球孢白僵菌Bb09侵染美国白蛾的扫描电镜观察及其致病性

为探明球孢白僵菌Bb09侵染美国白蛾体壁的过程及其对美国白蛾卵及各龄幼虫的致病性,利用扫描电镜观察球孢白僵菌Bb09对美国白蛾3龄幼虫致病过程,并采用喷雾法以不同浓度的孢子悬浮液(1×108孢子/mL、1×107孢子/mL、1×106孢子/mL、1×105孢子/mL、1×104孢子/mL)接种美国白蛾卵及1～6龄幼虫,测定其致病性.结果 表明:球孢白僵菌Bb09接种美国白蛾3龄幼虫后,随着时间的延长,分生孢子以芽管形式入侵美国白蛾表皮并穿透体壁,对美国白蛾进行侵染;球孢白僵菌Bb09对美国白蛾卵无致病力;对于同龄幼虫,随白僵菌孢子悬浮液浓度增加,致病性逐渐增强,对同一浓度白僵菌孢子悬浮液,随幼虫龄期增大,累积死亡率逐渐降低,以1×108孢子/mL接种美国白蛾1到3龄幼虫,第7天的累积死亡率为98.89％、97.78％、87.78％,致死中时(LT50)估计值为0.43～1.88 d,1.13～2.49 d,3.05～4.01 d;通过时间 剂量死亡率模型(TDM)分析,球孢白僵菌Bb09侵染美国白蛾的剂量效应在前4d变化较大,死亡率较高.综合分析,球孢白僵菌Bb09对美国白蛾低龄幼虫较高龄幼虫有更高的致病性,为美国白蛾的生物防治提供参考.     

四种常用化学杀虫剂与三种虫生真菌的相容性

以4种化学杀虫剂(吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、呋虫胺、吡蚜酮)为试材,以3种虫生真菌(蜡蚧菌CA19、玫烟色拟青霉Pf16、球孢白僵菌Bb11)为供试菌,通过测量平板上真菌孢子萌发、菌落生长直径和产孢量,考察上述4种化学杀虫剂对蜡蚧菌、拟青霉和白僵菌的影响,以期明确常用化学杀虫剂与真菌杀虫剂的相容性,为虫生真菌的田间应用提供依据。结果表明:对于孢子萌发,噻虫嗪对蜡蚧菌孢子萌发抑制作用较大,其有效抑制中浓度EC50为464.0μg·mL~(-1),相较而言,二者之间相容性较差;吡蚜酮与球孢白僵菌的相容性较好,其EC50为7 560.4μg·mL~(-1)。对于菌丝生长,噻虫嗪对球孢白僵菌的菌丝生长的影响较大,其EC50为324.9μg·mL~(-1),相较而言,其与球孢白僵菌的相容性较差;吡蚜酮与蜡蚧菌的相容性较好,其EC50为23 390.8μg·mL~(-1)。对于产孢量,与田间使用浓度的处理(单位面积的菌落产孢量)相比,呋虫胺对球孢白僵菌的产孢量影响较大,二者之间相容性较差;其它处理组合,在药剂田间使用浓度下均可以相容。总体来看,在各农药田间推荐使用浓度下,各供试农药与蜡蚧菌、玫烟色拟青霉和球孢白僵菌之间均可相容,可选择性地使用。     

卵孢白僵菌与农药混用对蛴螬防治效果研究

使用不同浓度的卵孢白僵菌(NEAU30503)孢子悬浮液对蛴螬进行了生物测定,以商品卵孢白僵菌和绿僵菌作为对照,同时测定了卵孢白僵菌与陶本斯乳油和功夫乳油2种化学农药混用对蛴螬的致死率。结果表明:生物农药单独使用时,仅1.25×1011孢子数/L的卵孢白僵菌(NEAU30305)在40d时药效达到79.9%,对照处理的杀虫效果为44.6%～59.7%。菌药混用测定中,陶丝本(3 000×)与卵孢白僵菌的LT50仅为2.1d,LT90为4.1d,其防效最好。     

蜡蚧轮枝菌对西花蓟马成虫和若虫的毒力测定

利用蜡蚧轮枝菌MZ041024菌株的不同浓度孢子液对西花蓟马成虫和若虫进行室内毒力测定。结果表明:在3.6×10~8个/mL浓度下,蜡蚧轮枝菌MZ041024菌株对成虫的最高死亡率为(76.87±4.38)%,致死中浓度(4.140±0.10)×10~6个/mL,致死中时间为(5.54±0.22)d;若虫的最高死亡率为(80.95±1.71)%,致死中浓度(1.598±0.064)×10~5个/mL,致死中时间为(5.13±0.25)d,随浓度增加其杀虫速度加快,随处理时间延长其毒力增强。     

几种杀线虫剂对番茄根结线虫的田间药效试验

选用几种中低毒杀虫杀线虫剂对番茄根结线虫进行田间药效试验。结果表明:噻唑膦防治番茄根结线虫的效果为76.7%,辛硫磷的防效为65.0%,噻唑磷的防效明显高于辛硫磷。3种阿维菌素类药剂相比较,依维菌素效果最好,防效为71.7%,阿维菌素和甲维盐的防效分别为65.2%和63.9%。依维菌素的防效明显高于阿维菌素与甲维盐,阿维菌素与甲维盐之间防效无显著差异。淡紫拟青霉和厚孢轮枝菌单用的防效分别为36.5%和41.8%,低于化学药剂的水平;淡紫拟青霉和厚孢轮枝菌混用的防效为60.0%,效果显著提高;但是,淡紫拟青霉、厚孢轮枝菌和噻唑磷3种菌药混用,增加噻唑磷却未能显示出防效的进一步提高。     

球孢白僵菌菌株对平菇厉眼蕈蚊的室内毒力

利用球孢白僵菌MZ050724菌株株5种孢子悬浮液浓度(3.6×104个·mL-1～3.6×108个·mL-1),对平菇厉眼蕈蚊(Bradysia difformis)成虫、幼虫和蛹进行室内毒力测定。结果表明该菌株对异平菇厉眼蕈蚊具有较强致病力。孢子浓度3.6×108个·mL-1可造成大量平菇厉眼蕈蚊感染致死,其成虫、幼虫和蛹的累计校正死亡率分别为87.31%、92.93%和70.12%,成虫、幼虫和蛹第7天的LC50分别是2.865×105个·mL-1、2.685×105个·mL-1和9.063×105个·mL-1,而在浓度3.6×108个·mL-1时平菇厉眼蕈蚊成虫、幼虫和蛹的LT50分别为4.36 d、4.06 d和5.10 d。     

温湿度对蜡蚧轮枝菌VL17菌株侵染温室白粉虱的毒力影响

测定了蜡蚧轮枝菌VL17菌株在不同温湿度条件下对温室白粉虱的致病力。结果表明:在15～35℃的温度范围内,VL17菌株对温室白粉虱2龄若虫均有致病力,若虫死亡率随着温度升高而增加。在25℃温度条件下,采用1.8×107个/mL孢子悬浮液处理,温室白粉虱2龄若虫第7天死亡率达100%。湿度越大,蜡蚧轮枝菌VL17菌株对温室白粉虱的致病力越强。     

球孢白僵菌MZ050724菌株对瓜实蝇的毒力测定

选用球孢白僵菌MZ050724菌株对瓜实蝇进行室内毒力测定.结果表明,在孢子浓度3.6×105～3.6×108个/mL 4个处理中,成虫、幼虫和蛹的最大累计校正死亡率分别为(95.24±3.55)％、(86.56±4.88)％和(80.47±3.86)％;其致死中浓度(LC50)分别为(2.544±0.2846)×105、(2.912 6±0.4871)×105和(3.459±0.4735)×105个/mL;成虫、幼虫和蛹的致死中时间(LT50)分别为(4.643±0.396)、(5.308±0.225)和(6.139±0.524)天.     

卵孢白僵菌与农药的复配剂对甜菜夜蛾的毒力测定

比较6种杀虫剂和3种杀菌剂与卵孢白僵菌的相容性,筛选出4种杀虫剂甲维盐、除尽、铁沙掌和康夫,用这4种杀虫剂的亚致死剂量和次亚致死剂量分别与1×107个孢子/mL的菌悬液复配后对甜菜夜蛾进行室内毒力测定.结果表明:第2天,含甲维盐和除尽的亚致死剂量的复配剂校正防效分别达到了59.9%和90.7%,到第10天均达到了97%以上;含甲维盐和除尽次亚致死剂量的复配剂的校正防效在第2天时分别为49.9%和67.8%,第10天时均达到95%以上.     

蜡蚧轮枝菌对枸杞蚜虫的室内毒力和常用药剂敏感性测定

为了明确枸杞常用药剂对蜡蚧轮枝菌的抑制作用和蜡蚧轮枝菌对枸杞蚜虫的控制效果,采用测定抑菌率和室内毒力的方法对4株蜡蚧轮枝菌进行研究。结果表明：杀菌剂中的醚菌酯和杀虫剂中的啶虫醚对4株蜡蚧轮枝菌较安全|1号蜡蚧轮枝菌对枸杞蚜虫的控制效果最好,其浓度毒力回归方程为y=0.209 x+3.904,LD50为1.8×105个?mL-1,时间毒力回归方程为y=0.650 3x+1.840 4,LT50为4.89 d。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

The effect of exposure on landscape scale soil surface temperatures and species distribution models

Species distribution models (SDMs) often use elevation as a surrogate for temperature or utilise elevation sensitive interpolations from weather stations. These methods may be unsuitable at the landscape scale, especially where there are sparse weather stations, dramatic variations in exposure or low elevational ranges. The goal of this study was to determine whether radiation, moisture or a novel estimate of exposure could improve temperature estimates and SDMs for vegetation on the Illawarra Escarpment, near Sydney, Australia. Forty temperature sensors were placed on the soil surface of an approximately 12,000 ha study site between November 2004 and August 2006. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship with environmental factors. Elevation was correlated more with moderate temperatures (winter maximums, summer minimums, spring and autumn averages) than extreme temperatures (summer maximums, winter minimums). The correlation (r ²) between temperature and environmental factors was improved by up to 0.38 by incorporating exposure, moisture and radiation in the regressions. Summer maximums and winter minimums were predominately determined by exposure to the NW and coastal influences respectively, while exposure to the NE and SW was important during other seasons. These directions correspond with the winds that are most influential in the study area. The improved temperature estimates were used in Generalised Additive Models for 37 plant species. The deviance explained by most models was increased relative to elevation, especially for moist rainforest species. It was concluded that improving the accuracy of seasonal temperature estimates could improve our ability to explain the patchy distribution of many species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.