通过基因枪和农杆菌介导用BADH基因转化小麦

土壤盐碱是一种严重障碍作物生产的环境因子,甜菜碱醛脱氢酶BADH基因是一种重要的可赋予植物渗透调节抗性的基因。本研究用基因枪法及农杆菌介导法向小麦幼胚和成熟胚愈伤组织导入了BADH基因。用PDS-1000／HE基因枪轰击2933块幼胚愈伤组织,分化出了45株再生植株,分化率为1．53％。PCR分析表明,其中的5株为BADH基因转化植株。用PPT涂抹其叶片,进一步证实了PCR的结果。以小麦成熟胚愈伤组织为受体,用农杆菌介导转化1968块愈伤,仅再生出了5株绿苗,PCR检测结果均为阴性。但对其转化愈伤组织的PCR检测表明,外源基因已在受体细胞中实现了整合。以幼胚愈伤组织为受体,用农杆菌介导转化2933块愈伤,共再生出了21株绿苗。对其进行PCR检测,仅有5株为BADH基因转化植株。转化处理过的幼胚愈伤组织的绿苗再生率（0．72％）高于成熟胚愈伤（0．25％）。与对照相比,所有的转化植株均能够在0．5％NaCl（w／w）条件下正常生长,表明外源BADH基因已经整合并表达。     

根癌农杆菌介导小麦成熟胚的遗传转化研究

以小麦成熟胚为转化受体,采用农杆菌介导的遗传转化技术,建立了小麦的转基因株系.结果表明,建立的小麦遗传转化和植株再生体系,在选择压下由侵染的小麦成熟胚中,获得的抗性愈伤组织频率为57.50%,愈伤组织分化频率为8.58%,植株分化比例为0.83%.对再生植株中报告基因Gus的PCR检测结果表明,供试3株小麦的PCR均为阳性.与未进行遗传转化的对照植株相比,再生植株的Gus活性明显提高.表明再生的供试植株均为转基因植株.因此,本研究建立的小麦成熟胚遗传转化和再生体系,为今后小麦的高频转基因系的获得提供了参考依据.     

四川小麦优良受体基因型筛选及农杆菌转化因素优化

为了丰富栽培小麦转化受体基因型,优化农杆菌转化小麦幼胚的技术体系,本研究评价了21份四川优良小麦品种(系)的幼胚再生能力,并以筛选到的最佳受体为材料,利用正交设计研究了预培养时间、菌液浓度、侵染时间、抑菌剂浓度、共培养方式和农杆菌菌株等易互作的6个因素对幼胚抗性愈伤再生率的影响,并探讨了筛选剂卡那霉素(Kanamycin)的适宜浓度。结果表明,21份材料中‘5157’、‘川农16’、‘R364’、‘川麦42’‘、内麦8号’的绿苗率超过了30%,可作为优良转基因受体加以利用。以‘5157’为受体材料建立农杆菌转化体系,正交试验表明菌液浓度和农杆菌菌株对幼胚抗性愈伤再生率的影响达到显著水平,而其他因素影响不显著。经优化后的遗传转化体系为:农杆菌菌株用C58C1,幼胚不经预培养,在菌液OD值为0.4的农杆菌中侵染40 min,共培养介质选用培养基,抑菌剂为200 mg/L羧卞青霉素(Carbenicillin),适宜的卡那霉素筛选浓度为50 mg/L。本研究为四川小麦遗传转化提供了5个候选基因型,为建立和优化小麦幼胚转化技术体系提供了理论依据,同时初步建立了农杆菌转化小麦幼胚的技术体系。     

农杆菌敏感小麦基因型的筛选及其转化

利用C58c1农杆菌菌株（其携带的pPTN290质粒载体上含有nptⅡ 基因和GUS基因）为供体材料和小麦幼胚为受体材料,对我国35个春小麦基因型进行了农杆菌敏感性研究和转化研究。组织化学染色结果表明,PM97034、P187、巴140105、扬麦158、新春9号和克丰6号等基因型农杆菌感染后GUS基因瞬时表达率达到了15.0% ~ 30.0%,显著高于模式基因型Bobwhite。其余幼胚分别在含10-25mg/L G418培养基上诱导愈伤组织和分化植株,抗性再生植株经ELISA检测、PCR检测、叶片离体退绿检测、X-Gluc染色检测和Southerm blot检测,最终从新春9号和PM97034的农秆菌转化效率高于Bobwhite. Southerm blot检测结果同时表明,外源基因在多数转基因植株中表现为单拷贝整合。T₁代植株ELISA检测结果和PCR检测结果表明,外源基因在个别株系中的分离符合孟德尔遗传规律,而在多数株系中的分离偏离了孟德尔遗传规律。阳性植株与阴性植株分离比经X²。适合性检测,表明外源基因在多数株系中的遗传符合3：1分离规律。本文首次对不同小麦基因型进行了农秆菌敏感和转化效率研究,筛选到新春9号和PM97034两个对农杆菌比较敏感且转化效率比较高的基因型,可望广泛用于小麦转基因研究。     

