鸡舍的环境控制与设备应用

鸡场的鸡舍实际上就是一座座养殖生产车间．根据通风换气的方式．可以分为开放式鸡舍、环境控制鸡舍、半开放环境控制鸡舍。     

肉鸡肌肉品质的研究现状与趋势

鸡肉是人们食物结构中的重要肉食来源之一。但目前鸡肉产量的增加与肉品品质的下降的矛盾正成为人们关注的热点。本文综述了肉鸡肌肉品质概念、评价系统与方法、影响肌肉品质的因素,并对鸡肉品质研究方向进行了预测。     

高新技术疫苗研究现状与发展趋势

随着分子生物学技术的迅猛发展,近年来国际上出现了新一代高新技术疫苗,主要包括：基因工程疫苗、合成肽疫苗、抗独特型抗体疫苗、病毒一抗体复合物疫苗、“自杀性”DNA疫苗、转基因植物疫苗等。新型疫苗不仅能改善机体的免疫应答和免疫保护,而且为有效地预防和控制新的传染病提供了新途径,已引起人们的广泛关注。现将各型疫苗的研究状况介绍如下。     

香格里拉地区尼西鸡养殖现状及发展对策

尼西鸡是云南特有的家禽品种,因产于香格里拉市尼西乡而得名,当地藏语叫"龙巴下",是云南20个地方家禽品种中典型的肉蛋兼用型品种,也是我国《国家级畜禽资源保护品种名录》中典型的地方家禽品种,是当地藏族经长期驯化饲养、选育而形成的优良品种,具有体型较小、产蛋高、肉质好、耐粗饲、灵活善飞等特点,在高海拔和气候寒冷的自然环境下...     

Effect of acute salinomycin-tiamulin toxicity on the lipid peroxide and antioxidant status of broiler chicken.

The combined effect, if any, of salinomycin poisoning and salinomycin-tiamulin interaction on lipid-peroxidative processes and the antioxidative defence system of the liver was studied in domestic fowl. Male broilers (28-day-old), reared on a diet containing 60 mg/kg salinomycin, were treated intraoesophageally with salinomycin (140 mg/kg body mass) or tiamulin (50 mg/kg body mass). Malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione and cytochrome P-450 concentrations as well as glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities of the liver were determined. Liver malondialdehyde concentration rose in the salinomycin-treated group while the amount of cytochrome P-450 increased in both groups treated. Glutathione concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity of the liver decreased rapidly but hepatic catalase activity increased in both groups after the treatment. Manifestation of the effect exerted by salinomycin and salinomycin-tiamulin on lipid-peroxidative processes nearly coincided with the onset of clinical signs and preceded the increase of hepatic cytochrome P-450 concentration. According to the results, the background of the previously reported incompatibility between salinomycin and tiamulin is the synergistic effect exerted on the antioxidant (glutathione) system.     

地方品种HR土鸡不同亚型禽白血病病毒的共感染

为研究HR土鸡中存在的不同亚型禽白血病病毒(ALV)共感染的情况,本实验分别采集46只HR土公鸡的泄殖腔棉拭子和455枚鸡蛋卵白样品,采用ELISA试剂盒检测p27抗原;并采用相应的ELISA试剂盒分别检测卵黄中J亚型ALV(ALV-J)和AB亚型ALV(ALV-AB)抗体。结果表明:HR土公鸡泄殖腔棉拭子样品中p27检出阳性率为87%(40/46),卵白检出率为74.7%(340/455);而卵黄中ALV-J和ALV-AB抗体阳性率分别为0(0/30)和80%(24/30)。无菌采集初步筛选p27抗原检测为阳性的5只HR土公鸡的抗凝血接种CEF,采用抗ALV-J和ALV-A的单克隆抗体进行IFA检测,结果显示5份样品中ALV-A和ALV-J的阳性率均为100%(5/5)。同时选取HR土鸡分离株HR332进行PCR扩增鉴定,结果表明分离株HR332存在ALV-J(HR332J)和ALV-A(HR332A)。其中,HR332J与11株ALV-J国内外参考株的同源性为92.4%～97.9%;HR332A与ALV-A参考株RSA-A、MQNCSU的同源性分别为90.1%和89.7%,与国内分离株SDAU09E2的同源性为99.0%。本研究显示,地方品种HR土鸡存在不同亚型ALV共感染,同时ALV-A和ALV-J共感染同一个鸡的现象已经存在。     

Vitamin E and organic selenium enhances the antioxidative status and quality of chicken semen under high ambient temperature

1. The effects of supplemental dietary vitamin E and organic selenium (Se), and their combination, on improving semen quality characteristics and antioxidative status were investigated in cockerels exposed to high ambient temperature.

