太湖鹅松果体的组织细胞结构研究

在光镜和电镜水平下对太湖鹅松果体组织结构和细胞结构进行研究，结果表明，鹅松果体主要由松查体细胞组成，其间夹有少数胶质细胞，松果体细胞偶尔排列为滤泡状，松果体细胞具有突起，胞核椭圆形，胞核椭圆形，圆形，线粒体常在胞附近集聚，粗面内质网丰富，高尔基体发达，胞质中有散在的游离核蛋白体，脂滴和溶酶体，胞突中微管方向与胞突平行，胞体中方向不一,质细胞的胞核不规则，胞体和胞突中含有微丝。     

幼年牦牛松果体的光镜和电镜观察

利用光镜和电镜技术对幼年牦牛松果体的组织形态结构特征进行了研究。结果表明，光镜下，幼年牦牛松果体由松果体细胞、少量的神经胶质细胞、毛细血管和神经等组成。电镜下，松果体细胞的电子致密度低，细胞质内含有丰富的线粒体、粗面内质网、滑面内质网、高尔基复合体、微管、微丝和核糖体，典型异质细胞器突触带呈球形，多位于质膜附近。神经胶质细胞内的线粒体丰富，胞体突起呈球形膨大伸入到松果体细胞之间。松果体细胞以及神经胶质细胞间均存在突触和连接复合体。牦牛松果体内的毛细血管为连续型，远腹侧血管周围可见色素细胞。     

成鸡卵巢嗜酸性细胞、卵泡外腺细胞和卵泡膜腺细胞微细结构的研究

对成鸡卵巢的嗜酸性细胞、卵泡外腺细胞和卵泡膜腺细胞作H.E染色、油红—O染色和电子染色,然后进行光镜和电镜观察。结果:嗜酸性细胞单个分布在卵巢基质中,形态不一。胞核形态多样,异染色质数量中等,核仁位于核的偏中心部位。胞质中有许多电子密度较高的圆形嗜酸性颗粒,高尔基复合体发育良好,粗面内质网数量中等,有少量嵴少、基质电子密度低的线粒体,其它细胞器较少,油红—O染色阴性。卵泡外腺细胞分布在卵泡之间,由数个细胞结合成一细胞团。细胞形态多样。胞核圆形或卵圆形,一至数个核仁,异染色质少。胞质中充满大小不一的卵圆形脂滴,线粒体嵴多、基质电子密度较高,有管状嵴和板状嵴,还有较多囊泡状的滑面内质网,粗面内质网数量少,油红—O染色阳性反应。卵泡膜腺细胞也是数个细胞结合成一细胞团,分布在卵泡膜内层,结构与卵泡外腺细胞极为相似,油红—O染色阳性。卵泡外腺细胞和卵泡膜腺细胞都具有分泌类固醇激素细胞的结构特征。     

精子RNA的研究进展

1 精子RNA存在的争论 作为遗传物质的载体,精子的作用仅是将父本的基因组DNA成功地带入到卵子中,所以成熟精子不必含mRNA,这个观点被广泛接受.有关精子中存在RNA的报道,常被解释为有未成熟的精子细胞的存在,或是精子分析样本中混杂有体细胞,或是精子中含有未被支持细胞吸收的胞质小体造成~([1]),而胞质小体的存在又通常被认为是精子成熟度低的标志.     

猪克隆胚早期发育过程中供体线粒体的动态变化及胞吐样排出对其清除的影响

为观察猪克隆胚早期发育过程中供体线粒体的动态变化,并初步探究2细胞时期卵裂球间胞质排出对供体线粒体清除的特异性,以孤雌胚为对照,并使用预先标记线粒体的供核体细胞生产克隆胚。分别收集特定时期的胚胎进行共聚焦显微镜以及透射电镜的观察。结果显示:电击活后0~4 h,供体线粒体逐渐从核周扩散到胞质中。与孤雌胚相比,4 h克隆胚中的线粒体具有更多异常的形态。在2细胞(28 h)以及4细胞(52 h)阶段,根据在各个卵裂球中存在的数量,我们分别观察到3种供体线粒体的分布形式。其中在2细胞阶段,以三种形式存在供体线粒体的胚胎的比例分别为51.22%(All)、26.83%(Half)以及21.95%(No)。而在克隆囊胚中,仍可观察到少量红色荧光。此外,在多数2细胞克隆胚(87.93%)卵裂球间有胞质排出,并且在部分胚胎排出的胞质中可以观察到供体线粒体的存在。5μg/mL细胞松弛素B(cytochalasin B,CB)的添加没有明显改变携带供体线粒体的2细胞克隆胚的比例。同时2细胞孤雌胚中也存在相似的胞质排出现象,并且排出区域也可以观察到母源线粒体的存在。结果提示:供体线粒体在2细胞以及4细胞克隆胚中存在不均等分布、并于部分2细胞克隆胚两个卵裂球间随胞质排出的现象,而这种排出对于克隆胚中供体线粒体的清除不具有特异性。     

