Competition for amino acids between wheat roots and rhizosphere microorganisms and the role of amino acids in plant N acquisition

The direct uptake of organic nitrogen compounds from the soil solution by plant roots has been hypothesised to constitute a significant source of N to the plant particularly in N limiting ecosystems. The experiments undertaken here were designed to test whether wheat roots could out-compete the rhizosphere microflora for a pulse addition of organic N in the form of three contrasting amino acids, namely lysine, glycine and glutamate. Amino acids were added at a concentration reflecting reported soil solution concentrations (100 μM) and the uptake into either plant biomass or respiration or microbial biomass and respiration determined over a 24 h chase period. The results showed that the plant roots could only capture on average 6% of the added amino acid with the remainder captured by the microbial biomass. We therefore present direct in vivo evidence to support earlier work which has hypothesised that organic N may be of only limited consequence in high input agricultural systems. We suggest that this is a result of the higher concentrations of NO₃⁻ in agricultural soil solutions, the slow movement of amino acids in soil relative to NO₃⁻, the rapid turnover of amino acids by soil microorganisms, and the poor competitive ability of plant roots to capture amino acids from the soil solution.     

Chemical basis for the antifeedant activity of natural hydroxamic acids and related compounds

Natural hydroxamic acids and related compounds derived from the 1,4-benzoxazin-3-one structure show antifeedant activity against the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi. This antifeeding activity is based on the electrophilic character of the hydroxamic acid function, the opening of the hemiacetal function and the lipophilic character of the molecule. In addition, the antifeedant activity of the aqueous extracts of different tissues of Acanthus mollis (Acanthaceae) was determined. The activity observed is attributed to the presence of 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one in the extracts.     

Effect of dual applied phosphorus and gypsum on wheat forage and grain yield

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production on acid soils can be greatly affected by reduced phosphorus (P) availability. At low pH (below 5.5), iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) react with P to form highly insoluble compounds that severely reduce the amount of plant available P. Previous research suggested that supersaturating localized P fertilizer bands with respect to Ca²⁺ could induce precipitation of applied P as dicalcium phosphate (DCP) or dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) which would slowly become plant available with time. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dual‐band applications of P and gypsum on winter wheat forage and grain yield. Methods of application included P and gypsum banded with the seed, P and gypsum broadcast, and P banded and gypsum broadcast at rates of 29 and 58 kg P ha^‐1 and 22 and 44 kg S as gypsum ha^‐1. Sources of P included diammonium phosphate (DAP; 18–20–0) and triple superphosphate (TSP; 0–20–0). Grain and forage yields increased when P was applied. Dual‐band applications of P and gypsum increased wheat grain and forage yields compared to P banded without gypsum, and P banded and gypsum broadcast. When DAP was the P source, the N‐P band reduced yields compared to P banded alone or the N‐P‐gypsum band. This suggests that gypsum should be included in the band for maximum benefit. Precipitation of DCPD and DCP may have taken place within the dual P‐gypsum band, reducing fertilizer P fixed as Fe or Al hydroxides thus increasing long‐term P availability for winter wheat forage and grain production on acid soils.     

Immobilized zinc affinity chromatography of pectin hydroxamic acids for purification of trypsin inhibitors from soybean and sweet potato

Commercial pectin (with a 94% degree of esterification, DE94) suspended in methanol was reacted with methanolic alkaline hydroxylamine at room temperature for 20 h to prepare pectin hydroxamic acids (PHAs). The prepared PHA was coupled to the epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B gel to get immobilized PHA resins. The immobilized PHA resin was then balanced in column with 2 mM ZnCl2 in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.9) to test the immobilized Zn-PHA gel as solid phase for immobilized metal affinity chromatography for the purification of trypsin inhibitors (TIs) from soybean and sweet potato. Using TI activity staining, it was found that purified TIs from the commercial soybean and sweet potato after trypsin affinity column purification could be adsorbed onto an immobilized Zn-PHA affinity column and eluted by 100 mM EDTA in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.9). The immobilized Zn-PHA affinity column was used for TI purifications from crude extracts of sweet potato. The recovery of TI activity for one step was 90%, with 19.74-fold purification increase.     