2. A total of 36 Egyptian local cross males, 40 weeks old, were housed individually in cages in an open-sided building (average daily temperature ranged from 33 to 36°C and relative humidity from 60 to 70%). Birds were divided randomly into 4 experimental treatments (n?=?9 each): (1) control (basal diet without any supplementation with vitamin E or Se); (2) vitamin E (basal diet +200?mg α-tocopherol acetate/kg diet); (3) Se (basal diet +0·3?mg organic Se/kg diet); and (4) vitamin E?+?Se (basal diet +200?mg α-tocopherol acetate/kg diet +0·3?mg organic Se/kg diet).

3. Under heat stress conditions, inclusion of vitamin E and/or organic Se in the diets enhanced the semen quality traits, including the spermatozoa count and motility, and reduced the percentage of dead spermatozoa.

4. A combination of 200?mg/kg vitamin E with 0·3?mg/kg organic Se reduced the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance concentration in seminal plasma samples to about 28% of the controls; and also enhanced the seminal plasma glutathione peroxidase activity by two-fold compared with controls.

5. It was concluded that dietary vitamin E in combination with organic Se has a synergistic effect in minimising lipid peroxidation and improving the antioxidative status in seminal plasma of the domestic fowl, which probably translated into enhanced spermatozoa count, motility and reduced percentage of dead spermatozoa under heat stress conditions.     

Feeding oxidized chicken byproduct meal impacts digestibility more than performance and oxidative status in nursery pigs

Rendered products from the meat industry provide quality proteins in diets for companion animals. These proteins are exposed to extreme temperatures during processing leading to the potential for decreased diet digestibility and subsequent growth performance. While this would impact production efficiency in livestock species, oxidized ingredients in companion animal diets may impact health and longevity. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which a feedstuff containing oxidized protein and lipid affect diet digestibility, growth performance, and oxidative stress in nursery pigs. A total of 56 male pigs (21 d of age, initial body weight 5.51 ± 0.65 kg) were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two levels of heat and two levels of antioxidant (AOX). Diets were fed for 35 d and growth performance was measured, while total tract digestibility and nitrogen (N) balance was determined during the trial on day 18–20. Blood plasma was collected on day 34 and jejunum, colon, and liver tissues were collected on day 35 to analyze for markers of oxidative stress. Average daily feed intake (ADFI) was reduced in pigs fed diets without AOXs (P = 0.02). Additionally, pigs consuming diets containing heated chicken byproduct (CBP) meal had decreased gain:feed (GF; P = 0.02). There was an interaction between heat and AOX (P = 0.02) where heating CBP reduced N digestibility in the presence of an AOX but did not have an impact when AOX was not present. The removal of AOX resulted in reduced GE digestibility (P < 0.01). Dry matter (P < 0.01), ash (P < 0.01), and protein (P < 0.01) digestibility were reduced (P < 0.01) as a result of heating. Furthermore, heating (P =0.01) as well as absence of AOX (P =0.01) resulted in reduced digestible energy. No difference was detected in N retention suggesting that oxidation reduces digestibility but has no impact on N utilization. This is supported by the fact that systemic oxidative stress was not consistently affected by heating or AOX inclusion. These results suggest that feeding pigs CBP containing oxidized proteins and lipids did not induce oxidative stress. However, feeding young pigs CBP containing oxidized proteins and lipids did result in reduced energy and nutrient digestibility as well as negatively affected feed efficiency. Because CBP is commonly used in companion animal diets, it is reasonable to revisit their impacts on those species.     

Modelling the effect of nutritional status on pre-asymptotic and relative growth rates in a random-bred chicken population

This study was undertaken to use the spline linear regression to model pre‐asymptotic body weight measurements from an unselected random‐bred chicken population fed two different protein diets. The spline linear regression model is a compound function comprising of series of linear models. It was used to compartmentalize growth into segments. The birds raised under the low‐protein diet had four compartments, whereas those raised under the high‐protein diet had three compartments. Whereas the protein level defined the number of splines or compartments, the growth potential demonstrated by the sexes were different. The males under low‐protein diet grew faster than the females under high‐protein diet. Even though both sexes responded to high‐protein diet, a high‐protein diet in females was not enough to raise their growth potential to that of males under low protein levels. The efficiency of growth under the two protein levels were assessed with relative growth. Relative growth rate is the increase in body weight per unit of body weight per unit of time, and it represents the efficiency of an animal as a producer of new body mass material. The maximum relative growth modeled by the Gompertz function for both sexes under the two protein levels were observed at day 6 and hereafter, declined proportionally to a proponent of the amount of growth remaining. Despite the high absolute growth of the birds fed a high‐protein diet compared with their counterparts fed a low‐protein diet, the relative growth rates of the two groups were comparable. Modelling both absolute and relative growth show that the maximum absolute and relative growth rates occur within different time frame, as a result, selecting on absolute growth rate for improved relative growth within the same time frame or vice versa may not achieve the desired selection goal. The use of the spline regression and relative growth models would have practical application for commercial broilers and broiler breeders where growth is either truncated before the asymptote or controlled by dietary and other environmental factors to prevent excessive obesity.     