济宁青山羊松果体细胞超微结构的季节性变化

本试验旨在探讨松果体细胞与季节性繁殖的关系,为进一步揭示山羊季节性繁殖的内分泌机理提供参考。通过透射电镜观察济宁青山羊松果体细胞超微结构的季节性变化。结果表明:①松果体细胞可分为明细胞和暗细胞,在明细胞内滑面内质网(SER)的含量较粗面内质网(RER)丰富,而暗细胞内RER含量较丰富。另外明细胞内高尔基复合体和线粒体都较暗细胞内的复杂,但暗细胞内有较多的糖元颗粒。②夏季松果体细胞以暗细胞为主,明细胞较少,而春季明、暗细胞都较多。济宁青山羊松果体细胞的功能活动呈现季节性变化。     

莱芜黑山羊松果体超微结构及5-羟色胺分布的季节性变化

应用5-羟色胺(5-HT)免疫组织化学方法和电镜技术,对莱芜黑山羊4个季节的松果体进行了研究.结果显示:(1)松果体内有大量5-HT阳性的松果体细胞及纤维;(2)松果体5-HT免疫阳性细胞面积以冬季最大,且与其他3个季节差异极显著(P<0.01);夏季最小;春秋季之间无明显差异(P>0.05).4个季节5-HT阳性细胞的光密度差异不大(P>0.05).松果体中5-HT阳性面积占总面积的比值.春、秋季相差不大(P>0.05),夏、冬季差异极显著(P<0.01);(3)松果体细胞有明细胞和暗细胞之分,2种细胞超微结构明显不同.明细胞胞核较大,常染色质多,粗面内质网(RER)、游离核糖体丰富,高尔基复合体的扁平囊泡层数较多,线粒体嵴发达,糖原较少;暗细胞的异染色质多,RER和游离核糖体较少,高尔基复合体的扁平囊泡层教少,线粒体嵴缺乏,糖原较丰富.结果提示,明细胞功能较暗细胞活跃;(4)不同季节松果体内明、暗细胞的数量不同,冬季为明细胞,夏季为暗细胞,春、秋2季2种细胞皆有,表明季节是影响松果体结构和功能活动的重要因素.     

家禽骨髓内红细胞、白细胞发生的显微和亚显微结构特点

利用光镜和电镜对鹅、鸭和鸡骨髓内红细胞和白细胞发生的显微和亚显微结构进行了研究。结果显示 :鹅骨髓内红细胞系的体积比鸭的略大。光镜下鸭、鹅异嗜性粒细胞 ,在早幼阶段胞质内出现少量圆形颗粒 ;在晚幼阶段出现较多暗红色的圆形、杆状、梭形颗粒。嗜酸性粒细胞在早幼阶段胞质内出现少量着桔红色的圆形颗粒 ;晚幼阶段颗粒多呈杆状 ,胞核轮廓清楚。嗜碱性粒细胞在各阶段胞质内散布紫红色的细小颗粒。电镜下鸡原始红细胞多附着在窦壁上 ,核周隙窄 ,核孔数量较多 ;而成熟红细胞多分布在近血窦中央处 ,核周隙宽 ,核孔数量较少。异嗜性颗粒在早幼阶段可分 A型和 B型。嗜碱性颗粒分为 型和 型 ,它们分别在中幼和晚幼阶段出现。嗜酸性颗粒呈均质的圆形     

传染性喉气管炎病毒在鸡胚肾细胞上的增殖特性

用电镜对鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒（ＩＬＴＶ）强毒（王岗株），弱毒（疫苗株）感染鸡胚肾细胞进行了观察。观察到一些特殊的毒浆结构、管状结构及呈“二分裂相”的核衣壳结构，探讨它们形成的可能机制和功能，描述了核内、胞质中核衣壳获得囊膜过可能过程。发现ＩＬＴＶ可能存在胞质装配途径。通过电镜手段比较了强、弱毒株正在感染细胞内增殖差异情况。     

