CIPC抑芽剂对马铃薯抑芽效果好且能节约成本

<正>马铃薯在贮藏期间会出现发芽现象,严重影响马铃薯品质和商品性,河北张家口市农业科学院于2016年12月20日至2017年4月,以现在北方一季作区种植面积比较大的冀张薯8号马铃薯为材料,对5种不同浓度2.5%CIPC粉剂处理薯块的抑芽效果进行了效果评价。试验CIPC抑芽剂对马铃薯冀张薯8号贮藏期间发芽率的影响结果表明,经过CIPC抑芽剂药粉喷雾处理的薯块在贮藏期有明显     

CIPC抑芽剂对马铃薯抑芽效果好且能节约成本

<正>马铃薯在贮藏期间会出现发芽现象,严重影响马铃薯品质和商品性,河北张家口市农业科学院于2016年12月20日至2017年4月,以现在北方一季作区种植面积比较大的冀张薯8号马铃薯为材料,对5种不同浓度2.5%CIP C粉剂处理薯块的抑芽效果进行了效果评价。试验CIPC抑芽剂对马铃薯冀张薯8号贮藏期间发芽率的影响结果表明,经过CIPC抑芽剂药粉喷雾处理的薯块在贮藏期有明显区别,调     

几种新型马铃薯抑芽剂效果评价

为了减少人工合成抑芽剂的使用,开发安全低毒的新型马铃薯抑芽剂,以‘陇薯3号’马铃薯为材料,通过测定萘乙酸、肉桂醛、乙醛和乙烯利4种新型抑芽剂处理后贮藏期间块茎的发芽率、幼芽的生长和失重率,以评价4种抑芽剂的作用效果。结果表明,10 mmol/L萘乙酸,500 mg/kg肉桂醛,250 mg/kg乙醛和50 mg/kg乙烯利能有效控制马铃薯的发芽,其发芽率分别为对照的61%、65%、78%和79%。10 mmol/L萘乙酸和50 mg/kg乙烯利还能有效延缓马铃薯幼芽的生长。同时与对照相比各新型抑芽剂对马铃薯块茎贮藏期间失重率影响不大。可见4种新型抑芽剂在马铃薯抑芽和保鲜方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

不同施肥量对稻田一年生黑麦草产量及氮磷钾吸收的影响

通过大田试验,研究不同施肥量对黑麦草产量及养分吸收的影响,找到南方稻田种植黑麦草的最佳基肥肥料配比。氮、磷、钾肥施用量分别设4个水平,试验设11个处理。测定每次刈割黑麦草的干草产量和氮、磷、钾养分含量,计算氮磷钾的养分吸收量。结果表明：花岗岩发育的水稻土上种植黑麦草,施肥尤其是氮肥能增加黑麦草的株高和产量;基施磷肥和追施氮肥能促进黑麦草的再生。增加氮、磷肥施用量,黑麦草氮、磷含量也增加,钾肥施用达到一定量后,再增加施用量,黑麦草钾含量变化不大。增加氮、磷、钾肥的施用能提高黑麦草氮、磷、钾的吸收量。南方花岗岩发育的水稻土上种植黑麦草的N、P、K肥基肥最佳施用量（折纯）分别为：210.0 kg/hm² N、108.0 kg/hm² P₂O₅、117.5 kg/hm² K₂O。     

不同有机肥氮替代化肥氮比例对马铃薯根系吸收能力和形态的影响

针对甘肃定西地区马铃薯生产长期大量施用化肥造成马铃薯产量降低、品质下降以及环境污染等问题,通过大田试验,研究了不同有机肥氮替代化肥氮比例处理对旱地覆膜马铃薯根系吸收能力和形态的影响。结果表明: 不同施用量有机肥氮替代化肥氮处理显著增加了马铃薯根系活力、活跃吸收面积和总吸收面积,且随着替代比例的增加逐渐增加,在有机肥氮替代化肥氮比例达到30%时达到最大值,而后降低;不同施用量有机肥氮替代化肥氮处理对马铃薯根系总根长、根体积、总根尖数和主根直径有显著影响,特别是增加了0~0.50、0.51~1.00和1.01~1.50mm直径范围内马铃薯根系的总根长;施用有机肥的处理显著增加了马铃薯块茎产量,与纯施化肥相比分别提高了11.32%、16.04%、23.53%和12.69%。综上所述,在定西地区,施氮量为纯氮180kg/hm²,氮、磷、钾配比为4:3:3（N:P₂O₅:K₂O）,有机肥氮替代化肥氮比例为30%是最佳施肥模式。     

