绿色巴夫藻的光生物反应器半连续培养研究

实验利用一种气升式光生物反应器进行了绿色巴夫藻的半连续培养研究,详细探讨了更新率、更新周期等因素与藻细胞的生长、采收量、产率及氮、磷营养盐的利用之间的关系。实验发现,更新率、更新周期和起始更新时间均是半连续培养的重要参数。半连续培养间的生长速率随更新率的上升而增大,随更新周期的延长而减小。采收量和更新率间呈一抛物线关系,更新率为30%最大,为1.70g/d;产率随更新率的增大而减小,在10%时达到0.58g/L·d,而50%时仅为0.26g/L·d;在30%的更新率下,随着更新周期的延长,采收的藻细胞密度增大。但24d的更新培养期内总采收量随周期的延长而下降,1d组为33.68g,而4d组只有17.66g。对于采收藻液的PO4P和NO3N平均含量,随更新率的增大而上升,更新率为10%时二者分别为0.350mg/L、0.064mg/L,而50%时分别上升至0.796mg/L和1.956mg/L;PO4P平均含量随更新周期的延长而下降,1d组和4d组分别为0.353mg/L和0.185mg/L,而NO3N平均含量在各更新周期间无显著变化,稳定在0.060mg/L左右。综合考虑各指标,以30%的更新率和1d为更新周期是绿色巴夫藻光生物反应器半连续培养的一个较佳模式。     

小新月菱形藻生长条件及半连续培养条件研究

为研究温度、光照和营养盐对小新月菱形藻生长的影响,设计了5个温度,3个光照度,各种营养盐各4个浓度以及6个更新率,进行了小新月菱形藻的培养试验。结果表明:小新月菱形藻的最佳生长温度为15～20℃,最佳光照度为5000 lx,氮、磷、硅、铁的最佳浓度依次为300、15、120、1.575 mg/L;当温度高于30℃或者光照度大于10000 lx时,小新月菱形藻均不能生长。对小新月菱形藻进行半连续培养条件的研究发现,小新月菱形藻在6个不同的更新率(25%、30%、35%、40%、45%和50%)条件下均能完成半连续培养。根据不同更新率下的细胞密度和实际生产中的培养密度,建议采收率在40%～45%。     

不同光照条件对小新月菱形藻和等鞭金藻8701生长及生化成分的影响

研究了小新月菱形藻(Nitzschiaclosteriumf.minutissima)(MACC/B228)和等鞭金藻8701(IsochrysisgalbanaParke8701)(MACC/H060)在4种光照条件下的生长情况,以及不同光强下、不同时期收获的藻细胞中总脂和碳水化合物含量的变化。结果表明,小新月菱形藻在光强70μmol·s-1·m-2时细胞分裂频率(μ)最大,最适光强70～140μmol·s-1·m-2;260μmol·s-1·m-2光强能导致细胞分裂频率变慢,指数期缩短。等鞭金藻8701在光强140μmol·s-1·m-2时μ值最大,260μmol·s-1·m-2下略有降低。2种藻均在低光下脂肪含量多,小新月和等鞭金藻脂肪含量分别占干重的25.5%～35.3%和28.3%～37.5%;而碳水化合物含量少,分别占干重的5.5%～18.2%、3.9%～11.4%;在高光强下相反。不考虑光照条件的影响,2种藻细胞内碳水化合物的含量均在静止期达到最大,分别占干重的18.98%和23.32%。小新月菱形藻在70μmol·s-1·m-2光强下的指数期细胞有最大的脂肪含量,等鞭金藻的最高脂肪含量出现于光强20μmol·s-1·m-2下指数末期的细胞中。二者在光强140μmol·s-1·m-2下生长且进入静止期时均可获得较大生物量,同时细胞的脂肪和碳水化合物的含量也处于较高水平。     

