Survey on Myxobolus infection of the bleak (Alburnus alburnus L.) in the river Danube and in Lake Balaton

In a three-year survey of myxosporean infections of the bleak (Alburnus alburnus), involving the examination of 205 fish specimens from the River Danube and 50 from Lake Balaton, four Myxobolus species (two gill parasites, one fin parasite and a species parasitising the skeletal muscles) were detected. Two of the species could be identified as M. alburni and M. obesus. Of the other two species, the gill parasite proved to be a hitherto undescribed species which is described here as a new species by the name of M. margitae. One of the two gill-parasitic species, M. obesus, formed plasmodia in the respiratory lamellae of the gill filaments, while the plasmodia of M. margitae n. sp. were formed in the afferent artery of the primary gill filaments. The plasmodia containing spores morphologically identifiable with the species M. alburni were located in the connective tissue between the fin rays. The less frequently found muscle-parasitic Myxobolus species has not been identified precisely. The plasmodia of M. obesus were found in the fish in May and June, while those of M. alburni and M. margitae n. sp. in July and August. The prevalence of infection in fish examined in these periods was 15.5% for M. obesus, 11.5% for M. margitae and 14.0% for M. alburni.     

Immunohistochemical localization of distinct angiotensin II AT1 receptor isoforms in the kidneys of the Sprague-Dawley rat and the desert rodent Meriones crassus

Employing a purified lgG fraction of a polyclonal anti-AT1 receptor anti-body, raised against a synthetic octapeptide encompassing residues 14-21 of the first extracellular domain of the AT1 polypeptide, selective AT1 receptor expression was immunohistochemically demonstrable within renal structures in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and the desert rodent Meriones crassus. In both animal models, prominent AT1 receptor labelling was evident in renal vascular elements, particularly cortical inter-lobular arteries (IA) as well as vasa recta bundles in the inner stripe of the outer medulla. Less intense labelling was observed among peritubular capillary endothelia within the deep cortex, and at both the outer stripe and the inter-bundle regions of the inner stripe of the outer medulla. The binding of the anti-peptide anti-body was, however, lacking among glomeruli and, except for the intense labelling confined to basement membranes of Bowman's capsule of deep nephrons, was virtually absent in all renal tubular structures of both animal models. Structural assessment of the expressed AT1 receptors by two-dimensional Western blotting revealed that a spectrum of structurally distinct AT1 receptor isoforms is expressed in the renal tissues of both animal models. This spectrum was constituted by isoforms of equal size (70 kDa) but distinct pls in SD rats, and of both different sizes (67-73 kDa) and isoelectric points in M. crassus. In either species, the charge and/or size heterogeneity of AT1 receptor isoforms may be attributed in part to differential post-translational glycosylation mechanisms of the AT1 receptor polypeptide backbone. The potential for the differential glycosylation state of AT1 receptors to alter recognition properties may add another level of complexity to tissue-specific and/or species-specific mechanisms underlying angiotensin II interactions in the kidney.     

阿拉善地区不同植被生境中鼠类栖息地选择的特性

2002～2007年,在阿拉善荒漠区选择开垦区、轮牧区、过牧区和禁牧区四种植被生境,采用标志重捕法研究不同植被生境中鼠类栖息地选择的特性。结果表明:6个年度中啮齿动物群落的优势种群在四种不同植被生境中各不相同,各个群落的组成种类和主要种类的数量有较大变化;6年中不同植被生境中啮齿动物群落组成种的年平均种数为轮牧区=过牧区=禁牧区>开垦区。不同植被生境中主要组成种变化较大:开垦区为长爪沙鼠、黑线仓鼠;轮牧区为子午沙鼠、小毛足鼠;过牧区为三趾跳鼠、五趾跳鼠;禁牧区为小毛足鼠。长爪沙鼠在开垦区与其他三种干扰区间有极显著差异(P<0.01),而在其他三种干扰区间无差异;三趾跳鼠在过牧区与其他三种干扰区间有极显著差异(P<0.01)。     

A serological and molecular study on Francisella tularensis in rodents from Hamadan province,Western Iran

