芦笋的保健功能及其在畜牧业中的应用

芦笋含有多种功能成分,具有抗肿瘤、抗衰老、降血脂、增强免疫调节等多种特殊的生物学功能,被广泛应用于食品、医药等领域。论文就芦笋各种成分的功能及其在畜牧业中的应用进展和前景做一概述。     

芦笋秸秆提取物对蛋鸡生长发育、肠道消化酶活性及肠道形态学结构的影响

正据报道,芦笋中所含活性成分具有抗肿瘤、抗衰老、提高免疫力、降血脂等功效[1]。人们食用芦笋嫩茎,剩下约占76.5%的秸秆、叶、果等被视作产业"垃圾",随意丢弃或焚毁,不仅污染环境、破坏生态,而且造成资源的极大浪费。芦笋秸秆等废弃物中同样富含黄酮、多糖、萜类等活性成分。试验就芦笋秸秆提取物对蛋鸡生长性能、免疫机能、肠黏膜形态及肠道消化酶活性相关指标的影响进行初步研究,为芦笋废弃物高值化利用提供参考,现报道如下。     

利用芦笋渣饲喂奶牛试验

<正> 我县既是芦笋的主要产区,又是济南市的奶牛基地。芦笋营养丰富,产品主销日本。围绕芦笋加工兴建的3个芦笋罐头厂,每年做罐头的下脚料—芦笋渣达40万公斤。在当前奶牛饲养业由于饲草饲料价格不断上涨,而使牛奶成本提高,效益下降的情况下,能否利用芦笋渣作奶牛饲料,国内外均无报导。为此,本试验利用芦笋渣饲喂奶牛,对其产奶性能、增重等影响,以及饲喂效益进行了探讨,以期达到对芦笋渣开发利用的目的。试验取得了较好效果,现总结报告如下:材料与方法一、供试芦笋渣由历城区遥墙芦笋罐头厂提供。经驻济化工部饲料添加剂技术开发服务中心分析,主要成分为:水分91.17％、蛋白质2.82％、非蛋白含氮物0.84％、脂肪0.19％、碳水化合物3.63％、纤维素0.69％、灰分0.66％以及VA、VB_1、VB_2、Vc、芦丁、芸香碱等。成本合计为每公斤2分。     

芦笋下脚料的综合开发利用

<正>芦笋(龙须菜、石刁柏)是百合科天门冬属的一种多年生草本植物,其嫩茎含有丰富的维生素、氨基酸、矿物质、微量元素、皂甙、黄酮、芦丁和多聚糖等营养物质,这些物质具有抗肿瘤、降血糖血脂、提高免疫力、抗氧化、调节内分泌、解毒护肝、清肺降火等功能~([1,2]),被世界卫生组织定为"世界十大蔬菜之首"。芦笋下脚料是指在芦笋生产过程中所产生     

芦笋下脚料饲喂奶山羊的效果观察

芦笋用来加工食品罐头过程中的一些下脚料，含有各种丰富的营养物质，是饲喂畜禽的一种优质多汁饲料。据测定，含水分92％，蛋白质1．62～3．0％、非蛋白氮物质0．21～0．96％，脂肪0．11－0．25％，碳水化合物2．11-4．0％，另外还含有维生素A、B1、B2、C、芦丁等成分。我市及其周围地区，芦笋种植面积达Zo万亩，食品加工厂家5个，每年可提供芦笋下脚料300万千克，为了研究证实芦笋下脚料饲喂畜禽的效果，以便向畜禽专业户开发利用这一饲源提供科学依据，笔者于1994年5月在本市某乡畜牧场进行了芦笋下脚料饲喂奶山羊的对比饲喂试验研究，…     

芦笋下脚料及茎叶的利用

芦笋又名石刁柏，是百合科天门冬属多年生宿根草本植物。芦笋的嫩茎是极好的营养保健食品，近年来我国大量生产并加工成罐头出口。采摘嫩茎后遗留的茎、叶及加工罐头后余下的下脚料，可用来饲喂家畜。据山东大学测定：下脚料含蛋白质1.62%─3％、脂肪0.11％─0.25％、碳水化合物2.11％─4％、纤维0.65％─1.3％、灰分0.53％─1.36％及V_A、V_(B1)、V_(B2)、V_c、芦丁、云香甙等成分；风干芦笋茎、叶含粗蛋白质13％、粗脂肪5.82％、粗纤维42.5％、钙1.77％、磷0.4％及18种必需氨基酸。饲喂试验结果表明：泌乳牛饲喂芦笋下脚料比喂玉米秸青…     

蜂蜜成分及功能活性的研究进展

蜂蜜是一种药食同源的天然甜味物质,化学成分复杂,富含多种氨基酸、矿物质、维生素、微量元素等营养成分;同时,含有多种酶类、酚酸类、黄酮类等活性成分,具有抑菌、抗氧化、促进组织再生等多种功能活性。本文综述了蜂蜜中的主要化学成分及功能活性的研究进展,为深入研究提供重要参考。     

菊粉提高矿物质代谢的效果

菊粉是指不同成分的果糖聚合体,它广泛存在于多种蔬菜中,包括洋葱、大蒜、芦笋、洋蓟、韭葱和菊苣。在菊苣块根中,菊粉含量占其湿重的15%～17%,这成为自然界中菊粉最丰富的来源,可利用水热法从新鲜的菊苣块根中提取,该提取过程类似于从甜菜中提取糖,提取后得到的产品是菊粉溶液。     

啤酒酵母的营养价值及其在饲料中的应用

啤酒酵母是啤酒工业的副产物,富含菌体蛋白、β-葡聚糖、甘露寡糖、核苷酸等多种功能成分。介绍了啤酒酵母各成分的营养价值和生理功能,并对其在畜牧业和饲料工业中的应用进行综述。     

杜仲叶提取物的生物学功能及其在畜禽养殖中的应用研究进展

饲用抗生素替代品是当前畜牧业领域的重要研究内容。中草药提取物作为一种潜在的饲用抗生素替代品具有良好的开发应用价值。杜仲叶提取物含有绿原酸、杜仲多糖和黄酮化合物等多种活性功能成分，具有抗菌、抗氧化、调节免疫、调节糖脂和骨代谢等多种生物学功能。本文就杜仲叶提取物的活性成分和生物学功能及其在畜禽养殖中的应用进展进行综述，以期为杜仲叶提取物在畜禽养殖中的应用提供科学参考。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -