水分亏缺对青藏高原小麦族作物籽粒中氮磷钾和氨基酸含量的影响

为探明不同水分处理青稞和春小麦籽粒中养分、蛋白质和氨基酸含量的变化规律,为青藏高原小麦族作物抗旱和品质育种提供理论依据。以春青春41号(小麦)和昆仑14号(青稞)为参试材料,设水分充足处理(C1)、水分轻度亏缺处理(C2)和水分重度亏缺处理(C3)3个水平,随机区组设计,研究不同水分处理对籽粒中NPK、蛋白质和氨基酸含量的影响。相比于C2,两种小麦族作物在C3处理下的氮磷钾、蛋白质、必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸和氨基酸总量均呈升高的趋势,但青稞中各指标的增幅较大。水分亏缺对小麦和青稞籽粒中NPK、蛋白质和氨基酸含量均会产生一定影响,但其变化模式存在一定差异。小麦籽粒中氮磷钾、蛋白质、必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸和氨基酸总量的变化规律均呈先降低后升高的趋势;青稞籽粒中氮钾、蛋白质、必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸和氨基酸总量的含量呈显著增高趋势且增幅随水分亏缺程度的加剧而变大。水分亏缺会对小麦族作物籽粒中氮磷钾、蛋白质、必需氨基酸含量、非必需氨基酸含量产生影响,但青稞和小麦的响应机制存在一定差异。相比于水分充足处理,水分亏缺处理下青稞籽粒养分、蛋白质及其组分呈显著升高趋势而小麦籽粒中呈先降低后升高趋势,表明小麦族作物中小麦对水分亏缺的耐受性较低。     

A synaptic vesicle protein with a novel cytoplasmic domain and four transmembrane regions

Complementary DNA and genomic clones were isolated and sequenced corresponding to rat and human synaptophysin (p38), a major integral membrane protein of synaptic vesicles. The deduced amino acid sequences indicate an evolutionarily highly conserved protein that spans the membrane four times. Both amino and carboxyl termini face the cytoplasm, with the latter containing ten copies of a tyrosine-rich pentapeptide repeat. The structure of synaptophysin suggests that the protein may function as a channel in the synaptic vesicle membrane, with the carboxyl terminus serving as a binding site for cellular factors.     

长期施肥对黄土旱塬黑垆土有机氮和有机碳的影响

耕地土壤中的氮素和有机碳是土壤肥力高低的指标，其含量除受各种自然因素影响外，还强烈地受到施肥的影响。为揭示施肥对土壤供氮潜力和有机碳的影响．本文采用Bremner法对20a长期定位试验的黑垆土耕层土壤有机氮组成进行了分级。结果表明．单施氮肥或磷肥对耕层土壤全氮、各形态有机氮的绝对含量及其占全氮的相对比例均无显著影响；有机肥和化肥配施，显著提高了耕层土壤全氮、酸解有机氮、酸解铵态氮、氨基酸态氮的含量，其中对氨基酸态氮的影响最大。施化肥或有机肥均能显著提高有机碳水平．有机无机肥配施效果最好。在不同肥料处理中，土壤各种形态有机氮的含量高低顺序依次为：酸解铵态氮〉氨基酸态氮〉酸解未知态氮〉氨基糖态氮。长期有机无机肥配施显著提高了土壤供氮潜力和有机质水平，是维持土壤肥力最优的施肥方式。     

Effect of Crossbreed on the Muscle Quality （Chemical Composition） in Yun- Ling Black Goats