多功能保水剂对苜蓿产量的影响

研究了多功能保水剂对苜蓿产量的影响。结果表明：保水剂不同施用量都能提高苜蓿产量,随着施用量的增加,提高程度也加大,但从最大经济效益来讲,以3Kg/亩为最佳施用量;施用多功能保水剂还能增加苜蓿体内干物质的积累。     

硅钙镁磷钾肥不同用量对超级稻产量及 磷钾吸收利用的影响

为了探讨硅钙镁磷钾肥在超级稻上施用效果,通过采用田间小区试验,研究了硅钙镁磷钾肥不同用量和习惯施肥磷钾减半（CF2）配合施用对水稻产量磷钾吸收利用及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,施用硅钙镁磷钾肥较习惯施肥能够有效提高超级稻产量,随着施用量的增加而增大,比习惯施肥（CF1）增产1.87%-0.65%,比习惯施肥磷钾减半（CF2）增产3.69%-12.63%,施用量1500 kg/hm2（T100）和1875 kg/hm2（T125）产量结果一致。施用硅钙镁磷钾肥通过提高每穗实粒数来提高水稻产量。随硅钙镁磷钾肥施用量增加,水稻秸秆和籽粒磷、钾含量和吸收量不断增加。施用硅钙镁磷钾肥提高土壤有效磷含量、速效钾含量和p H,而对土壤全氮、全磷、有机质和碱解氮含量无明显影响。综合产量、磷钾养分吸收和土壤养分含量结果,硅钙镁磷钾肥用量以1500 kg/hm2（T100）在超级稻上效果最佳。     

硅钙镁磷钾肥用量对油菜产量及磷钾吸收利用的影响

为探讨硅钙镁磷钾肥在油菜上施用效果,于2013—2014年在安徽省通过采用田间小区试验,研究了硅钙镁磷钾肥不同用量与习惯施肥磷钾减半(CF2)配合施用对油菜产量、磷钾吸收利用及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,施用硅钙镁磷钾肥较习惯施肥能够有效提高油菜产量,且随着施用量的增加而增大,比习惯施肥(CF1)增产4.0%~20.8%,比习惯施肥(CF1和CF2)磷钾减半(CF2)增产10.2%~28.0%。施用硅钙镁磷钾肥通过提高每荚粒数来增加油菜产量。油菜籽粒磷、钾含量和吸收量随硅钙镁磷钾肥施用量增加而不断增大,用量达到1500 kg/hm2(T100)高于农民习惯施肥处理。施用硅钙镁磷钾肥能够有效提高土壤p H、有效钙和有效镁含量,而对土壤有机质和碱解氮含量无明显影响。硅钙镁磷钾肥合理施用可以明显提高油菜产量、磷钾养分吸收和收获后土壤养分含量,硅钙镁磷钾肥用量以1500 kg/hm2(T100)在油菜上施用效果最佳。     

不同硫酸铝施用条件下对苏打盐碱地水稻吸肥规律的研究

通过对苏打盐碱地水稻施用硫酸铝改良剂的研究,阐明了不同硫酸铝施用量对水稻氮、磷、钾素营养吸收及产量的影响。试验结果表明,在重度盐碱化稻田上,施用硫酸铝可使水稻对氮、磷、钾的吸收量增加,水稻吸收养分能力分别提高40%、100%、40%。吸磷量增加最明显。其中吸氮量、吸磷量最大值均出现在成熟期。不同硫酸铝施用量对水稻吸收养分的影响无规律性。但在硫酸铝施用量为300 kg/hm2的情况下,水稻产量可较不施用硫酸铝处理增加近8倍,是盐碱地水稻产量最大时硫酸铝的施用量。盐碱地稻田土壤供肥能力较低,氮肥分次施用是提高其利用率的重要措施,也是提高产量的重要保障。硫酸铝的施用提高了磷肥的利用率,因此,今后在盐碱地水稻种植中一定要注意改良剂硫酸铝的合理投入并不断加强对硫酸铝施用量有效性的研究。     