小麦秸秆生物炭对高氯代苯的吸附过程与机制研究

以小麦秸秆为原料,分别在三种温度(400℃、500℃、600℃)下制备小麦秸秆生物炭,并标记为WSB400、WSB500、WSB600。分析了秸秆炭的元素组成,表征了其结构和表面特征,研究了秸秆炭对五氯苯和六氯苯的吸附动力学和吸附等温线。结果表明,升温热解使得小麦秸秆有机组分炭化、极性官能团消除,炭化程度增强;三种秸秆炭均可快速高效地吸附高氯代苯,且对六氯苯的吸附要快于五氯苯,假二级动力学方程能更好地拟合秸秆炭对氯苯的吸附动力学过程;不同秸秆炭对氯苯的饱和吸附量大小顺序为WSB400WSB500WSB600;对吸附等温线进行分析可得,随着秸秆炭制备温度的升高,其对氯苯的吸附等温曲线由线性变为非线性,吸附机理则由以分配作用为主过渡到分配作用与表面吸附共同作用。     

施用钼肥对酸性黄棕壤上冬小麦叶片膜脂肪酸及叶细胞超微结构的影响

采用盆栽试验并通过电子显微观察,研究了施用钼肥对分蘖末期冬小麦叶片膜脂肪酸及叶细胞超微结构的影响。结果表明,施钼后冬小麦叶片膜脂肪酸组成以亚麻酸为主,膜脂不饱和度增大,细胞器和膜结构比缺钼完整;缺钼植株膜结构的稳定性差并导致植株抗寒力降低是细胞出现冻害的最本质原因。     

Phaseolin in vitro pepsin digestibility: role of acids and phenolic compounds

Great Northern bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) phaseolin proteolysis at 37 degrees C, varying HCl concentrations (10 mM to 1 M), phaseolin:pepsin ratios ranging from 5:1 to 100:1 (w/w), and incubation times up to 24 h was investigated. The results suggest that phaseolin is not resistant to in vitro pepsin hydrolysis. At a phaseolin-to-pepsin ratio of 100:1 (w/w), native phaseolin was completely digested in 24 h when incubated in 50 mM HCl, while heat-denatured phaseolin (30 min at 100 degrees C, boiling water bath) was digested in 1 h under similar conditions. When incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 h, acid alone, even at as low a concentration as 10 mM, caused a partial breakdown of native phaseolin. The degree of phaseolin hydrolysis by HCl was dependent on the acid concentration used. The rate of native phaseolin hydrolysis increased with increasing HCl concentration rather than pepsin concentration. Common food acids were able to partially hydrolyze phaseolin. Among the food acids tested, oxalic acid was the most effective in hydrolyzing phaseolin. Spectroscopic studies revealed a significant change in secondary and tertiary structures when native phaseolin was incubated in dilute HCl. None of the tested phenolic compounds adversely affected phaseolin hydrolysis by pepsin.     

应用线性混合模型遥感监测冬小麦种植面积

中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）具有多光谱、多时相以及免费接收使用的优势。该文利用冬小麦返青期间的MODIS多光谱数据,采用传统的监督分类和阈值方法研究冬小麦种植区域的分布情况,同时针对遥感像元多为混合像元的特点,重点将线性混合像元分解技术应用于冬小麦种植面积的分解计算研究。比较不同分类方法对冬小麦种植面积估算的精度分析表明,采用线性混合分解模型,绝大部分（98.45%）的均方根误差都小于0.01,对比实际冬小麦种植面积数据,相对误差约3%,明显优于传统遥感分类方法的精度。     

The effect of amino acids and amides on the regulation of nitrate uptake by wheat seedlings

Wheat plants grown hydroponically increased their nitrate uptake rate more than two‐fold after three days of N starvation. Exogenously supplied amino acids and amides had no effect on the nitrate uptake rate of plants well nourished in N. After three days of N starvation, however, some of the amino acids and amides supplied to plants inhibited up to 50% of the nitrate uptake rate. The most effective inhibitor was aspartic acid. Asparagine, glutamine or phenylalanine did not show any inhibitory effect. The percentage of inhibition was not increased by increasing the amino acid concentration, nor did the addition of mixed amino acids and amides increase the inhibition exerted by one amino acid alone. During the three days of N starvation, there was a decrease in the concentration of endogenous amino acids in the roots, but not all amino acids decreased their concentration at the same rate.