精子RNA的研究进展

1精子RNA存在的争论 作为遗传物质的载体，精子的作用仅是将父本的基因组DNA成功地带入到卵子中，所以成熟精子不必含mRNA，这个观点被广泛接受。有关精子中存在RNA的报道，常被解释为有未成熟的精子细胞的存在，或是精子分析样本中混杂有体细胞，或是精子中含有未被支持细胞吸收的胞质小体造成，而胞质小体的存在又通常被认为是精子成熟度低的标志。     

Scanning electron microscopy of the superficial pineal gland of the 15-day-old rat (Rattus norvegicus)

The presence of a cortex and medulla in the superficial pineal gland has been a controversial point in the morphology of this structure in mammals. The published reports indicate contradictory data especially in rodents. In this study the pineal gland of 15-day-old male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were studied, using scanning electron microscopy, in an attempt to determine whether or not a cortex and medulla are apparent in the pineal gland of young rats. The superficial pineal gland of the 15-day-old rat exhibited both a cortex and a medulla; these areas exhibited different structural organizations. The cortex had a thickness of 40-80 microm and the cells did not show a particular arrangement. The center of the gland was composed of a medulla, which had a width of 1000-1200 microm, and consisted of cells arranged in cords; its morphology was distinctly different from that of the cortex.     

Postnatal development of the pineal gland in the goat (Capra hircus)--light and electron microscopy studies

This study was conducted to investigate structural transformations of the goat pineal gland during postnatal development. The pineals of newborn, 4-week-, 4-month-, 1-year- and 3-year-old male goats were prepared for qualitative and quantitative investigations at both light and transmission electron microscopy levels. In the first 4 months after birth, the pinealocytes developed very intensively, which was connected with enlargement of their volume as well as distinct qualitative and quantitative transformations of their cytoplasmic organelles. Parallel to these changes, the pineal parenchyma underwent deep reorganization and the mosaic pattern, characteristic for newborns, disappeared. At the same time the meshwork of blood vessels supporting the goat pineal gland developed conspicuously. From fourth months to one year of postnatal life continuation of the growth of some pinealocyte organelles and very intensive development of all components of the pineal connective tissue were observed. In the three-year-old goats some decrease in the relative volume of most cytoplasmic structures of pinealocytes as well as increase in collagen fibers in stroma were noticed. The investigations established intensive growth of the goat pineal to the age of 4 months, which included mainly some increase in the pinealocyte and their structures. The pineal gland of 4-month- and 1-year-old goats showed morphological features which are considered as symptoms of high secretory activity. The structure of the pineal gland in 3-year-old animals and the changes observed both in their pinealocytes and connective tissue in comparison with 1-year-old individuals point to some decrease in the goat pineal activity in this age.     

Post-natal growth in the rat pineal gland: a stereological study

The purpose was to observe the changes in a rat pineal gland using stereological techniques during lactation and post-weaning periods. Thirty Wistar albino rats were studied during different post-natal periods using light microscopy. Pineal gland volume was estimated using the Cavalieri Method. Additionally, the total number of pinealocytes was estimated using the optical fractionator technique. Pineal gland volume displayed statistically significant changes between lactation and after weaning periods. A significant increase in pineal gland volume was observed from post-natal day 10 to post-natal day 90. The numerical density of pinealocytes became stabilized during lactation and decreased rapidly after weaning. However, the total number of pinealocytes continuously increased during post-natal life of all rats in the study. However, this increment was not statistically significant when comparing the lactation and after weaning periods. The increase in post-natal pineal gland volume may depend on increment of immunoreactive fibres, capsule thickness or new synaptic bodies.     

鲤鳃的组织学观察

应用光镜和电镜技术对鲤鳃进行了形态结构观察.结果表明,鲤鳃内有呼吸上皮、支持细胞、粘液细胞、泌氯细胞和蛋白腺细胞.本文除对上述细胞详细描述外,还对其结构特点与功能的关系进行了探讨.     

Stress Factors Can Reverse the Pinealostimulatory Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on the Pineal Gland of Blossomheaded Parakeet (Psittacula cyanocephala)

A study of the pineal gland of adult male blossomheaded parakeets was conducted with the aid of light microscopic examination to determine the influence of stress on pineal cells. It was demonstrated that stress decreased the growth and activity of the pinel cells when induced as hyperosmolality (water deprivation, salt ingestion). This influence on the pineal gland was not inhibited by previous treatment of a sympatholytic agent, 6-hydroxydopamine.     