Introduction and purposeTularemia is a zoonotic disease, the most important hosts of which are rodents. Endemic regions and reservoirs of F. tularensis are not well-researched areas in Iran. The present study aimed to study F. tularensis infection in the rodent populations of western Iran.Materials and methodsSamples were collected in different areas of Kabudar Ahang County in Hamadan province (west of Iran) from 2014 to 2017. Tularemia serological and molecular tests were conducted using the tube agglutination test and Real-time PCR method tracking the ISFtu2 gene. Positive serum samples were evaluated for cross-reactivity with brucellosis.ResultsA total of 433 rodents, collected from 33 localities, were included in the study. The most abundant species belonged to the Persian jird (Meriones persicus; 75.5%), and Libyan jird (Meriones libycus; 10.1%). Among the studied samples, three (0.74 %) were seropositive and five (1.15%) were PCR positive. Seropositive samples were two M. persicus and one M. libycus, and PCR positive rodents were four M. persicus and one M. vinogradovi. Tularemia seropositive samples showed no cross-reactivity with brucellosis.ConclusionGiven the presence of infection in rodents with tularemia agent in the studied area, it is crucial to elucidate the risks of rodent exposure to tularemia for physicians, health personnel and the general population.     

Electron Microscopic Observation on the Structure of a Freshwater Teleost Dermis with Special Reference to the Dermo-epidermal Junction

An electronmicroscopic study of the dermis of the ventral skin of a fresh water teleost ( Pimelodus maculatus ) was examined with standard techniques. It was demonstrated that the dermal organization consists of a well developed basal membrane underlying the epidermis, and two collagenous layers (stratum compactum most superficially and stratum spongiosum, deep to it) which are separated by a layer of elastic connective tissue. Within the superficial layer melanocytes and iridophores were demonstrated.     

Pharmacokinetics of morphine and its metabolites in freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

In this study, we injected morphine sulfate IP into rainbow trout and measured the concentration of morphine and all potential metabolites in plasma using LC-MS/MS at a series of times after the injection. The pharmacokinetics of morphine were similar to those previously reported for seawater-acclimated rainbow trout, i.e. they were about one order of magnitude slower than in similarly sized mammals. The only metabolite of morphine present in the plasma was morphine-3-β- d -glucuronide (M3G); morphine-6-β- d -glucuronide (M6G) was not detected. M3G gradually increased after the morphine injection, peaked about 2 days later, then gradually decreased. In mammals, M3G plasma levels exceed morphine levels extremely rapidly, i.e. in less than an hour, regardless of dose, route of administration, or species. In trout, it took 2 days for M3G levels to exceed morphine levels. This is the first study of the metabolites of morphine in any ectotherm. We conclude that trout can metabolize morphine, but at a rate much slower than in mammals.     

典型草原鼠类群落结构研究

2007～2011年在锡林郭勒典型草原示范区(东乌珠穆沁旗恩和宝力格苏木)和对照区(锡林浩特市阿尔善宝力格苏木),对鼠类数量变动进行了监测。结果表明:对照区鼠类群落鼠种数多于示范区;对照区不同年份占群落捕获量比例较大的鼠种不同,而示范区大部分年份占群落捕获量比例较大的鼠种为黑线毛足鼠;对照区易形成危害的布氏田鼠数量2007年较高的时候,示范区相对低,仅在2007年9月出现,且该月布氏田鼠和黑线毛足鼠数量较为接近;对照区优势鼠种为布氏田鼠,示范区优势鼠种为黑线毛足鼠和长爪沙鼠;对照区短耳仓鼠和草原鼠兔呈极显著正相关,示范区布氏田鼠与五趾跳鼠呈极显著正相关;对照区5年中多样性指数、均匀性指数、丰富度指数各年变化的大小顺序一致,且均与优势度指数各年变化的大小顺序相反,而示范区5年中多样性指数分别与均匀性指数和丰富度指数各年变化的大小顺序不一致,且仅多样性指数与优势度指数各年变化的大小顺序相反。     

Peptidergic and nitrergic innervation of the pineal gland in the domestic pig: an immunohistochemical study