It is suggested that the endogenous levels of some amino acids may repress the nitrate uptake system in plants well supplied with N. During the development of the N deficiency, the concentration of these amino acid decreases, de‐repressing the nitrate uptake system.     

水肥耦合对冬小麦籽粒蛋白质及氨基酸含量的影响

为了解不同水、肥条件下小麦籽粒氨基酸及蛋白质含量的变化, 2009~2010 年度在河南省洛阳市农业科学院以“洛旱2 号”小麦为材料, 采用防雨棚池栽种植方式, 研究了不同灌水量、施氮和施磷量及其互作对小麦籽粒蛋白质及氨基酸含量的影响。结果表明: 不同灌水量和施氮量对小麦籽粒蛋白质和氨基酸均有极显著影响(P≤0.01), 且灌水×施氮互作效应显著(P≤0.05 或P≤0.01); 而施磷对其影响不显著。小麦籽粒蛋白质和氨基酸含量均随施氮量增加而增加, 随灌水量增加而降低, 但当灌水量超过282.0 mm、施氮量超过179.2 kg·hm^-2 时, 各指标的变化不再明显,蛋白质含量在高施氮量下略有下降。而必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的比例呈随灌水量增加而增加,随施氮量增加而降低的趋势。从不同水肥处理组合看, 蛋白质和氨基酸含量以处理组合N₁₀₅P₄₂W₁₂₇[施氮量105 kg(N)·hm^-2、施磷量42 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2 和全生育期灌水量127 mm, 下同]最高, 必需氨基酸/总氨基酸以处理组合N_30.8P₁₂₆W₂₈₂ 最高。籽粒产量随灌水量的增加而增加, 且产量高的处理其水分利用效率也较高。综合从蛋白质及氨基酸产量看, 以处理组合N_179.2P₁₂₆W₂₈₂ 表现最好, 即施氮量为179.2 kg·hm^-2、施磷量为126 kg·hm^-2、灌水量为282 mm。     

Influence of fertilizers applied to a paddy-upland rotation on characteristics of soil organic carbon and humic acids

The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC) and related humic acids (HAs) extracted from the soils of field plots were investigated after 8 years of annual paddy (Oryza sativa L.) and upland maize (Zea mays L.) rotation with various fertilizations. Seven fertilization treatments were selected: Ck (no inputs); Chem (chemical fertilizer of NPK); Comp (swine compost); Comp + 33% of Chem N rate; Comp + 67% of Chem N rate; GM (legume green manure) + 33% of Chem N rate; and peat + 33% of Chem N rate. Organic and inorganic nitrogen inputs of six treatments were equivalent with respect of nitrogen content, but Comp, GM, and peat treatments were complemented with various amounts of inorganic N. After harvest of the eighth paddy crop, surface soil samples collected from the plots were subjected to soil characterizations and extraction of humic substances, which were used for chemical, spectroscopic (FTIR, 13C NMR, ESR, X-ray diffractometry), delta13C, and 14C dating analyses. The yields of HAs extracted from the seven treatments were significantly different. Treatment containing persistent organic compound such as the peat + 33% N treatment increased the humification process in topsoils and produced higher yield of HA. Spectroscopic analyses revealed that fertilization treatments changed the functional groups, alkyl C, crystalline characteristics, and delta13C ratios of HAs and turnover rate of SOC considerably. The SOC of the peat + 33% N treatment had the highest mean residence time of 3100 years. Various fertilizer treatments are correlated with turnover rate of SOC and related HAs, which are associated with concerned carbon sequestration as well as mitigation of CO2 emission in the soil environment.     