Twenty castrated male goats, each of Yun-Ling Black goats （YLB goat）, N × YLB hybrid goats （Nubian ♂ ×Yun-Ling Black goats 9） and B × YLB hybrid goats （Boer ♂× Yun-Ling Black goats ♀）, were used to evaluate the effect of crossbreeding on the meat chemical composition in the YLB goats of China. After weaning of 90 days, all the experimental goats were reared on natural pasture when they were slaughtered at an age of 730 days. The longissimus dorsi （LD） and biceps femoris （BF） muscles were sampled from each carcass to determine chemical compositions. Both hybrid goats had higher protein content （P 〈 0.01） and lower fat content （P 〈 0.05） than the YLB goats in the two types of muscle. The inosinic acid contents of LD muscle for the YLB goats and the B × YLB hybrid goats were significantly higher （P 〈 0.05） than that for the N × YLB hybrid goats. The LD muscle from the YLB goats contained higher essential amino acid （P 〈 0.01）, total amino acid （P 〈 0.01）, and some individual amino acid （P 〈 0.05） than those from the hybrid goats. The concentration of unsaturated fatty acid （USFA） of LD muscle from the N × YLB hybrid goats was significantly higher than the other two goat breeds （P〈0.05） but did not differ between the other two goat breeds （P〉0.05）. The YLB goats had significantly higher （P〈0.05） concentrations of oleic acid （C18：1） and linolenic acid （C18：3） of LD muscle than the hybrid goats, had significantly higher （P 〈 0.05） proportion of mono-unsaturated （Sum for C 16：1 and C 18：1） than the B ×YLB hybrid goats, and tended to be higher than the N × YLB hybrid goats （P 〉 0.05）. In contrast, the proportion of poly-unsaturated in the YLB goats was significantly lower （P 〈 0.05） than that in the hybrid goats.     

小麦籽粒氨基酸碳氮稳定同位素的测定与分析

 【目的】利用气相色谱-燃烧-同位素比值质谱仪（gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry,GC-C-IRMS）测定小麦籽粒氨基酸碳氮稳定同位素组成。【方法】以小麦临汾50744为材料,水解得到其籽粒蛋白质氨基酸,将氨基酸标准样品以及小麦籽粒氨基酸衍生化为N-新戊酰基,O-异丙醇（N-pivaloyl-isopropyl,NPP）氨基酸酯,利用GC-C-IRMS测定其碳氮稳定同位素组成。【结果】氨基酸标准样品的碳氮同位素组成分析表明,NPP氨基酸酯的平均重现性δ13C为0.47‰,δ15N为0.28‰,并没有产生大的同位素分馏,因此δ13C和δ15N都能得到满意的测定结果。运用GC-C-IRMS测定了小麦临汾50744籽粒蛋白质氨基酸的稳定碳氮同位素的自然丰度,其中δ13C的变化范围在-28.7‰到-34.7‰,δ15N的变化范围为-6.2‰到9.5‰。采用系统聚类分析进行分类,根据δ13C可以将氨基酸分为两类;根据δ15N可以将氨基酸分为三类。【结论】运用GC-C-IRMS结合NPP氨基酸酯衍生物可以测定小麦籽粒氨基酸的稳定碳氮同位素,这对于揭示氨基酸代谢途径的差异以及逆境胁迫下氨基酸的合成差异具有重要的意义。     

The 2.6 angstrom crystal structure of a human A2A adenosine receptor bound to an antagonist

The adenosine class of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediates the important role of extracellular adenosine in many physiological processes and is antagonized by caffeine. We have determined the crystal structure of the human A2A adenosine receptor, in complex with a high-affinity subtype-selective antagonist, ZM241385, to 2.6 angstrom resolution. Four disulfide bridges in the extracellular domain, combined with a subtle repacking of the transmembrane helices relative to the adrenergic and rhodopsin receptor structures, define a pocket distinct from that of other structurally determined GPCRs. The arrangement allows for the binding of the antagonist in an extended conformation, perpendicular to the membrane plane. The binding site highlights an integral role for the extracellular loops, together with the helical core, in ligand recognition by this class of GPCRs and suggests a role for ZM241385 in restricting the movement of a tryptophan residue important in the activation mechanism of the class A receptors.     

分歧多于保守：人、小鼠、大鼠和猪中klf家族进化分析

 为研究人、猪、大鼠、小鼠中klf家族的进化特征,笔者用Clustal X 和MEGA ,在线软件GSGD,K estimator和PAML,在线软件MEME\\MAST和InterProScan,PSORT II分别构建进化亲缘关系树、分析基因结构、鉴定选择压力、注释蛋白质模体和确定核定位信号。结果显示：进化亲缘树及基因结构分析都将KLF家族分为α,β,γ,δ和ε 5个亚类,亚类内各基因结构相似,家族各成员基因随机分布于不同染色体,klf1 和 klf2紧密簇集,猪 klf17 定位于6号染色体而非15号染色体,猪的两对旁系同源基因：klf9和klf9a,klf10和klf10a,及相似家族成员klf1和klf2,分别起源于近期和远期的基因串联复制事件;适应性进化选择压力分析表明,klf13和klf17经历了正选择,其他基因都受到严格的负选择作用;KLF蛋白羧基端都有3个高度保守的串联锌指结构,核定位信号（NLS）位于3串联锌指内或其紧邻上游,氨基端模体则相对多样化,KLF3,KLF4,KLF8和KLF12以其共有的PVDLS/T模体（单字母氨基酸缩写）结合转录辅因子CtBP (C terminus binding protein)进而调控靶基因转录,KLF9,KLF10,KLF11,KLF13,KLF14和KLF16共享转录辅因子Sin3结合结构域SID（Sin3 interacting domain）,KLF7中发现的亮氨酸拉链模体表明其以二聚体的形式参与转录调控。klf家族基因结构和氨基端模体的多样化、羧基端保守锌指结构及进化中经历的负选择压力表明家族进化中经历了转录调控方式和调控功能的多样化,同时保留了结合富含GC启动子的基本模式。     