The presence and co-localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide N-terminal histidine C-terminal isoleucine (PHI), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), somatostatin (SOM), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were studied in neuronal structures of the pig pineal gland. Paraformaldehyde-fixed pineals of 3-month-old gilts were sliced into serial cryostat sections, which were subjected to a set of double immunofluorescence stainings. Based on the co-existence patterns of neuropeptides, five populations of nerve fibres supplying the pig pineal were distinguished: (1) PHI-positive, (2) PACAP-positive, (3) SOM-positive, (4) SP/CGRP-positive and (5) SP-positive/CGRP-negative. Only a subpopulation of PHI-positive fibres contained VIP at the level detectable by immunofluorescence. NOS was found in some intrapineal PHI- and VIP-positive fibres. PHI-, VIP- and NOS-positive nerve fibres were more numerous in the peripheral than in the central part of the pineal. PACAP-positive fibres were equally distributed within the gland. The density of SOM-positive fibres was higher in the ventro-proximal than in the dorso-distal part of the pineal. SOM was also detected in some neuronal-like cells or specialized pinealocytes situated in the central region of the gland. Two populations of fibres containing SP were found: CGRP-positive, present in the distal and central parts of the pineal as well as CGRP-negative, localized in the proximal compartment of the gland.     

添加乳酸菌和发酵底物对桑叶青贮发酵品质的影响

为开发桑叶作为非常规饲料资源,本试验探讨了添加乳酸菌、葡萄糖或糖蜜对桑叶青贮发酵品质的影响,试验设对照组(C)、乳酸菌组(P)、葡萄糖组(G)、糖蜜组(M)、乳酸菌+葡萄糖组(P+G)、乳酸菌+糖蜜组(P+M),青贮后第7,14,30和60天开窖取样分析桑叶青贮饲料发酵品质。结果表明,添加乳酸菌加速了桑叶青贮过程中乳酸发酵,青贮第7天P,P+G和P+M组乳酸含量已达到C组的6倍以上,pH值降至4.30以下,其中P+G和P+M在青贮结束时降至4.0左右。补充发酵底物并未有效改善桑叶青贮发酵品质,C、G和M组pH值在青贮前30 d始终保持在5.85以上,青贮60 d时C组为5.96,G和M组分别下降至5.35和5.24,显著(P<0.05)高于P组。整个青贮过程中P组显示最高的乙酸含量,始终显著(P<0.05)高于C、G和M组,青贮7 d后开始显著(P<0.05)高于P+G和P+M组。青贮第7天P组氨态氮/总氮显著(P<0.05)低于对照组,之后各组氨态氮/总氮均随青贮时间的延长逐渐上升,其中P、P+G和P+M组氨态氮/总氮显著(P<0.05)低于C、G或M组直至青贮结束。本试验结论认为单独添加乳酸菌明显提高了桑叶青贮发酵品质,而组合添加并未进一步得到大的改善。     

碌曲县啮齿动物种类组成

2008-2011年,在实施“碌曲县草原鼠害综合防治——县级示范点建设”项目的过程中,对该县啮齿动物种类组成与分布情况进行了调查研究。已查明在碌曲县共有38种啮齿类动物,隶属于6科7亚科19属。碌曲县土地面积仅占甘南州土地面积的13.18%,但啮齿动物种数却占全州啮齿动物种数的74.51%,表明碌曲县的生境条件和鼠种类组成在甘南州具有一定的代表性。以草原啮齿动物（60.53%）和森林啮齿动物（26.32%）为主体是碌曲县啮齿动物种类组成的基本特征。     

基于MapGIS和植被数量指标的啮齿动物群落模拟专家系统的设计与实现

选择鼠害频发的阿拉善荒漠区分布面积较大的红砂十泡泡刺生境、红砂十杂类草生境和白刺生境,以夹日法记录三种生境中啮齿动物种群相对数量,利用啮齿动物种群相对数量与荒漠区灌木和草本植物之间的依存关系建立专家模拟系统,分析三种生境的主要害鼠子午沙鼠、三趾跳鼠和小毛足鼠种群相对数量与植物群落因子间的动态关系,并以MapGIS为地理...     

安南坝野骆驼国家级自然保护区鼠类群落结构的研究

为全面了解安南坝野骆驼国家级自然保护区鼠类群落结构和多样性,于2018-2019年采用铗日法对该区10种不同生境类型下的25个调查点进行鼠类调查,并对鼠类群落多样性进行分析。结果表明：捕获鼠类124只,分属3科6属9种;其中三趾跳鼠、子午沙鼠和柽柳沙鼠为保护区优势鼠种。聚类和PCA分析可知安南坝保护区鼠类主要分布于2个群落。荒漠耐旱群落广泛分布于保护区各生境,耐旱-喜湿混合群落主要分布在芦苇群系和水柏枝群系生境。在调查的10种生境中,芦苇群系生境丰富度指数和多样性指数均高于其他生境。除环境因素外,鼠类群落的多样性受群落内鼠种数目和物种分配的均匀程度2个因素影响。鼠类垂直分布表现出在1400~1800 m和2600~3000 m海拔分布的鼠种多,呈现出中间低两头高的趋势。由此可见,生境类型和海拔高度影响着安南坝保护区的鼠类群落结构。     

