthus sinensis ,白茅Imperata cylindrical和地榆Sanguisorba o f ficinlis ,而黑麦草与鸭茅Dactylis gomerata之间的竞争相对平衡;黑麦草与其他种的竞争强度随管理指数的提高而增强,其中黑麦草-白三叶的竞争指数随管理指数的变化明显呈"∩型"趋势,而黑麦草与绣线菊、芒、白茅、地榆、鸭茅的种间竞争指数随管理指数变化呈明显的正相关"线型"变化趋势.     

白三叶种间竞争与草地数量化管理指数的关系

采用封闭式环境因子梯度试验设计,运用相对竞争系数来评价白三叶与其它6种植物种之间的竞争能力,通过对白三叶人工草地各管理因子的数量化,分析了牧草种间竞争与管理指数的关系。研究表明,数量化管理指数是对草地管理因子标准化研究的有效方法;白三叶与其它种的竞争特征表现出白三叶的竞争能力明显弱于鸭茅,但强于黑麦草、绣线菊、芒、白茅和地榆;白三叶与其它种的竞争系数随管理指数的提高而减弱,其中白三叶与白茅的竞争指数随管理指数变化呈“凸型”减弱趋势,而白三叶与黑麦草、绣线菊、芒、白茅、地榆、鸭茅的种间竞争指数随管理指数变化呈“凹型”减弱趋势。     

人工草地放牧系统优化模式研究 Ⅱ 单播人工草地放牧管理的优化模型及应用

以在云贵高原上建植的人工草地为对象，研究了单播人工牧草的生长动态，采用生物控制论方法组建了人工草地放牧管理的最优控制模型，并根据试验区人工草地的观测结果，对实例进行了计算与分析，确定出试验区单播人工草地的最优牧草采食量，提出了相应的放牧管理控制对策，为人工草地放牧管理提供了优化模式和定量依据。     

人工草地放牧系统优化模式研究

以在云贵高原上建植的人工草地为对象,研究了单播人工牧草的生长动态,采用生物控制论方法组建了人工草地放牧管理的最优控制模型,并根据试验人工草地的观测结果,地实例进行计算与分析,确定出试验区单播人工草地的最优牧草采食量,提出了相应的放牧管理控制对策,为人工草地放牧管理提供了优化模式和定量依据。     

云南省巧家县石漠化区不同治理措施草地植被特征研究

以天然草地为对照,对云南巧家县尖山社不同治理措施(人工草地、改良草地、封育草地)下石漠化草地的物种组成、群落结构特征、植物种生物多样性和草地植被的年鲜草总产量等进行了比较分析。结果表明:封育草地物种数最多,改良草地次之,人工草地最少。4种草地共有植物种少,不同草地的优势种、亚优势种、伴生种或偶见种不同;人工草地优势种为多年生黑麦草Lolium perenne,改良草地为白三叶Trifolium repens,封育草地为西南委陵菜Potentilla fulgens。4种草地的Simpson多样性指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)和丰富度指数均为封育草地天然草地改良草地人工草地,均匀度为封育草地改良草地天然草地人工草地;产草量和优良牧草比为人工草地改良草地封育草地天然草地;各类草地的产量和品质与其植物多样性指数间存在相反变化趋势;人工草地为最有效石漠化退化草地治理措施,其次是改良草地,封育草地治理效果较差。     

人工草地建植对甘南高寒草甸草地生产力及土壤理化特征的影响

为明确重度退化草地经人工建植后土壤理化性质和草地初级生产力状况.以甘南州碌曲县典型退化高寒草甸为研究对象,采用70％垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)+30％黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)混播的方式,结合整地和施肥2种措施,测定其土壤理化性质和草地初级生产力变化特征,探寻适宜的人工建植方式.结果表...     

人工草地的集约化管理(一)

人工草地的集约化管理是指综合各种传统与现代化农业生产、科研于一体的集约化技术生产措施对人工草地进行管理。是建设人工草地和利用、保护人工草地的重头戏。可以为牧草的正常生长、发育创造良好的环境条件，是获得高产，优质的牧草和牧草种子的根本保证。人工草地集约化管理的基本条件由施肥、除杂、灌溉等三部分精细管理措施构成。１草地施肥１．１土壤肥力土壤肥力是牧草生产的物质基础。因地制宜、适时适量地追、施各种肥料不但大幅度提高人工草地产草量，而且还能显著改善草群品质，延长草地寿命。施肥的种类、数量、时间视牧草品种…     

黑麦草——紫花苜蓿草地季节动态的研究

本文对黑麦草—紫花苜蓿半人工草地地上、地下生物量，枯死体、家畜采食量进行研究，以便更好地利用这类草地。     

云贵高原红壤人工草地定植期经济合理施肥量的确定

探讨了红壤人工草地定植期的主要肥力限制因子，通过对施肥效应的动态监测，构建了人工草地定植期的施肥模型，并确定出经济合理的施肥量，结果表明：在施肥效应中，白三叶－P素效应最显著，白三叶与施磷量间呈显著正相关（r=-0.66）；同时白三叶－K素效应也较显著，白三叶与施钾间的相关性r=0.50。定植期在混播人工草地中，经济合理的最佳施肥量为纯磷95.4kg/hm^2，纯钾13.9kg/hm^2；在单播人工草地中，黑麦草经济合理的最佳施肥量为纯磷83.4kg/hm^2，纯钾13.8kg/hm^2。     

喀斯特地区三叶草混播草地群落组分20年动态

三叶草（Trifolium）混播草地群落持久性研究对喀斯特草地建设与石漠化治理具有重要意义。在威宁灼圃示范牧场开展的由白三叶（T. repens）、红三叶（T. pratense）、无芒雀麦（Bromus inermis）、紫羊茅（Festuca rubra）,分别加上多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne）、鸭茅（Dactylis glomerata）、黑穗画眉草（Eragrostis nigra）、鹅冠草（Elymus kamoji）组成4个5组分混播草地,在绵羊适度放牧下测定牧前、牧后草地现存量,连续进行20年持久性研究。结果表明：时间及组合×利用时间的交互作用对所有混播组合影响极显著,而组合间产量差异不显著,其动态变化与年降水量的动态变化之间无显著的对应关系,但同物种在各混播群落中的生产力和稳定性差异明显,说明各组分之间存在显著的生态位互补和竞争共存关系。各物种中生产力与稳定持久性最好的是紫羊茅和白三叶,其次是多年生黑麦草和鸭茅,最差的是无芒雀麦和鹅冠草;而在草地建植初期表现最好的是多年生黑麦草和红三叶。     

Advances in pasture management for animal productivity and health

A wide range of management techniques is available to enhance quantity and quality of forage supply to grazing animals throughout the annual production cycle. Within broad limits, dry matter (DM) production is relatively insensitive to management of defoliation frequency, severity and duration. However defoliation management has effects on feed quality which can be enhanced, in particular, by control of pasture growth in the spring through maintenance of relatively low average pasture masses. Treading damage can have significant immediate and ongoing effects on pasture production and farmers can use a range of management techniques to minimise these. Fertiliser application practices have a potent influence on pasture production and seasonality of that production. Available soil nitrogen is the primary nutrient deficiency limiting production in New Zealand's characteristically grass-dominant pastures. Nitrogen fertiliser usage has increased markedly in recent years, particularly to grow substantially greater amounts of forage during the cool season, and this trend looks set to continue. However, the use of nitrogen fertiliser has important environmental implications. Pasture renewal and forage crop use has also increased in recent years. Care needs to be taken in conducting cost-benefit analyses, selecting the options that best meet the needs, and in establishment and subsequent management practices. Ryegrass (perennial and hybrids) and white clover remain the primary choice for permanent pasture renewal, the availability of safe endophytes having largely alleviated effects of endophyte toxicosis. Special-purpose mixtures are used, especially in dry environments. Italian ryegrasses, brassicas and chicory are common choices for forage crops. A range of management techniques can be used to alleviate deleterious effects of some forages, including ryegrass endophyte toxicosis, facial eczema, and toxins associated with Fusarium fungi. Generally these techniques are not totally effective. More research is required to increase our understanding of these disorders, and in order to develop more effective and reliable management practices.     

Advances in pasture management for animal productivity and health

A wide range of management techniques is available to enhance quantity and quality of forage supply to grazing animals throughout the annual production cycle. Within broad limits, dry matter (DM) production is relatively insensitive to management of defoliation frequency, severity and duration. However defoliation management has effects on feed quality which can be enhanced, in particular, by control of pasture growth in the spring through maintenance of relatively low average pasture masses. Treading damage can have significant immediate and ongoing effects on pasture production and farmers can use a range of management techniques to minimise these.