Structural features that stabilize halophilic malate dehydrogenase from an archaebacterium

The high-resolution structure of halophilic malate dehydrogenase (hMDH) from the archaebacterium Haloarcula marismortui was determined by x-ray crystallography. Comparison of the three-dimensional structures of hMDH and its nonhalophilic congeners reveals structural features that may promote the stability of hMDH at high salt concentrations. These features include an excess of acidic over basic residues distributed on the enzyme surface and more salt bridges present in hMDH compared with its nonhalophilic counterparts. Other features that contribute to the stabilization of thermophilic lactate dehydrogenase and thermophilic MDH-the incorporation of alanine into alpha helices and the introduction of negatively charged amino acids near their amino termini, both of which stabilize the alpha helix as a result of interaction with the positive part of the alpha-helix dipole-also were observed in hMDH.     

刺槐无性系叶片营养价值变异分析

为了比较刺槐无性系间的营养差异,分析19个3年生刺槐无性系（6个来自于国内,3个来源于匈牙利,10个来源于韩国）的叶片粗蛋白质、纤维、钙、磷、单宁和18种氨基酸含量,利用必需氨基酸分（AAS）、必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）和模糊最优局势决策法对其营养价值进行了综合评价。结果表明:各刺槐无性系叶片的粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维、钙和磷含量均差异不显著,仅无性系K4、K5、A、B和G的酸性洗涤纤维含量显著低于普通刺槐2N（P0.05）,无性系G的单宁含量（6.9 g/kg）显著低于2N（28.9 g/kg）（P0.05）;各无性系的18种氨基酸总量为159.8~240.0 g/kg,且其组成平衡;必需氨基酸分为84.1~118.8,明显高于苜蓿草粉（64.3）;必需氨基酸指数表明其可作为牛、鸡、猪、草鱼、羊和兔的优良饲料;综合营养价值除2N、H1、K3和K4与苜蓿草粉相似外,其他无性系均高于苜蓿草粉。      

Studies on Models,Patterns and Require-ments of Digestible Amino Acids for Layers by Nitrogen Metabolism

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Conserved folding in retroviral proteases: crystal structure of a synthetic HIV-1 protease

The rational design of drugs that can inhibit the action of viral proteases depends on obtaining accurate structures of these enzymes. The crystal structure of chemically synthesized HIV-1 protease has been determined at 2.8 angstrom resolution (R factor of 0.184) with the use of a model based on the Rous sarcoma virus protease structure. In this enzymatically active protein, the cysteines were replaced by alpha-amino-n-butyric acid, a nongenetically coded amino acid. This structure, in which all 99 amino acids were located, differs in several important details from that reported previously by others. The interface between the identical subunits forming the active protease dimer is composed of four well-ordered beta strands from both the amino and carboxyl termini and residues 86 to 94 have a helical conformation. The observed arrangement of the dimer interface suggests possible designs for dimerization inhibitors.     

