Resistance situation and enterotoxin production capacity of Staphylococcus aureus strains from bovine mastitis milk samples]

In total, 63 S. aureus strains from mastitis milk samples of different animals in 57 farms were isolated. In 14 (22%) of the S. aureus strains resistancies against one or several of the examined antibiotics could be observed whereby six resistance patterns were found. 14.3% of the strains were penicillin resistant. 34 (54%) of the 63 S. aureus produced enterotoxins (SE). Three strains formed SEA, 21 SEC, three SED and seven strains 2 SE, SEAC, SEAD or SEBD.     

247株猪源沙门菌对四环素类药物耐药性和耐药基因的检测分析

为探究猪源沙门菌分离株对四环素类抗菌药物耐药性及四环素耐药基因(tet)的流行与分布情况,从7省的合作猪场采集病死猪肝脏、肺脏、肠道作细菌分离,利用沙门菌属特异性侵袭基因(invA)和16S rDNA扩增、测序等方法进行鉴定,并用微量肉汤稀释法测定沙门菌分离株对四环素类抗菌药物的敏感性,PCR方法测定tet基因,以及ERIC-PCR方法分析猪源沙门菌之间的相关性和遗传关系。从823份病料中分离鉴定出247株猪源沙门菌,分离率为30.01%。药敏结果显示,对多西环素、土霉素的耐药率分别为87.45%和94.74%。PCR检测发现,分别有62,66,3株单独携带tetA、tetB、tetC基因;分别有38,8,4,7,1株菌同时携带两种不同的tet基因(tetA+B、tetA+C、tetA+D、tetB+C、tetC+D);分别有9,6,1,6,1,4,3株菌同时携带3种不同的tet基因(tetA+B+C、tetA+B+D、tetA+B+M、tetA+C+D、tetA+D+M、tetB+C+D、tetB+C+M);分别有6,2株菌同时携带4种不同的tet基因(tetA+B+C+D、tetA+C+D+M);没有检测到单独携带tetD、tetM以及同时携带5种tet基因的菌株。接合试验表明,tetM可与tetA或tetC共同在沙门菌与大肠杆菌间转移,导致菌株多西环素抗性水平转移。试验菌共分为A~δ共30个ERIC型,tet基因分布于不同ERIC型菌株中,表明其在试验菌株间水平扩散。本试验首次在猪源沙门菌中发现了编码核糖体保护蛋白的四环素类耐药基因tetM。猪源沙门菌对四环素类药物耐药严重,对多西环素、土霉素具有普遍耐药性,tetA、tetB基因在7省猪源沙门菌中流行最广泛,分离菌对四环素类药物的普遍耐药性与单个或多个tet基因的普遍存在密切相关。     

Class 1 integrons in Dutch Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin isolates from clinical cases of bovine salmonellosis

Fifty-nine Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin (Salmonella Dublin) isolates from clinical cases of bovine salmonellosis between 1993 and 2004 were tested for their susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial agents and the presence of class 1 integrons. Integrons were further analyzed by conserved segment PCR-RFLP. DNA sequencing was used to identify the inserted gene cassette. Twelve (20.3%) isolates were multidrug-resistant. A combination of resistance against chloramphenicol, streptomycin and sulphonamides was the most common phenotype observed. Multidrug-resistance (MDR) was found to be strongly associated with the presence of integrons, since a class 1 integron with the aadA1 gene cassette encoding resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin was found in all 12 multidrug-resistant isolates. The presence of the aadA1 gene in Salmonella Dublin has not been reported before. None of the integron carrying Salmonella Dublin isolates could transfer its antimicrobial resistance to E. coli K12 by conjugation. Analysis of plasmid profiles and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns showed at least some clonality among the Salmonella Dublin isolates, but 11 different types could be distinguished based on both XbaI and BlnI-PFGE patterns. Thus, the Dutch Salmonella Dublin strains were closely related but not clonal.     