Fertiliser application practices have a potent influence on pasture production and seasonality of that production. Available soil nitrogen is the primary nutrient deficiency limiting production in New Zealand's characteristically grass-dominant pastures. Nitrogen fertiliser usage has increased markedly in recent years, particularly to grow substantially greater amounts of forage during the cool season, and this trend looks set to continue. However, the use of nitrogen fertiliser has important environmental implications.

Pasture renewal and forage crop use has also increased in recent years. Care needs to be taken in conducting cost-benefit analyses, selecting the options that best meet the needs, and in establishment and subsequent management practices. Ryegrass (perennial and hybrids) and white clover remain the primary choice for permanent pasture renewal, the availability of safe endophytes having largely alleviated effects of endophyte toxicosis. Special-purpose mixtures are used, especially in dry environments. Italian ryegrasses, brassicas and chicory are common choices for forage crops. A range of management techniques can be used to alleviate deleterious effects of some forages, including ryegrass endophyte toxicosis, facial eczema, and toxins associated with Fusarium fungi. Generally these techniques are not totally effective. More research is required to increase our understanding of these disorders, and in order to develop more effective and reliable management practices.     

旱作红豆草人工草地建植管理利用技术的研究

在天山北坡山地草原和山地荒漠草原过渡地带,进行旱作红豆草人工草地的研究和大田生产结果表明:在建植中对地形选择、抓苗、保苗的管理和刈割技术等措施的配套实施,是保证稳产高产的关键。     

化隆县草地管理及其做法

根据《中华人民共和国草原法》和青海省实施《中华人民共和国草原法》细则等有关法律法规的规定,结合化隆县草地面积大,草地类型丰富,界线权属不明确,草原承包工作难度大,超载放牧,草地鼠害严重,毒杂草多的问题,探讨了适宜化隆县草原管理的途径:成立乡镇草原管理委员会,核定草场合理载畜量,以草定畜,实行封山育草、人工种草和退耕还草等草原建设管理对策。     

黑河流域草地资源保护与建设

黑河流域除绿洲地区外有160万hm2的草地,进行草地分户、围栏封育、人工改良草地;牧户按地定畜、优化牧场、推广良种、改良畜群;按草定牧、实行休牧和轮牧;革新观念、子羔出栏、加速出栏周期、保障牧民增收等措施可保护草地资源,加速草地建设,繁荣牧区经济.     

Associations between dairy herd management factors and bulk tank milk antibody levels against Ostertagia ostertagi

A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was performed on dairy herds in Flanders (Belgium) to detect management factors that are associated with an increased gastrointestinal parasite infection level of adult dairy cows. At the end of the grazing season, information concerning general herd factors, pasture management and anthelmintic treatment strategy was obtained from 956 herds. A bulk tank milk sample was obtained from 779 out of the 956 herds and the antibody levels (ODR) against Ostertagia ostertagi were determined. The associations between ODR and herd management factors were studied by two linear regression models. The first model evaluated the effect of general herd factors and the level of the cows' exposure to pasture. Large sized herds had significantly lower ODRs as compared to medium (P=0.001) or small sized herds (P=0.03). Herds with only dairy cows had lower ODRs than herds with both dairy and beef cows (P=0.02). An increased exposure to pasture of the cows was associated with higher ODRs (P<0.001). The second model was built to evaluate the effect of pasture management factors and anthelmintic treatment strategy. Later turn-out on pasture (P<0.001) and mowing (P=0.002) were both significantly associated with lower ODRs. Cows that had a restricted grazing time per day tended to have lower ODR than cows that grazed 24 h per day (P=0.07). An increased exposure to pasture of the heifers was significantly associated with higher ODRs (P=0.001). No associations were found between ODR and calf related management factors, anthelmintic treatment strategy, time of turn-in, rotational grazing type or stocking rate. Later turn-out on pasture, mowing and restricting the grazing time per day are factors that can be applied immediately on dairy farms to reduce economical losses due to gastrointestinal nematodes.     

亚热带中山黑麦草与白三叶混播草地种群数量消长及相互作用的分析

定量分析的结果表明，从5月下旬至6月上旬，黑麦草种群蘖密度减少了37．0％，白三叶种群叶密度减少了54．2％。黑麦草种群在混播草地中占有优势地位。在两个生长时期黑麦草种群生产量随着白三叶种群叶密度增加均呈指数函数下降，白三叶种群生产量随着黑麦草种群生产量增加均呈直线下降。随着生长季的进程，两个种群在密度与生产量之间的负向效应呈增强趋势，但两个种群在生产量之间的负向效应却基本保持相同水平。至6月上旬，混播草地已接近于最大生产量。