腐植酸钾在膜下滴灌甜菜种植中的应用

为了明确施用腐植酸钾对膜下滴灌甜菜产量和含糖量的影响,通过开展腐殖酸钾不同施用量试验,结果表明:不同施用量对膜下滴灌甜菜叶绿素影响不明显;随着施肥量的增加,地上部分鲜重、含糖量和产量也增加,施肥量多叶片数多,常规施肥加腐植酸钾对甜菜产量和产糖量的影响较大,但并不是施入量越大越好,施入量在5 kg/667 m~2时品质及产量最佳。     

Effects of essential oils on sprout suppression and quality of potato cultivars

The replacement of synthetic chemical compounds used as potato sprout inhibitors with naturally occurring compounds has been studied in potato varieties used in the processing industry. Sprout suppressant capacity of caraway (Carum carvi, L.), peppermint (Mentha piperita, L.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum, L.) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus, Labill.) essential oils was studied and compared to the sprout suppressant capacity of chlorpropham (CIPC). For the particular conditions of this study, which used high concentrations, peppermint and coriander essential oils were the most effective sprout inhibitors with inhibition rates of more from 65 to 95% respect to their control. The use of these essential oils also prevented phytopathogenic damage. Analytical quality parameters, such as moisture content and total soluble solids, were not affected by treatment with any of the aromatic essential oils. Sensory analysis revealed no difference in appearance and taste between potatoes treated with essential oils and untreated tubers.     

Controlling sprouting in potato tubers using ultraviolet-C irradiance

Legislation limiting the use of chlorpropham (CIPC), the major potato sprout suppressant, has led to a need for new technologies to extend storage life of tubers. Ultra violet C (UV-C) has been used postharvest to reduce disease incidence on many crops, yet its use and efficacy as a sprout suppressant has not been investigated. The aim of this project was to identify the optimum dose and treatment timing of UV-C treatment on potato tubers as an alternative method of sprout suppression to reduce the dependence on chemical sprout suppressants. Up to six potato cultivars over two seasons were treated with varying doses of UV-C ranging from 0 to 30 kJ m⁻² either at harvest or at first indication of dormancy break. The tubers were stored at 9 °C and sprout growth and incidence assessed. Treatment with moderate UV-C doses (5–20 kJ m⁻²) suppressed sprout length and sprout incidence in a range of cultivars. Periderm DNA damage and programmed cell death were not detected in response to any of the UV-C doses. The inactive ABA metabolite, ABA-GE, increased in response to 10 or 20 kJ m⁻² within 72 h of treatment. Multivariate analysis showed a negative relationship between ABA metabolites and sprout growth/incidence during storage. This study found that UV-C reduced sprout growth in potato with no deleterious effects on tuber quality. This suggests potential for further development as an alternative or supplement to conventional sprout suppressant technologies.     

氯苯胺灵在马铃薯中残留及降解动态的研究

通过不同品种马铃薯中氯苯胺灵的降解试验,揭示氯苯胺灵残留量的变化规律及其降解动态。试验结果表明,氯苯胺灵在薯皮上的残留量远大于全薯,而且在降解过程中具有明显的吸收特点 氯苯胺灵在全薯上的平均半衰期约为44天,在薯皮上的平均半衰期约为31天。     

The effects of ethylene, 1-MCP and AVG on sprouting in sweetpotato roots

Exogenous ethylene is commonly used as a commercial sprouting inhibitor of potato tubers. The role of ethylene in the control of sprouting of sweetpotato roots, however, is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ethylene in control of sprouting in sweetpotato roots by observing the effect of an ethylene synthesis inhibitor, aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), and the ethylene antagonist, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), in the presence and absence of exogenous ethylene on root sprouting and associated sugar accumulation. Continuous exposure to 10 μl L⁻¹ ethylene, 24 h exposure to 625 nl L⁻¹ 1-MCP or dipping in 100 μl L⁻¹ AVG all inhibited sprout growth in sweetpotato roots of two varieties over 4 weeks of storage at 25 °C. The observations that both ethylene on its own and 1-MCP, which inhibits ethylene action, inhibit sprout growth indicate that while continuous exposure to exogenous ethylene leads to sprout growth inhibition, ethylene is also required for sprouting. In potato tubers ethylene is required to break dormancy, while continuous exposure inhibits sprout growth.Monosaccharide concentrations in ethylene, 1-MCP or AVG treated roots were lower than in untreated roots, and for ethylene treated roots this was associated with higher respiration rates. This is consistent with the activation of some additional process by ethylene which uses energy through sugar metabolism. 1-MCP and AVG both inhibited this increase in respiration rate and counteracted the decrease in monosaccharide concentrations. 1-MCP presumably counteracts the ethylene stimulation of this process, while the effect of AVG is attributed to its possible inhibitory effects on protein synthesis.     