基于轮廓特征的稻种芽谷检测方法

根据机器视觉检测杂交水稻种子质量的要求，针对单粒、静态稻种图像进行芽谷分析识别。对金优402、汕优10、中优207和加优99品种的稻种采集了黑、白背景， A、B两面共4×400幅图像，每幅图像提取出16个稻种轮廓特征参数，经主成分分析降维后作为网络输入，对网络结构进行优化并充分训练后分别建立了各品种的两层人工神经网络。网络对测试集正常稻种的识别准确率均超过95%，对芽谷的识别准确率在85%至90%之间。     

Nitrogen rate applied affects dry matter translocation and performance attributes of wheat under deficit irrigation

Crop production in arid/semi-arid regions is restricted by soil moisture and nitrogen (N) deficiencies. Consequently, sufficient levels of N and irrigation are important in improving the crop's productivity. Therefore, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to understand influences of watering techniques namely 300, 500 and 700 mm with contrasting N supply (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha^?1) on wheat cv. “landrace” productivity, dry matter translocation (DMT) and contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to the grain (CPAAG, %). Experiments were conducted each year using a split-plot design with three replications at a private farm, North Hamedan Province, Iran. Accordingly, when 500/700 mm water was applied, CPAAG values were higher than those obtained after applying 300 mm water, i.e. 49.99 and 45.45 vs. 40.13%. The highest productivity in terms of grain yield, grain N concentration, nitrogen harvest index, special products analysis division and protein content was achieved in normal deficiencies of irrigation and N. This was further supported by a higher leaf area index, crop growth rate and N uptake of such treatment. Meanwhile, co-application of 120 kg N and 500 mm water significantly improved DMT, water and N use efficiency, and it was the optimal scheme for wheat production.     

红壤施用包膜有机酸对解除小麦铝毒的作用研究

通过盆栽试验研究红壤施用柠檬酸、草酸和苹果酸三种不同包膜有机酸对不同小麦品种解铝毒的作用。结果表明,红壤上施用包膜有机酸对小麦具有较好的解铝毒效果,增加了小麦产量。三种包膜有机酸中柠檬酸的效果最佳。有机酸解铝毒的效果因小麦品种而异,其中敏感小麦优于抗性小麦。     

不同镉积累类型小麦根际土壤低分子量有机酸与镉的生物积累

采用土壤培养方法研究低镉积累小麦烟 86103和高镉积累小麦莱州 953不同生育期土壤低分子量有机酸含量与组成 ,及其与镉生物积累的关系。结果表明 ,不同镉积累类型小麦在高镉土壤中其根系镉含量差异不显著 ,但地上部镉浓度烟 86103显著低于莱州 953,而在低镉土壤中根系和地上部镉浓度烟 86 10 3均显著低于莱州 95 3。根际土壤有机酸 (柠檬酸、酒石酸、乙酸和丙酸 )含量及有机酸总量均为低镉品种烟 86103显著低于高镉品种莱州953。两个品种不同生育期有机酸含量均表现为柠檬酸 酒石酸 丙酸 乙酸 ,且各有机酸含量占有机酸总量的百分数表现稳定。小麦镉的生物积累与有机酸种类没有特异性关系 ,但与有机酸的总量有关。根际不同有机酸的水平对于土壤镉的复合或螯合溶解 ,在引起两品种地上部镉生物积累的差异方面起重要作用。     

Effects of light treatment on isoflavone content of germinated soybean seeds

Our research objective was to increase isoflavone content in the germinated soybean seeds of four different varieties (Pungsannamulkong, Cheongjakong, Aga4, and Aga3) by optimizing light treatments (dark, greenhouse, fluorescent, incandescent, and ultraviolet lamps). The results demonstrated that the highest isoflavone content was produced from the Aga3 variety, which was developed by an interspecific cross between Eunhakong (Glycine max) and KLG10084 (G. soja) at the Plant Genetic Laboratory, Kyunpook National University. Aga3 is known to have one of the highest isoflavone content in the world at present. Our results recommend exposure of 7-day-old Aga3 sprouts to a combined light treatment of greenhouse lamps (12 h per day) and ultraviolet light (40 min per day) for maximum isoflavone production. Aga3 produced high levels of isoflavone because, in part, it contained very high isoflavone levels within the seed as compared with the other varieties. Under stress conditions, Aga3 could produce over 1.90 times more isoflavone than its seed content and 1.53 times more isoflavone than when grown under dark conditions.     