蛋用型祖代鸡群禽白血病病毒感染状态的持续观察

为了检测从国外直接进口的蛋用型祖代鸡群是否存在外源性禽白血病病毒(ALV)的感染,将240只1日龄鸡饲养在严格的SPF环境中。在不同日龄采集泄殖腔棉拭子检测ALV群特异性p27抗原、采集血浆分离外源性ALV和采集血清检测ALV-AB及J特异性抗体。结果表明:在近3个月的6次采样检测中,6个不同的配套系间泄殖腔棉拭子检出率显著不同。其中1个配套系6次完全阴性,其余5个则在不同时期呈间隙性阳性。各品系之间ALV p27抗原检出率与快慢羽性状没有相关性。慢羽的配套系C,36只鸡中在45日龄检出了1例ALV-AB抗体一过性阳性,在60日龄检出了2例ALV-J抗体一过性阳性。分别在5、21日龄采血浆在DF1细胞分离病毒,所有的6个配套系的204只鸡外源性ALV的病毒分离均为阴性。     

Effects of saturated and unsaturated fats with vitamin E supplementation on the antioxidant status of broiler chicken tissues

The influence of fish oil (highly unsaturated) and beef tallow (highly saturated) with vitamin E (100 IU/kg) supplementation on the antioxidant status of broiler chicken cockerels was investigated. Chicks were fed a control diet with no added fat, 40 g/kg each of fish oil and beef tallow diets, respectively, from 11 to 42 days of age. Tocopherol concentration and the rate of lipid peroxidation, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in liver, fatty acid composition of the liver lipids, blood serum total antioxidant status (TAS), and reduced glutathione (GSH) content were determined. Vitamin E supplementation of the diet increased liver alpha-tocopherol content in chicks regardless of the type of dietary fat. Fish oil diet resulted in higher liver TBARS value while beef tallow diet showed lower values compared to the control diet. Vitamin E supplementation reduced liver TBARS as well as serum GSH, and raised serum TAS for all diets. Serum GSH was the same for vitamin E supplemented diets regardless of the fat supplement. Fish oil diets resulted in a significant increase in hepatic lipid n-3 PUFA content. A significant positive correlation was found between liver TBARS and n-3 PUFA content. No relationships were established, however, between liver TBARS and n-6 PUFA or saturated fatty acids. The results suggest that feeding oils rich in n-3 PUFA increases tissue concentration of these fatty acids, consequently increasing tissue lipid peroxidation and reducing the antioxidative status of broiler chickens. Supplementing high levels of vitamin E with such oils may increase tissue oxidative stability. Serum TAS or GSH may be used as a measure of antioxidative status in chickens.     

矮脚黄鸡、新兴黄鸡、广西三黄鸡产蛋性能比较研究

本试验对广东地区矮脚黄鸡、新兴黄鸡、广西三黄鸡等品种种鸡产蛋性能进行了比较研究。结果表明,矮脚黄鸡的适应性、抗病性较强,死淘率低（6．31％）,料蛋比低（5．05）,产蛋整齐性好,从开产到产蛋率达80％的天数短（25天）;新兴黄鸡产蛋期产蛋教高达182．44枚,破蛋率低,为1．55％;广西三黄土鸡开产日龄早（148日龄）,日采食量低（164．83g）,产蛋期只总耗料量为41．37kg。矮脚黄鸡对广东地区高温、多湿的环境适应性较强,适合在广东地区饲养。     

A long term observation of antibody status to chicken anaemia virus in individual chickens of breeder flocks

The antibody status to chicken anaemia virus (CAV) in four layer breeder flocks was evaluated. Sera were periodically collected from the same 17 to 20 individual chickens of each flock ranging in age from 10 to 63 weeks old. The neutralising and fluorescence antibody were detectable in individual chickens during the observation periods ranging from 13 to 44 weeks. A high prevalence of both neutralising and fluorescence antibodies was observed; however, the prevalence of fluorescence antibody in older chickens was lower than that of neutralising antibody. The geometric mean (GM) of neutralising antibody titres, after all the chickens examined had seroconverted in flocks 1, 2 and 4, ranged from 373·2 to 2940·6. In flock 1, the GM titre at 63 weeks old was significantly lower than that at 37 and 52 weeks old. In flock 4, the GM titre at 48 weeks old was significantly lower than that at 24 and 35 weeks old. In flock 2, the GM titre at more than 31 weeks old significantly increased compared with that at 25 weeks old; this tendency was not seen in the GM of the fluorescence antibody titres. The results indicate that immunity to CAV can last a long time in naturally infected individual chickens.     