Scanning electron microscopy of the superficial pineal gland of the 15-day-old rat (Rattus norvegicus)

The presence of a cortex and medulla in the superficial pineal gland has been a controversial point in the morphology of this structure in mammals. The published reports indicate contradictory data especially in rodents. In this study the pineal gland of 15-day-old male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were studied, using scanning electron microscopy, in an attempt to determine whether or not a cortex and medulla are apparent in the pineal gland of young rats. The superficial pineal gland of the 15-day-old rat exhibited both a cortex and a medulla; these areas exhibited different structural organizations. The cortex had a thickness of 40-80 microm and the cells did not show a particular arrangement. The center of the gland was composed of a medulla, which had a width of 1000-1200 microm, and consisted of cells arranged in cords; its morphology was distinctly different from that of the cortex.     

Postnatal development of the pineal gland in the goat (Capra hircus)--light and electron microscopy studies

This study was conducted to investigate structural transformations of the goat pineal gland during postnatal development. The pineals of newborn, 4-week-, 4-month-, 1-year- and 3-year-old male goats were prepared for qualitative and quantitative investigations at both light and transmission electron microscopy levels. In the first 4 months after birth, the pinealocytes developed very intensively, which was connected with enlargement of their volume as well as distinct qualitative and quantitative transformations of their cytoplasmic organelles. Parallel to these changes, the pineal parenchyma underwent deep reorganization and the mosaic pattern, characteristic for newborns, disappeared. At the same time the meshwork of blood vessels supporting the goat pineal gland developed conspicuously. From fourth months to one year of postnatal life continuation of the growth of some pinealocyte organelles and very intensive development of all components of the pineal connective tissue were observed. In the three-year-old goats some decrease in the relative volume of most cytoplasmic structures of pinealocytes as well as increase in collagen fibers in stroma were noticed. The investigations established intensive growth of the goat pineal to the age of 4 months, which included mainly some increase in the pinealocyte and their structures. The pineal gland of 4-month- and 1-year-old goats showed morphological features which are considered as symptoms of high secretory activity. The structure of the pineal gland in 3-year-old animals and the changes observed both in their pinealocytes and connective tissue in comparison with 1-year-old individuals point to some decrease in the goat pineal activity in this age.     

Microclimate and Animal Life in the Equatorial Mountains

The venom apparatus in both species of Dendroaspis shows great similarity to that described in other proteroglyphs. There is a posterior bulbous portion or main gland and an anterior narrower portion, the accessory gland, that surrounds the secretory duct. The gland is enclosed in a very tough connective tissue capsule. Fibres from the m. adductor externus superficialis insert on the connective tissue capsule on the dorsal aspect of the venom gland. They serve to compress the gland and expel the venom when the snake strikes. Ventrally, fibres of the m. pterygoideus are also inserted on the investing sheath. This muscle supports the gland ventrally and also appears to play some role in venom ejection. The arrangement of the jaw musculature is similar in both species of Dendroaspis. Since the m. adductor externus superficialis is closely associated with the venom gland it has become highly specialized and exhibits great variation among snakes. This muscle in Dendroaspis differs from that in other proteroglyphs in the extension of its origin in a ventral direction over the postorbital bone to the maxilla. As in other elapids, the m. levator anguli oris is absent in both species of Dendroaspis.     

基于MapGIS平台的阿拉善荒漠区啮齿动物群落专家系统中推理机的研究与实现

本研究在前期研发阿拉善荒漠区啮齿动物群落专家系统的基础上，对开垦、轮牧和过牧3种不同类型生境中啮齿动物优势种子午沙鼠(Meriones meridianus)、三趾跳鼠(Dipus sagitta)和小毛足鼠(Phodopus roborovskii)相对数量与8个不同植物因子动态关系进行定量非线性分析，借助MapGIS平台，利用3种优势啮齿动物种群相对数量与8个不同植物因子组成的数据库系统、3种优势啮齿动物种的图像信息组成的知识库系统、3种不同生境下19种不同生态模型组成的模型库系统，构成啮齿动物群落中种群相对数量与植物因子动态关系的推理机，通过程序设计语言VB (Visual Basic)进行MapGIS二次开发，在专家系统中予以设计并实现。     