Effect of heat treatment on nutritional quality of germinated legume seeds

The effect of heat treatment of germinated soybean, lupin, and black bean on chemical composition and protein utilization in rats was evaluated. Heat treatment caused complete inactivation of trypsin inhibitors whereas it did not affect phytic acid levels. Proximate components, minerals, and amino acids did not change, but low molecular weight sugars were affected by heat treatment differently for each germinated legume. The sugar digestibility ratio (total digestible sugars/total nondigestible sugars) in germinated black beans doubled after heat treatment. True protein digestibility (TD) increased with heat treatment only in germinated soybean. Net protein utilization was markedly improved (20%) with heat treatment in germinated soybean and lupin. Utilizable protein of heat-treated germinated legumes was 289, 236, and 132 g/kg of legume dry weight for soybean, lupin, and black bean, respectively. Supplementation with methionine did not alter TD but improved all other indices of protein utilization in the germinated legumes, particularly in black bean. All three germinated legumes become equivalent in protein quality when heating and supplementation with methionine are combined with germination. The use of germinated heat-treated soybean, lupin, and black bean on their own and/or as food ingredients is nutritionally advantageous due to the low content of nondigestible oligosaccharides and the high protein utilization.     

Allelochemicals in wheat (Triticum aestivum l.): variation of phenolic acids in root tissues

Analysis by GC/MS/MS showed that a worldwide collection of 58 wheat accessions differed significantly in the production of seven phenolic acids in the roots of 17-day-old wheat seedlings. The allelochemical contents among wheat accessions ranged from 24.5 to 94.5, 19.9 to 91.7, 3.7 to 15.4, 2.2 to 38.6, 1.0 to 42.2, 19.3 to 183.6, and 11.7 to 187.6 mg/kg of root dry weight for p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, cis-p-coumaric, syringic, cis-ferulic, trans-p-coumaric, and trans-ferulic acids, respectively. trans-Ferulic acid was identified as the most predominant phenolic acid in the roots. Phenolic acids, with the exception of syringic acid, were more concentrated in roots than in shoots. Significant correlation was found between the roots and the shoots in the contents of vanillic, cis-p-coumaric, syringic, trans-p-coumaric, and trans-ferulic acids, and in the content of each structural group of phenolic acids. Wheat accessions with high levels of total identified phenolic acids in the roots were generally strongly allelopathic to the growth of annual ryegrass.     

The effect of foliar application of Moringa leaf extract on biomass,grain yield of wheat and applied nutrient efficiency

Moringa leaf extracts (MLE) from two varieties of Moringa oleifera Lam. were applied to leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in two glasshouse experiments. MLE was extracted from the leaves of using three different solvents (hexane, butanol; ethyl-acetate). The extracts were applied as foliar sprays at different growth stages of wheat (T. aestivum L.) grown on two soil types with either adequate or low phosphorus (P) nutrient additions at Albany, Western Australia. Sprays were applied at the 4–5 leaf (tillering) and the 7-leaf (Boot) stage either as a single spray or a combination of sprays at tillering and boot stage. The application of MLE either at tillering or boot stage increased the dry weight of shoots (biomass) and grain yield of wheat. A foliar spray of MLE applied at tillering increased biomass at the boot stage by ～37% and grain yield increased by ～34% compared to nil MLE spray. A single spray of MLE increased grain yield by ～30% when applied at boot stage. A single application at tillering gave a better yield response than a single spray at the 7-leaf or boot or than a double spray applied at tillering and boot stage. A 50% dilution of the extractant concentration gave the same grain yield response as the original concentration applied at tillering stage. The hexane extracts gave the significantly higher grain yield responses. Plant tissue and grain analysis showed no significant difference in protein and nutrient concentration of wheat grain from plants sprayed with and without MLE. A MLE spray at boot also increased grain yield by 44% on the red sandy-loam soil where P application was at sub-optimum levels, ～80% of P requirement for maximum yield. The partial factor productivity (PFP) index indicated that the P and potassium (K) use improved where MLE was applied as a foliar spray. For example, the PFP of P and K for grain yield increased by about 30%, where MLE was sprayed to foliage. The results of this study indicate that MLE extracted can potentially be a viable option to increase wheat grain yield and fertilizer efficiency use, particularly P and K, in Mediterranean wheat production system.