N/P对菱形藻生长速率和营养成分含量的影响

研究了N/P(1∶1、5∶1、12.5∶1、30∶1、50∶1、80∶1)对菱形藻的生长速率、营养成分含量及氮磷利用率的影响。试验结果表明,(1)N/P对菱形藻的生长影响显著(P0.05),其中N/P为12.5∶1时,比生长速率最大,当N/P5∶1和N/P50∶1时,菱形藻的生长较慢,比生长速率为0.3～0.6/d;(2)藻细胞营养成分的含量也受N/P的影响:在N/P为12.5∶1时,叶绿素的含量达到1.81g/ml,总脂肪、蛋白质、胞外多糖和胞内多糖的含量分别占干质量的29.9%、17.8%、15.3%、14.2%,高于其他N/P下的营养成分含量;(3)培养后水体中氮磷的含量明显下降,TN的利用率之间有显著性差异(P0.05),利用率均超过55%,最高为30∶1,达78%,TP的利用率之间无显著性差异(P0.05),均高于90%。     

补充CO2对光生物反应器培养新月菱形藻的影响

为了优化光生物反应器培养微藻的条件,研究了在充空气的基础补充CO2对光生物反应器培养新月菱形藻(Nitzschiaceae closterium)生长和光合作用的影响.实验表明,补充CO2(含1 000μL/L CO2的空气)促进新月菱形藻的生长,藻细胞密度和生物量显著高于对照组(CO2含量350μL/L)(P＜0.05).补充CO2也能够提高藻细胞叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素的含量(P＜0.05),但是对叶绿素b没有显著影响(P＞0.05).补充CO2能够显著提高指数生长期的最大光合速率(Pm)、光合作用效率(α)和光合作用饱和光强(Ik)(P＜0.05).结果表明,CO2是光生物反应器培养微藻的限制因子之一,补充CO2能够提高微藻的生物量.     

补充CO2对光生物反应器培养新月菱形藻的影响

为了优化光生物反应器培养微藻的条件, 研究了在充空气的基础补充CO2 对光生物反应器培养新月菱形藻(N itz schiaceae clos terium )生长和光合作用的影响。实验表明, 补充CO2 (含1 000LL /L CO2 的空气)促进新月菱形藻的生长, 藻细胞密度和生物量显著高于对照组( CO2含量350LL /L) (P < 0. 05)。补充CO2 也能够提高藻细胞叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素的含量(P < 0.05),但是对叶绿素b没有显著影响(P > 0. 05) 。补充CO2 能够显著提高指数生长期的最大光合速率( Pm )、光合作用效率( A) 和光合作用饱和光强( Ik ) (P < 0. 05)。结果表明, CO2是光生物反应器培养微藻的限制因子之一, 补充CO2 能够提高微藻的生物量。     

小新月菱形藻碳酸酐酶活性和光合作用对高盐度胁迫的响应

以浮游硅藻小新月菱形藻为实验材料,研究其在不同盐度下的生长、胞外碳酸酐酶活性、光合速率和叶绿素a荧光参数的变化。结果显示,与正常海水培养相比,最高盐度(70)培养的细胞比生长速率下降了59.2%;同时,胞外碳酸酐酶活性、叶绿素a、c含量分别降低了66.3%、50.0%和45.7%。高盐度培养下,最大光合速率(P_{m)、光合效率(α)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(Yield)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)下降,但非光化学淬灭系数(qN)升高,对无机碳的亲和力明显下降。以上结果表明,盐度升高对小新月菱形藻生长和光合作用具有明显抑制作用,但小新月菱形藻可以通过胞外碳酸酐酶活性变化、对无机碳的亲和力和调整光系统Ⅱ的能量流动与能量利用效率以应对高盐度的胁迫。}     

温度和光照对塔胞藻生长的影响

采用梯度法比较了温度、光照度、光照周期对一次性培养的塔胞藻生长的影响。结果表明:塔胞藻对温度的适应范围较广,10~30℃时塔胞藻均可生长,24~28℃为塔胞藻生长的最适温度;光照度4000~10 000 lx时,塔胞藻生物量随光照度的增加而增大,并在10 000 lx时达到最大;塔胞藻在光照周期为16L∶8D时生长最快。     