Resistance of Salmonella isolates in Germany

During 2000-2002 the National Veterinary Reference Laboratory for Salmonella (NRL-Salm) in Germany typed 11,911 isolates from animals, food, feed and the environment. All of them were tested for their susceptibility to 17 anti-microbial agents. Sixty-three per cent of all isolates were resistant and 40% were multiresistant (resistant against more than one anti-microbial). This general resistance level was strongly influenced by those specific serotypes which dominate the Salmonella epidemiology in Germany. Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 isolates from pig and cattle, and their resulting food products, were multiresistant in 98 and 94% of the cases respectively. During the period 2000-2003 an increasing quinolone resistance especially in Salmonella isolates from poultry and poultry meat (to 26%) and in S. Paratyphi B D-tartrate positive isolates (to 64%) could be observed. This increase was accompanied by a shift towards higher minimal inhibitory concentrations for ciprofloxacin.     

动物源沙门菌耐药性调查及Ⅰ类整合子的检测

采用肉汤微量稀释法,选用22种常用抗菌药物,对98株动物源沙门菌进行药敏试验,结果显示:菌株对磺胺类、四环素类药物及萘啶酸普遍耐药,对氨基糖苷类药物耐药率较低,对氟喹诺酮类药物高度敏感;菌株多重耐药率为67.35%(66/98).采用PCR方法检测菌株Ⅰ类整合子的流行情况,并分析其携带的耐药基因盒.结果98株沙门菌中Ⅰ类整合子的检出率为50.0%(49/98),并且均携带耐药基因盒,基因盒以dfrA17-aadA5的组合形式最为常见;Ⅰ类整合子阳性菌株的多重耐药率为95.92%(47/49),阴性菌株的多重耐药率为38.78%(19/49).上述结果表明Ⅰ类整合子普遍存在于兽医临床耐药沙门菌中,其流行与菌株多重耐药性具有一定的相关性.     

Detection of geographic isolates of Anaplasma marginale, using polyclonal bovine antisera and microfluorometry

Geographically separate United States isolates of Anaplasma marginale were differentiated, using polyclonal bovine antiserum and microfluorometry. Both isolate-common and restricted antigen-specific antibodies were apparent in sera of splenectomized calves after resolution of infection, as judged by the capability of the antisera to recognize heterologous isolate antigens to a lesser extent than homologous antigens. Furthermore, absorption of the antisera with homologous antigens removed homologous and heterologous reactions, whereas heterologous absorptions resulted in the capability to discriminate the tailed or appendage-associated isolates (Virginia and Washington) from the tail-less isolate (Florida).     

Salmonella isolates from wild animals in Cornwall

During a period of 14 years 4881 badgers and 613 other free-living wild animals, representing 15 different species of mammals and 30 different species of birds from the County of Cornwall were examined for the presence of salmonellae. Twenty-six serotypes and one non-motile strain were isolated from the badgers and four serotypes from the other species.     

Characterization of Salmonella isolates from captive lizards

Reptile-associated salmonellosis in humans is an increasing public health issue. This study aimed at characterizing Salmonella isolates from captive lizards and to compare them to human isolates. Salmonella was isolated from 25 of 33 cloacal and 47 of 79 faecal samples from captive lizards (75.8 and 59.5%, respectively). The strains belonged to 44 serotypes of subspecies I (27 serotypes), II (9), IIIb (3) and IV (5). Two strains, one of serotype Enteritidis and one of serotype Amsterdam, were resistant to nitrofurantoin. Invasion assays in Caco-2 cells were performed with 40 saurian isolates of subspecies I, 15 isolates of subspecies II, 4 strains of subspecies IIIb, 6 subspecies IV isolates and 17 human isolates of corresponding serotypes of subspecies I. Saurian isolates belonging to subspecies I invaded the Caco-2 cells to a higher extent than those from the other subspecies. The human isolates invaded the Caco-2 cells to a lesser degree compared to their saurian counterparts. In the same strains, the presence of virulence genes agfA, shdA, spvR, pefA and sopE was determined using PCR. Whereas agfA was detected in all strains, pefA was only detected in one saurian and in the human serotype Enteritidis strains. The spvR gene was detected in the same serotype Enteritidis strains and in 33% of the subspecies IV strains. The shdA gene was present in all the human isolates and in 86% of subspecies I saurian isolates. SopE was found in 17% of the human isolates, in 24% of the saurian subspecies I strains and in all of the subspecies IV strains.     