新疆骏枣氨基酸营养价值评价

为了初步探明新疆主栽骏枣氨基酸差异性及营养价值,为合理优化利用骏枣资源提供理论依据。以山西交城骏枣为参照,通过模糊识别法、系统聚类法,对新疆11县市骏枣氨基酸指标数据进行分析。结果表明新疆不同产区供试骏枣的氨基酸总量较高,且各产区骏枣中所含缬氨酸(Val)、亮氨酸(Leu)、苏氨酸(Thr)、赖氨酸(Lys)、苯丙氨酸(Phe) 5种必需氨基酸含量间存在较大差异;不同产区骏枣中氨基酸蛋白模式贴近度基本一致;新疆骏枣氨基酸比值系数分(SRC)整体优于交城骏枣,不同产区骏枣氨基酸中Val的氨基酸比值系数(RC)值最低,为第一限制性氨基酸;不同产区经聚类可分为3类,骏枣蛋白质品质评价较好的为阿瓦提县、策勒县和阿克苏市。新疆11县市骏枣蛋白质中氨基酸组成各具特点,且阿瓦提县、策勒县、阿克苏市骏枣蛋白质组成更符合人体蛋白营养需求,宜深化利用。     

A single amino acid interchange yields reciprocal CTL specificities for HIV-1 gp160

For the IIIB isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), the immunodominant determinant of the envelope protein gp160 for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) of H-2d mice is in a region of high sequence variability among HIV-1 isolates. The general requirements for CTL recognition of peptide antigens and the relation of recognition requirements to the natural variation in sequence of the HIV were investigated. For this purpose, a CTL line specific for the homologous segment of the envelope from the MN isolate of HIV-1 and restricted by the same class I major histocompatibility (MHC) molecule (Dd) as the IIIB-specific CTLs was raised from mice immunized with MN-env-recombinant vaccinia virus. The IIIB-specific and MN-specific CTLs were completely non-cross-reactive. Reciprocal exchange of a single amino acid between the two peptide sequences, which differed in 6 of 15 residues, led to a complete reversal of the specificity of the peptides in sensitizing targets, such that the IIIB-specific CTLs lysed targets exposed to the singly substituted MN peptide and vice versa. These data indicate the importance of single residues in defining peptide epitopic specificity and have implications for both the effect of immune pressure on selection of viral mutants and the design of effective vaccines.     

含N三臂类肽的合成

利用胺分子中氮原子成键的空间特征，接上3个含有S，N杂原子的氨基酸侧链从而合成了穴醚状含N三臂类肽，其独特的分子结构对客体识别具有重要的实践价值．     

Protein kinase C contains a pseudosubstrate prototope in its regulatory domain

The regulatory domain of protein kinase C contains an amino acid sequence between residues 19 and 36 that resembles a substrate phosphorylation site in its distribution of basic residue recognition determinants. The corresponding synthetic peptide (Arg19-Phe-Ala-Arg-Lys-Gly-Ala25-Leu-Arg-Gln-Lys-Asn-Val-His -Glu-Val-Lys-Asn36) acts as a potent substrate antagonist with an inhibitory constant of 147 +/- 9 nM. It is a specific inhibitor of protein kinase C and inhibits both autophosphorylation and protein substrate phosphorylation. Substitution of Ala25 with serine transforms the pseudosubstrate into a potent substrate. These results demonstrate that the conserved region of the regulatory domain (residues 19 to 36) of protein kinase C has the secondary structural features of a pseudosubstrate and may be responsible for maintaining the enzyme in the inactive form in the absence of allosteric activators such as phospholipids.     

不同H9N2亚型鸭流感病毒NS1基因克隆和功能进化分析

禽流感病毒（AIV）在高免疫压力情况下会发生变异而逃避免疫系统的监视。其NS1蛋白共有230个氨基酸,其中前73个氨基酸残基以二聚体形式存在,包含了所有RNA的结合活性。NS1的氨基端1—73位是mRNA的结合区,氨基端1—100位是双股RNA依赖性蛋白激酶（PKR）的结合区。PKR抗病毒作用机制如下：病毒侵染宿主细胞时,在宿主干扰素的诱导下,双股RNA与PKR结合,同时真核翻译启动子α亚单位发生磷酸化,导致PKR的激活。激活的PKR能同时抑制宿主细胞和病毒mRNA的翻译,从而最终抑制入侵病毒在细胞中的有效繁殖和扩散。     

洋葱抽薹与未抽薹植株生理生化特性对比研究

以红太阳(RedCreole)洋葱为试材,研究抽薹与未抽薹植株生理生化特性的差异。结果表明:同一时间,抽薹植株与未抽薹植株存在一定的差异;鳞茎形成期,未抽薹植株游离氨基酸与可溶性蛋白质含量较高,抽薹植株可溶性糖含量、C/N值及POD活性较高。抽薹期,抽薹植株游离氨基酸与可溶性蛋白质含量较高,未抽薹植株可溶性糖含量、C/N值及POD活性较高。这可能是不同处理植株发育进程不同的原因。电泳结果显示,二者蛋白质组分存在一定差异。     