Backyard chicken keeping in the Greater London Urban Area: welfare status,biosecurity and disease control issues

1. The aim of the study was to collect baseline data on welfare, biosecurity and diseases of backyard chickens kept in the Greater London Urban Area (GLUA), United Kingdom (UK).

2. A total of 65 backyard chicken flock-keepers were recruited from May to July 2010 through adverts on websites, at City farms, veterinary practices and pet feed stores and surveyed by means of a questionnaire. A total of 30 responses were suitable for analysis.

3. Information on keepers’ and flocks’ characteristics, housing and husbandry practices and owners’ knowledge of health problems in chickens and zoonotic diseases was collected. A welfare assessment protocol was developed and the flocks assessed accordingly.

4. Results showed that chickens were generally provided with living conditions that allowed them to perform their natural behaviours.

5. Most of the flock owners did not comply with the regulations of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) on the feeding of catering waste.

6. Disease prevention measures such as vaccination and biosecurity, including limiting the access of human visitors, wild birds and rodents to the flocks were rare.

7. A lack of avian and zoonotic disease knowledge and awareness among the owners has implications for disease control and highlights the need for improved communication between owners, authorities and veterinarians.     

微生物发酵床猪舍空气微生物种群结构的研究

为了研究微生物发酵床猪舍空气微生物的组成,采用自然沉降法对猪舍空气微生物进行收集,利用16S rRNA序列分析及形态观察确定微生物的分类,揭示猪舍空气微生物的多样性。从猪舍空气中共分离到细菌60余株,经过16S rRNA基因序列的同源性比对,最终确定27个代表菌株进行后续分析。分析结果表明,27株细菌中包含芽孢杆菌属14个种（51.9%）,假单胞菌5个种（18.5%）,葡萄球菌4个种（14.8%）,苍白杆菌属、类芽孢杆菌属、赖氨酸芽孢杆菌属及单胞菌属各1个种;27株细菌中包含5种条件致病菌,6种有机物降解菌。采用SPSS分析将猪舍空气微生物按采集地点明显聚成6类：仅分布于猪舍下风处的菌、仅分布于猪舍上风处的菌、仅分布于猪舍外的菌、猪舍上风和下风处共有菌、猪舍下风处和猪舍外共有菌及3处共有菌。对猪舍空气微生物空间分布的研究显示,猪舍下风处微生物种类较多,有20种,多于猪舍上风处和猪舍外部,其中15种为下风处特有种。由于微生物以气溶胶的形式存在,猪舍内相邻位置具有相似的微生物组成。以上研究结果表明,微生物发酵床猪舍空气微生物种类丰富,且微生物分布与风向相关。     

Epidemiological associations between characteristics of registered broiler chicken flocks in Canada and the Salmonella culture status of floor litter and drinking water

A Canada-wide flock management survey of 294 randomly selected commercial broiler chicken flocks was conducted during 1989-1990. The prevalence of flocks that yielded Salmonella from cultures of floor litter or drinking water, and the prevalence of floor litter samples that yielded Salmonella, were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the age of the flock and the region of Canda in which the flock was located. Culture of Salmonella from the drinking water was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the type of drinker used, the dead bird disposal method, and the region of Canada in which the flock was located. There was a significantly greater risk (p < 0.05) of contamination of drinking water with Salmonella from trough drinkers (odds ratio = 7.99) and plastic bell drinkers (odds ratio = 6.10) than from nipple drinkers. No significant associations were found between pest control, restrictions on visitors, clean-out methods, or water sanitization and the culture of salmonellae from floor litter or drinking water.     

鸡球虫病免疫:Ⅰ.球虫病特点和免疫原理

采用免疫方法控制球虫病已经成为一种趋势，因为它可以从根本上免除球虫抗药性和肉蛋品药残带来的一系列问题。但是随着进入市场球虫病疫苗种类的增多也带来不少问题。球虫病疫苗有毒苗和弱毒苗之分．有三价、四价、五价、七价甚至八价之分。有商品肉鸡用的，也有种鸡用的。商家宣传也各有动人之处，令人眼花缭乱．不知何以适从?如果你了解了球虫和球虫病的重要特点，了解了球虫免疫的原理就能够释疑解惑，就能够理性地选择和正确使用球虫病疫苗。本文拟就上述几个方面介绍，以飧读者。