Unique features of bovine lymphocytes exposed to a staphylococcal enterotoxin

We previously demonstrated that stimulation of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC), led to an inversion of the CD4⁺:CD8⁺ T cell ratio and generation of an atypical CD8⁺ T cell subpopulation expressing CD26. In the present study, we examined T cell apoptosis and proliferation profiles of PBMC subpopulations in cultures stimulated with SEC. Unlike when stimulated with concanavalin A, nucleic acid synthesis in bovine PBMC cultures stimulated with SEC was low during the first four days but increased greatly on day 5. In contrast, nucleic acid synthesis in human PBMC cultures stimulated with SEC increased continuously. To investigate the mechanism of delayed bovine T cell proliferation, various cell phenotypes were monitored. The inversion of the bovine CD4⁺:CD8⁺ T cell ratio in PBMC cultures stimulated by SEC was associated with higher proliferation and lower apoptosis of CD8⁺ T cells compared to CD4⁺ T cells. The mRNA levels for interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 were sustained over 4 days but IL-12 mRNA levels dropped to background on day 2. These data suggest that SEC induces a prolonged Th-2-biased microenvironment, and together with the inversion of the bovine CD4⁺:CD8⁺ T cell ratios in bovine PBMC cultures with SEC, may in part explain the inability of the mammary immune system to establish an effective response to Staphylococcus aureus infections.     

Detection of the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1) gene and its relationship with fimbrial and enterotoxin markers in E. coli isolates from pigs with diarrhoea

The presence of the astA gene responsible for production of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1) was examined in E. coli strains isolated from pigs with postweaning diarrhoea. Two hundred and seven isolates were tested using PCR for the astA marker and for heat-labile I (LTI), heat-stable I (STI), and heat-stable II (STII) enterotoxin genes. Moreover, the isolates were also analysed for their serotypes (O and K antigens) as well as for fimbrial adhesins using agglutination methods. It was shown that 96 (46.4%) of the isolates possessed the astA genetic determinant. The most common EAST1-positive E. coli serotype was O149:K91 and these strains were mostly LTI/STII-positive. A close correlation between the presence of F4 fimbriae and the EAST1 gene was also observed: 88 of 96 (91.7%) astA(+) isolates tested possessed the F4 antigen. Thus, EAST1 enterotoxin may represent an additional virulence determinant playing a role in the pathogenesis of porcine colibacillosis.     

Detection and identification of Salmonella Typhimurium in bovine diarrhoeic fecal samples by immunomagnetic separation and multiplex PCR assay