农杆菌介导的植酸酶基因转化棉花的研究

摘要：本研究采用农杆菌介导的方法,将外源植酸酶(Phy)基因导入棉花品种的胚性愈伤组织中,经培养获得再生植株。PCR检测证明植酸酶基因已经插入到棉花基因组中,晋棉14和陕724的转化效率分别为33%和8.3%。此外,本研究还对影响农杆菌侵染棉花胚性愈伤转化效率的因素,如卡那霉素浓度、胚性愈伤组织生长状态、受体材料的基因型等进行了较为系统的比较研究,旨在建立一种转化效率高、稳定性好的棉花农杆菌遗传转化体系。     

农杆菌介导水稻BADH2基因RNA干涉表达载体的转化

利用农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）介导将水稻BADH2的RNAi载体导入多个水稻品种幼胚、成熟胚诱导的愈伤组织。试验表明，不同外植体来源影响愈伤组织的诱导和转化，并且愈伤组织的诱导和转化效果受基因型的影响。在农杆菌转化过程中，潮霉素和除草剂都是较好的筛选剂，前者筛选所得的抗性愈伤分化成苗所需时间较短；但后者筛选所得的抗性愈伤形成的苗更健壮。T0代PCR检测表明，通过转化确已获得一定数量的转基因植株。     

农杆菌介导的"川农"系列小麦品种遗传转化效率研究初探

基因型是影响小麦农杆菌转化效率的关键因素.本研究采用携带双元表达载体PCAMBIA-1303的根癌农杆菌菌株AGL 1,对12个"川农"系列小麦品种的幼胚和愈伤进行了遗传转化.GUS瞬时表达的染色结果表明:"川农"系列小麦不同基因型间转化效率差异较大,愈伤组织普遍较幼胚的转化率高,其中幼胚转化效率较高的品种有川农21和川农22,分别为90%和85%;愈伤组织的转化效率普遍高于幼胚,川农22和川农25的愈伤转化率都达到了100%.这些材料可进一步用来转化有益目的基因.     

木薯淀粉分支酶SBEⅠ反义基因遗传转化木薯的研究

旨在获得转淀粉分支酶反义SBEⅠ基因的‘华南木薯8号’转基因植株,为利用转基因技术改良木薯淀粉品质打下基础。在建立了木薯从胚状体子叶到完整植株的再生体系的基础上,用块根特异表达启动子Sporamin驱动的木薯淀粉分支酶SBEⅠ反义基因,通过农杆菌介导法对‘华南木薯8号’进行遗传转化。共接种‘华南木薯8号’子叶517块,获得7株生长良好的转化再生植株,转化再生频率达到1.35%。经PCR检测,其中5株转化再生植株扩增出目的条带,初步证实木薯淀粉分支酶SBEⅠ反义基因已整合进了‘华南木薯8号’基因组中。通过农杆菌介导法可以将淀粉分支酶SBEⅠ反义基因导入到‘华南木薯8号’基因组中,获得了5株转基因植株。     

雄性不育基因对棉花的遗传转化

利用TA29、A6、A9三启动子功能区与barnase基因融合构建的不育基因以农杆菌介导法对棉花下胚轴进行了遗传转化,通过胚状体途径获得了转基因再生植株.利用150 mg·L-1高浓度卡那霉素(Km)对转化初期筛选出的再生苗进行再次筛选,提高了转化株的选出率.通过PCR检测和Southern dot blot分析从转基因胚状体再生植株中获得了带有barnase不育基因的120株转基因植株.进行转基因植株生物学性状检测和观察表明,所获得的转基因植株对溴苯腈表现出了明显的抗性,并从不育基因转化植株中筛选出了具有明显不育特征的雄性不育株.     

农杆菌介导籼稻中籼3037转化体系的优化及其应用

以籼稻品种中籼3037为材料,研究了影响农杆菌介导转化籼稻的几个重要因素,结果表明：MSⅡ培养基作为愈伤组织的诱导培养基好于N6D2;以幼胚为外植体,愈伤组织的诱导率和转化率明显比成熟胚和幼穗高;根癌农杆菌菌株EHA105介导的基因转化率高于AGLO;当以幼胚为外植体,根癌农杆菌菌株E-HA105介导的中籼3037的转化率为18.0%,而AGLO为5.5%;EHA105菌液OD值为0.6,浸染时间14min为中籼3037合适的转化参数;在分化培养基MSR中添加20g/L的山梨醇有利于抗性愈伤组织的分化。在此基础上,采用优化的农杆菌介导法转化中籼3037及其来源的突变体A和B,获得了转化植株,PCR、Southern杂交和T1代遗传分析表明外源基因已经整合到水稻基因组中。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.