Ultrastructure of plasma cells in harderian gland of laying hens

Ultrastructure of plasma cells in Harderian gland was investigated using the transmission electron microscopy. For this research, we examined the glands of 32 laying hens collected at 1, 7, 20 and 40 days and 4, 6, 8 and 12 months of the birds' ages. The research showed that the stroma of the gland contains a large number of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Most of the plasma cells are mature, but morphologically do not show productive activity. Only some individual plasma cells, situated under the secretory epithelium of primary and secondary ducts, have extremely dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum which contain moderately dense, granular material. The morphology of these cells indicates that they are in active stage of immunoglobulin production. Also, we identified plasma cells with two types of Russell bodies. One type of these bodies was small, round or oval, while the other had irregular, angular shape. It was noted that one plasma cell never contains both type of Russell bodies at the same time. These cells were often affected by apoptosis. Among them, in deeper part of the stroma, were situated the small plasmablast cells.     

Peptidergic and nitrergic innervation of the pineal gland in the domestic pig: an immunohistochemical study

The presence and co-localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide N-terminal histidine C-terminal isoleucine (PHI), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), somatostatin (SOM), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were studied in neuronal structures of the pig pineal gland. Paraformaldehyde-fixed pineals of 3-month-old gilts were sliced into serial cryostat sections, which were subjected to a set of double immunofluorescence stainings. Based on the co-existence patterns of neuropeptides, five populations of nerve fibres supplying the pig pineal were distinguished: (1) PHI-positive, (2) PACAP-positive, (3) SOM-positive, (4) SP/CGRP-positive and (5) SP-positive/CGRP-negative. Only a subpopulation of PHI-positive fibres contained VIP at the level detectable by immunofluorescence. NOS was found in some intrapineal PHI- and VIP-positive fibres. PHI-, VIP- and NOS-positive nerve fibres were more numerous in the peripheral than in the central part of the pineal. PACAP-positive fibres were equally distributed within the gland. The density of SOM-positive fibres was higher in the ventro-proximal than in the dorso-distal part of the pineal. SOM was also detected in some neuronal-like cells or specialized pinealocytes situated in the central region of the gland. Two populations of fibres containing SP were found: CGRP-positive, present in the distal and central parts of the pineal as well as CGRP-negative, localized in the proximal compartment of the gland.     

Arterial supply of the pineal gland of Akkaraman sheep

Arterial vascularisation of the ovine pineal gland was investigated by latex injection preparations of the common carotid artery in 20 adult Akkaraman sheep brains under stereo light microscope. It was observed that the arterial supply comes exclusively from branches of the caudal cerebral artery. The pineal gland was found to contain a rich vascular network. This network also received a few branches from the caudal choroid rami.     

Arterial vascularization of the pineal gland in the fetus of Zavot-bred cattle

This study aimed at revealing arterial vascularization of the pineal gland of the Zavot-bred foetus. Twenty foetuses, regardless of their sex, at the age of 2-7 months were used. Coloured-latex was injected by way of both the right and left common carotid arteries. Then, dissection was performed and vessels nourishing the pineal gland were documented. The pineal gland is vascularized by a number of 2-5 central rami. A small vessel arising from each of the central rami in two foetuses (10%) was shown anastomosing with a branch of the cranial cerebral artery, which advances in cranio-caudal direction in the callosal groove. Hence, anastomoses were observed between several sub-branches of each caudal cerebral and cranial cerebellar arteries.     

Pineal system of desert rodents and its relationship to the epithalamus

The morphological relationships of the pineal complex to the epithalamic structures have been examined at light microscopic level in five desert rodent species, Meriones crassus , Meriones lybicus , Gerbillus gerbillus , Psammomys obesus and Ctenodactylus vali . The pineal complex is classified as type ABC in M. crassus and G. gerbillus, AC in M. lybicus, AβC in P. obesus and αβC in C. vali. In these rodent species, the pineal is an elongated organ which is dumbbell-shaped in G. gerbillus and M. lybicus, and extends above the cerebral hemispheres in M. crassus , leaf-shaped in P. obesus and lancet-shaped in C. vali. In P. obesus, pigment-containing cells are noted in the superficial part of the gland. In all species examined, the suprahabenular recess which is an extension of the choroid plexus of the third ventricule establishes a close anatomical relationship with the deep pineal. In C. vali, the suprahabenular recess is also contiguous with the pineal stalk and the superficial pineal component. In M. lybicus, M. crassus, G. gerbillus and P. obesus , a prominent dorsal vessel, the vena cerebri magna , intervenes between the suprahabenular recess, the superficial portion and the stalk. The most striking feature noted in this study is the presence of numerous melanocytes in the connective tissue capsule of the pineal gland, in the connecting stalk and in the connective tissue core of the highly convoluted suprahabenular recess in M. lybicus and M. crassus . The location of melanocytes in the restricted pineal area may suggest that these cells have a morphosignificance in photoreception or photoprotection.