锰锌?乙铝防治甘薯黑斑病的研究

锰锌?乙铝600倍液、800倍液、1000倍液、1200倍液、1400倍液均对甘薯黑斑病有一定的防效,其中以600倍液(833ppm)防效最佳,800倍液次之,1400倍液最差;浸渍锰锌?乙铝溶液10分钟后,用水冲洗对防病效果产生影响,使得防治效果降低;延长浸渍时间可以提高防效,而溶液温度对药效基本上不产生影响;用锰锌?乙铝浸苗防治效果很差,仅为19.8%,种薯浸蘸防病效果较好。     

不同轮作模式对马铃薯干物质积累、病害发生及产量的影响

在内蒙古阴山北麓地区开展定点试验,对比分析不同轮作模式对马铃薯干物质积累、病害发生和产量的影响。结果表明,绿肥春翻→绿肥夏翻→马铃薯轮作模式（LcLxM）的马铃薯各器官干物质积累量、全株最大干物质积累速率、全株最大干物质积累量和产量最大,叶片、茎和块茎干物质积累量较向日葵→向日葵→马铃薯的轮作模式分别增加了22.57%、24.83%和23.42%,全株最大干物质积累速率增加28.09%,全株最大干物质积累量增加33.07%,产量增加15.46%。其次是绿肥春翻→绿肥春翻→马铃薯（LcLcM）的轮作模式较好;马铃薯几种病害病情指数和发病率以向日葵→向日葵→马铃薯的轮作模式最低,其中早疫病病情指数和植株枯萎病发病率较LcLxM轮作模式分别降低了39.99%和76.40%,块茎黑痣病和疮痂病病情指数较LcLcM的轮作模式分别降低了93.38%和87.98%。燕麦→向日葵→马铃薯轮作模式病害发生程度居中,LcLcM和LcLxM两种轮作模式的病害发生程度最高。综合分析各方面性状得出:在内蒙古阴山北麓的气候和土壤条件下,马铃薯生产中比较适宜的轮作模式是绿肥春翻→绿肥夏翻→马铃薯,其次是绿肥春翻→绿肥春翻→马铃薯。     

极谱法测定黑豆中硒含量及其富硒工艺研究

以黑豆为富硒载体,制备富硒黑豆芽,确定了一种硒含量测定方法和黑豆富硒的最佳工艺条件。通过浸泡和喷淋相结合的方式添加不同浓度的亚硒酸钠溶液,在黑豆发芽的过程中实现对硒元素的生物富集,采用极谱法分析测定黑豆中硒含量,并通过该方法优化黑豆富硒的最佳工艺。试验结果表明极谱法测定黑豆中硒含量标准偏差小,重复性好,是一种较好的硒含量测定方法,当亚硒酸钠浓度为20μg/mL、培养时间为48h时黑豆富硒效果最佳,制备出的富硒黑豆芽硒含量为15.44μg/100g。     

金沙江流域甘薯地方良种种薯萌芽习性分析

本试验对金沙江流域现有的5个甘薯地方良种种薯的萌芽习性进行了比较研究,结果表明,这些品种种薯萌芽能力均低于对照品种徐薯18,从播种到出苗的平均气温变动在17.6～18.6℃之间,有效积温变化在137.0～291.5度·日范围.因而,在推广这些甘薯地方良种时,应适当提早育苗播种时间,以保证大田甘薯的适时早插,夺取甘薯高产与稳产.     

马铃薯贮藏技术研究进展

综述了近年来国内外马铃薯贮藏技术的研究进展,包括国内外马铃薯贮藏设施、抑芽防腐技术、病害防治技术及病害检测技术的现状,并对未来马铃薯保鲜产业的发展进行展望,旨在为马铃薯的贮藏保鲜提供参考借鉴。