内蒙古碱湖一株菱形藻的分离鉴定及其应用潜力评价

从内蒙古哈马太湖中分离得到一株淡水硅藻NW129,经形态学和分子生物学鉴定,该藻株与菱形藻属的普通菱形藻亲缘关系最近。该藻在温度28℃、光照100μmol/(m~2·s)、光暗周期12 h∶12 h,摇床转速为160 rpm的条件下培养。在Zarrouk培养基中,连续培养25 d。培养12 d,干重达到1.06 g/L,每天平均生长率为0.10 g/(L·d),培养至25 d,干重达到1.95 g/L,后13 d的平均生长率仅为0.08 g/(L·d)。整个生长过程中,培养液pH从初始的9.20增至12.30。培养25 d后,采收藻细胞总脂含量为24.00%,可溶性蛋白为12.00%,多糖比例为3.35%,岩藻黄素含量达13.06 mg/g。结果表明,该藻株速生性状突出,对高pH耐受能力强,岩藻黄素含量高,是一株具有开发应用潜力的藻株。     

温度对小新月菱形藻叶绿素荧光特性及生长的影响

以小新月菱形藻为试验材料,研究了其在一次性培养过程中,不同温度(5~30℃)对其叶绿素荧光参数[光系统Ⅱ的最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、光系统Ⅱ的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、光系统Ⅱ的实际光能转化效率(ΦPSⅡ)、相对光合电子传递效率(rETR)、光化学淬灭(qP)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)]、叶绿素相对含量以及细胞密度的影响。单因子方差分析结果表明,在整个培养周期中,温度对小新月菱形藻各叶绿素荧光参数、细胞密度和叶绿素相对含量均有显著影响(P<0.05)。多重比较结果表明,接种后1~2 d,20℃处理组的主要荧光参数(Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、rETR、ΦPSⅡ)显著高于其他处理组。30℃的处理组的上述荧光参数从第1 d开始均显著低于其他处理组。20℃处理组的细胞密度和叶绿素相对含量均显著高于其他处理组。在本试验条件下,适宜小新月菱形藻生长的温度为10~25℃,最适温度为20℃。相关性分析结果表明,在整个培养周期中,小新月菱形藻的叶绿素相对含量和细胞密度之间存在显著的正相关。     

Population dynamics and stock assessment of Wanshan Spring Decapterus maruadsi (T. & S.) in South China Sea

The general production model of Deriso-Schnute is modified to assess the stock of Wanshan Spring Decapterus maruadsi (T. & S.) in the South China Sea, using catch/effort data from 1960 to 1984. Limited data on age composition and growth were available and these were used to estimate growth parameters, the natural survival rate and proportions of fish recruiting at early ages. Stock-recruitment and catchability parameters were estimated by fitting the catch/effort data to the Deriso-Schnute model, using nonlinear parameter estimation. Equilibrium analysis for the fitted model suggests that the virginal stock was ∼63 600 tons, of which the maximum average yield is close to 17 900 tons and would be associated with an average biomass of ∼30 000 tons. To take this maximum would require approximately the present annual fishing capacity of 250 fishing boats, producing a 0.60 annual harvest rate. The present stock is at the lowest level on record; different recovery and management strategies were evaluated by computer simulations. Only ∼3 years would be needed for the stock to recover to optimum equilibrium biomass with no fishing, but it is suggested that a longer recovery period, under reduced fishing effort, would be preferable.     