应用红外相机陷阱法估计荒漠啮齿动物种群密度

啮齿动物是草地生态系统中的重要成分。监测啮齿动物种群动态对于草地生态系统小型哺乳动物的生态学研究及草地鼠害控制均具有重要的意义。目前国内外对啮齿动物的种群监测主要以铗捕法、笼捕法为主,既费时又费力。红外相机技术的应用可弥补这一缺点,然而关于红外相机技术测度荒漠小型啮齿动物种群数量的研究并不多见。本研究采用红外相机陷阱法和标志重捕法对内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区主要啮齿动物的种群数量进行连续监测,并分析不同方法监测结果的优缺点,以期选择一种基于红外相机技术适合荒漠啮齿动物种群数量监测的方法。研究结果表明,基于红外相机技术的随机相遇模型和捕获率模型在评估荒漠区五趾跳鼠(Allactaga sibirica)和三趾跳鼠(Dipus sagitta)的种群密度中均具有较好效果,但是捕获率模型在评估子午沙鼠(Meriones meridianus)种群密度时效果优于随机相遇模型,且捕获率模型涉及参数较少。在监测荒漠啮齿动物种群数量时,对于跳鼠的研究两种方法均可使用,对于啮齿动物多物种种群数量研究,建议采用捕获率模型。     

Forage intake and weight gain of ewes is affected by roughage mixes during winter in northeastern China

We studied the effect of dietary roughage species and their combinations on forage intake and growth rate of ewes during winter in a pastoral‐farming area of northeast China. Twenty‐five Northeast crossbred ewes (fine‐wool sheep × Small‐tailed Han sheep) were randomly selected and divided into five groups (G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5). During a 30 day feeding trial, each group of ewes were offered the same basal diet (composed of 0.36 kg chopped maize stalk (10 mm), 0.14 kg corn meal, 0.05 kg soybean meal and 1.2 g NaCl) and one of the five supplementary roughage mixes, namely 100% Leymus chinensis hay (G1), 100% Vigna radiata stalk (G2), L. chinensis hay plus Suaeda glauca (G3), V. radiata stalk plus S. glauca (G4) and L. chinensis hay plus V. radiata stalk and S. glauca (G5). The results showed that roughage mixes had significant influences on daily roughage intake and daily weight gain of ewes. Ewes had greater daily roughage intake when supplemented with three species of roughage compared to the roughage with one species; however, there was no significant difference between G1 and G2, G3 and G4, or between G4 and G5. The average daily gain of ewes was also greater when they were supplemented with the roughage combination of L. chinensis, V. radiata stalk and S. glauca. No difference in average daily weight gain was observed between the G4 and G5 treatments (P > 0.05). The lowest average daily weight gain was observed when the ewes were supplemented with V. radiata stalk alone (G2) (P < 0.05). The results indicated that supplying ewes with various roughages simultaneously in winter could improve their forage intake and average daily weight gain compared to offering the ewes only one type of dietary roughage. Further, feeding roughage supplements containing a diverse mix of roughage species represents one method for increasing roughage utilization in livestock production during winter in the pastoral‐farming areas of northeastern China.     

荒漠区子午沙鼠种群数量动态及其预测

2002-2010年,在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区采用铗日法对禁牧区和轮牧区子午沙鼠(Meriones meridianus)种群数量进行调查,分析子午沙鼠种群数量的季节和年间变动规律,同时利用线性回归分析进行种群预测.结果表明,9年共捕获子午沙鼠2 360只,占总捕获量的39.68%,说明子午沙鼠为该地区的优势鼠种.在轮牧区...     

Arterial vascularization of the pineal gland in the fetus of Zavot-bred cattle

This study aimed at revealing arterial vascularization of the pineal gland of the Zavot-bred foetus. Twenty foetuses, regardless of their sex, at the age of 2-7 months were used. Coloured-latex was injected by way of both the right and left common carotid arteries. Then, dissection was performed and vessels nourishing the pineal gland were documented. The pineal gland is vascularized by a number of 2-5 central rami. A small vessel arising from each of the central rami in two foetuses (10%) was shown anastomosing with a branch of the cranial cerebral artery, which advances in cranio-caudal direction in the callosal groove. Hence, anastomoses were observed between several sub-branches of each caudal cerebral and cranial cerebellar arteries.