Molecular cloning of the complementary DNA for human tumor necrosis factor

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a soluble protein that causes damage to tumor cells but has no effect on normal cells. Human TNF was purified to apparent homogeneity as a 17.3-kilodalton protein from HL-60 leukemia cells and showed cytotoxic and cytostatic activities against various human tumor cell lines. The amino acid sequence was determined for the amino terminal end of the purified protein, and oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes were synthesized on the basis of this sequence. Complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding human TNF was cloned from induced HL-60 messenger RNA and was confirmed by hybrid-selection assay, direct expression in COS-7 cells, and nucleotide sequence analysis. The human TNF cDNA is 1585 base pairs in length and encodes a protein of 233 amino acids. The mature protein begins at residue 77, leaving a long leader sequence of 76 amino acids. Expression of high levels of human TNF in Escherichia coli was accomplished under control of the bacteriophage lambda PL promoter and gene N ribosome binding site.     

施氮量对农田土壤有机氮组分及酶活性的影响

【目的】探讨不同施氮量条件下土壤氮素转化酶活性和有机氮组分含量的变化规律,并分析氮素转化酶活性与各有机氮组分之间的关系,为陇中黄土高原旱作农业区合理制定施肥量和施肥方案提供参考依据。【方法】基于设置在陇中黄土高原定西市李家堡镇麻子川村的不同施氮量（0（CK）、52.5（N1）、105（N2）、157.5（N3）、210（N4）kg N·hm^-2）春小麦长期定位试验,收获后使用Bremner法测定0—40 cm土层中有机氮组分含量,以及4种氮素转化相关酶的活性。【结果】土壤有机氮组分分配比例顺序为氨基酸态氮>酸解铵态氮>酸解未知态氮>氨基糖态氮,同一土层随着施氮量的增加土壤有机碳、全氮、酸解总氮、氨基酸态氮、酸解铵态氮和脲酶活性、蛋白酶活性均呈先增大后降低的趋势,除全氮外其余都在N2处理时最大,全氮含量在N3处理时达到最大;同一处理不同土层间均随土层加深而降低。冗余分析结果表明,全氮含量和蛋白酶活性是影响陇中黄土高原农田有机氮组分分布与转化的关键因子;碳氮比与所有有机氮组分均呈负相关,蛋白酶、有机碳和脲酶与氨基酸态氮呈极显著正相关。【结论】综合而言,N2处理土壤供氮潜力最高,全氮和蛋白酶是影响该区春小麦土壤有机氮组分转化的关键因子。氮肥合理施用能明显提高土壤有机氮含量,不同施氮量条件下土壤有机氮组分变化差异明显,改变了氮素相关转化酶的活性。     

长期不同培肥处理对土壤有机氮组分及氮素矿化特性的影响

【目的】揭示长期不同培肥处理对黄土高原南部土垫旱耕人为土(土)土壤有机氮组分、氮素矿化的影响以及有机氮组分对氮素矿化潜力的贡献。【方法】采用Stanford和Smith间歇淋洗好气培养法测定了土19年长期不同施肥处理土壤矿化氮的数量,并采用Bremner法测定了培养前、后土壤有机氮各组分含量的变化。【结果】各处理土壤有机氮各组分含量高低顺序为:氨基酸氮非酸解氮酸解未知氮氨态氮氨基糖态氮。与不施肥对照相比,长期单施化肥处理土壤有机氮各组分含量有不同程度的增加,但幅度有限;化肥配施秸秆或有机肥处理显著提高了各有机氮组分含量,其中以氨基酸氮含量增加幅度最大;化肥配施秸秆或有机肥处理降低了酸解有机氮占全氮的比例。化肥长期配施有机肥或秸秆,显著提高了土壤氮素矿化势(N0)以及矿化率,其中化肥配施有机肥土壤N0大于化肥配施秸秆处理。相关分析表明,土壤氮素矿化势N0与培养前后土壤氨基酸氮变化量间呈显著负相关关系(P0.05),与土壤酸解未知态氮和非酸解氮的变化量间的负相关关系未达显著水平(P0.05)。【结论】化肥配施有机肥或秸秆,是提高土壤供氮潜力的有效手段;氨基酸氮是土壤可矿化态氮的主要贡献者。