胶州湾移植底播菲律宾蛤仔的生长和死亡特性

2004年5月至2005年4月对胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔（Rudimpes philippinarum）底播增殖区进行了逐月定点采样，将样品带回放于实验室内水族箱暂养，每站随机取样，共对3269个个体进行了基本生物学特性测定，研究了移植底播菲律宾蛤仔的生长、死亡等渔业生物学特性。结果表明，底播增殖菲律宾蛤仔苗种的平均个体质量0．26g、平均壳长11．1mm；底播蛤仔与野生蛤仔在生长规律上基本一致，春末至秋初（4～9月）是其主要生长期；1～3龄期间个体生长速度较快，1～2龄、2～3龄，个体质量分别增长3．88g和4．02g；1～2龄生物量增长最快，2～3龄由于死亡率增大，其生物量增长缓慢；1～3龄蛤仔软体部的生长速度快于贝壳，5～6月是菲律宾蛤仔的繁殖肥育期。根据个体生长特性，3龄为最佳采捕年龄；根据目前的养殖状况，2龄蛤仔已达到商品规格，从生物量上分析，采捕2龄蛤仔收益最高；6月是最佳的捕获时期。蛤仔生长具有明显的季节变化，水温是影响菲律宾蛤仔生长的主要环境因子。[中国水产科学，2006，13（4）：642—649]     

Enriching rotifers with “premium” microalgae. Isochrysis aff. galbana clone T-ISO

The effect of semi-continuous culture on the nutritional value of microalgae was tested in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis in short-term enrichment experiments. Isochrysis aff. galbana clone T-ISO was cultured semi-continuously with renewal rates from 10 to 50% of the volume of the culture per day and used to feed the rotifers. After 24 h, dramatic differences in dry weight and protein, lipid and carbohydrate contents were observed in the rotifers depending on the renewal rate applied to the microalgal culture. Rotifers fed T-ISO cultured with low renewal rates showed low dry weight and organic content, whereas rotifers fed microalgae from nutrient-sufficient, high renewal rate cultures showed higher dry weight and increases up to 60% in protein, 35% in lipid and 100% in carbohydrate contents. Feed conversion rate (FCR) and organic FCR decreased with increasing renewal rates, indicating a more efficient assimilation of the microalgal biomass obtained at high growth rates. The fatty acid profile of rotifers reflected that of T-ISO, with maximum content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), n-3 fatty acids and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) being found in the rotifers fed microalgae from the renewal rate of 40%. Results demonstrate that the biochemical composition of B. plicatilis is strongly modified through the use of semi-continuous cultures of microalgae in short-term enrichment processes. This technique provides an excellent tool to improve the nutritional value of the live feed used in fish larvae cultures.     

A continuous culture apparatus for the mass production of algae

A multi-stage, continuous culture apparatus has been designed and tested for the production of algae for larval molluscs and crustacea. A single-line system produced a maximum of 2.4 × 10¹¹ cells/day, or 5 g ash-free dry weight of Monochrysis lutheri. Multiple-line systems are recommended for hatcheries. The flow rate affected algal cell density, yield, biomass, protein level, and residual nitrate.Maximal cell yield occurred at 10 I flow per day, a dilution rate of 63% of the volume of the first growth carboy, or 30% of the volume of the total system. The system is also adaptable to growth of larger planktonic algae or mixed cultures of algae and protozoa and/or rotifers.     

Multicriteria estimate of coral reef fishery sustainability

A holistic basis for achieving ecosystem‐based management is needed to counter the continuing degradation of coral reefs. The high variation in recovery rates of fish, corresponding to fisheries yields, and the ecological complexity of coral reefs have challenged efforts to estimate fisheries sustainability. Yet, estimating stable yields can be determined when biomass, recovery, changes in per area yields and ecological change are evaluated together. Long‐term rates of change in yields and fishable biomass‐yield ratios have been the key missing variables for most coral reef assessments. Calibrating a fishery yield model using independently collected fishable biomass and recovery data produced large confidence intervals driven by high variability in biomass recovery rates that precluded accurate or universal yields for coral reefs. To test the model's predictions, I present changes in Kenyan reef fisheries for >20 years. Here, exceeding yields above 6 tonnes km^?2 year^?1 when fishable biomass was ~20 tonnes/km² (~20% of unfished biomass) resulted in a >2.4% annual decline. Therefore, rates of decline fit the mean settings well and model predictions may therefore be used as a benchmark in reefs with mean recovery rates (i.e. r = 0.20–0.25). The mean model settings indicate a maximum sustained yield (MSY) of ~6 tonnes km^?2 year^?1 when fishable biomass was ~50 tonnes/km². Variable reported recovery rates indicate that high sustainable yields will depend greatly on maintaining these rates, which can be reduced if productivity declines and management of stocks and functional diversity are ineffective. A number of ecological state‐yield trade‐off occurs as abrupt ecological changes prior to biomass levels that produce MSY.     