The aim of this study was to use the immunomagnetic separation (IMS) test plus a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR) assay to detect Salmonella at genus level and also for the identification of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in bovine diarrhoeic fecal samples. In all, 400 bovine diarrhoeic fecal specimens were examined by conventional bacterial culture, IMS, and m-PCR. For m-PCR assay, four set primers were selected: 139-141, specific for inv-A gene of Salmonella spp and the RfbJ, FliC and FljB, specific for the rfbJ, FliC and fljB genes of Salmonella Typhimurium or other Salmonella serovars with similar antigenic properties. Thirty-three (8.25%) out of the 400 fecal samples were culture positive for Salmonella serovars. Of these, 66.7% (22 of 33) were Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and 9.1% (three of 33) were serovar Dublin. In the IMS + m-PCR, four amplified product (663, 526, 284 and 183 bp) were found in all specimens that had serovar Typhimurium (4,5,12:i:1,2), they corresponded, respectively, to the rfbJ, fljB, inv-A and Flic genes of this serovar. In serovar Dublin (1,9,12:g,p:-), Georgia (6,7:b:e,n,z(15)) and, Enteritidis (1,9,12;g,m:-) only one PCR product (284 bp) was amplified from the inv-A gene. In serovars Augustenborg (6,7:i:1,2) and Lindenburg (6,8:i:1,2) three positive bands (526, 284 and 183 bp) were amplified corresponding to the fljB, inv-A and Flic genes, respectively. In serovar Virchow (6,7:r:1,2) two amplified products (284 and 526 bp) from the inv-A and FliC genes were observed. In serovar Gloucster (1,4,12(27):i:1,w) three fragments (183, 284 and 663) from the FliC, inv-A and, rfbJ genes respectively, were observed. In the positive control as expected, four PCR products were amplified corresponding to the FliC, inv-A, fljB and rfbJ genes, respectively. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that detection of Salmonella at genus level with universal ST139-141 primers and identification of Salmonella Typhimurium by using specific primers of O4, H(2):1, 2 and H(1) antigens can potentially permit to more readily evaluate fecal and other types of samples for the presence of these organisms. Compared to bacteriological culture the combination of IMS and m-PCR resulted a faster method for the detection and identification of Salmonella at genus and serovar level by using of universal and specific primers.     

Detection of mutations in the gyrA gene and class I integron from quinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis isolates in Taiwan

The quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of the gyrA gene of quinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis isolates were sequenced. Four types of point mutation, Ser-83-to-Phe (TCC→TTC), Ser-83-to-Tyr (TCC→TAC), Asp-87-to-Gly (GAC→GGC), and Asp-87-to-Asn (GAC→AAC), were found. PCR-RFLP and MAS-touch down PCR were performed on fifty swine clinical isolates of S. enterica serovar Choleraesuis (Nal^R) collected during 1997–2002. The analysis indicated seven isolates with point mutations in codon 83, 13 with point mutations in codon 87, and 30 with double mutations in both codons 83 and 87. The MICs of enrofloxacin of the isolates with a single mutation in codon 83 or 87 were <2 μg/ml, while the MICs of the isolates with double mutations in both codon 83 and 87 ranged from 2 to 64 μg/ml. A class I integron comprised of dhfr, orfF and aad2 was also identified in both human and swine S. enterica serovar Choleraesuis isolates. These results indicate that PCR-RFLP and MAS-touchdown PCR assays can be used for surveillance of gyrA gene mutations, which are important for fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella. Isolates with double mutations in gyrA codons 83 and 87 are the major type of quinolone-resistant Salmonella isolated from swine in Taiwan. A surveillance system may be applied to the swine industry to monitor the emergence of fluoroquinolone and/or multi-drug-resistant S. enterica serovar Choleraesuis in Taiwan.     

猪源沙门菌流行病学调查与耐药性分析

沙门菌作为常见的食源性病原菌之一,同时是引起断奶仔猪腹泻的重要病原菌之一,我国每年因沙门菌感染所引起的经济损失严重。沙门菌感染通常会导致猪副伤寒,主要特征是严重的系统性疾病,并且可能会导致肠炎或腹泻性疾病。本研究通过收集全国范围内仔猪腹泻样品,对沙门菌进行分离鉴定,了解规模化猪场沙门菌流行情况,同时对沙门菌抗生素敏感性进行分析。从我国16个省份,84个猪场,571份样品中分离得到的128株沙门菌中,发现最常见的血清型是鼠伤寒沙门菌,其次是德尔卑沙门菌、伦敦沙门菌、婴儿沙门菌、韦太夫雷登沙门菌和阿贡纳沙门菌。这些沙门菌的耐药情况严重,尤其是复方新诺明,其耐药率高达100%。