日本鳗鲡人工催产后亲鱼恢复培养与再催产效果

日本鳗鲡(Anguillajaponica)产后亲鱼的恢复培养全过程包括:产后亲鱼的海水淡化、诱导开口以及亲鱼培育。对2种不同淡化方式的结果比较发现,日本鳗鲡亲鱼的海水淡化方式以缓慢连续的方式较好,即每天换水1次,每次淡化量为总盐度的3%～4%,总淡化时间为1个月。淡化后的亲鱼存活率分别为:自然产卵的产后亲鱼达到100%,人工授精的产后亲鱼为86.3%,而难产的产后亲鱼则为81.5%。在各种开口驯养方式中,以水蚯蚓为开口饵料的驯养效果较好。诱导亲鱼开始摄食所需时间最短,为18d;摄食量也最大,达到平均体重的2.5%。从水蚯蚓逐步转为全人工饵料后,进行日常亲鱼培育。经18个月的恢复培养后,使产后亲鱼的平均体重雌鳗330g、雄鳗150g分别恢复到765g和470g。但2次繁殖的各项指标中,催熟率、成熟系数和性腺发育情况远远低于野生鳗,而催产率和幼苗存活率则略高于野生鳗,其原因尚有待进一步研究。     

异齿裂腹鱼人工规模化繁殖技术研究

2010年4～6月,对野生异齿裂腹鱼(Schizothorax o' connori)人工规模化繁殖技术进行研究,并初步进行产后亲鱼恢复培养技术研究.对108尾雌鱼进行干法人工授精,共采卵104万多粒,孵出仔鱼62万多尾.其中45尾雌亲鱼自然成熟,共采卵46.8万多粒,平均受精率和孵化率低于人工催产雌鱼卵.人工催产83...     

利用扇贝养殖筏架立体养殖裙带菜海带的试验

利用扇贝养殖筏架进行裙带菜海带立体养殖,经5个月的养殖,裙带菜单株均长136.5cm。单产2530kg;海带单株均长175.6cm,单产3750kg,亩产值2.118万元,利润1.618万元。     

Structural and biophysical properties of whole leaf and root tissue and isolated cell walls of common green bean and tomato seedlings grown in an aquaponics system relative to soil-grown counterparts

Due to increased demand for high-yielding agricultural methodologies – which are both sustainable and economically viable for the local market – research on new, alternative methods has become imperative. In this paper, crops grown within an aquaponics system are compared to soil-grown counterparts to observe the changes that occur in the key structural components and energy-producing components. The growth of the plants was monitored in both systems by consistently testing photosynthetic yield, chlorophyll content, the height of the plant, and the surface area of the leaves. After the growth period was completed, the plants were harvested and tested for changes in the fine structure of the plant. The water in the aquaponics system was monitored through the growing process and remained a stable environment for both the plants and the tilapia. The soil used to grow the traditionally grown counterparts was also tested for the same components as the water in the aquaponics system. The results from these procedures were indicative of increased growth rates, biomass production in stem and roots, incorporation of nitrogen, photosynthetic output, and cell respiration, as well as changes to the fine structure of the plant cell wall. It is the hope of this initial investigation to open up further detailed investigations concerning the effect on crops grown using aquaponic-based agriculture.