葛叶粉饲喂农养肉猪试验

在山区农家饲养肉猪日粮中添加５、１０、１５、２０％的葛叶粉。结果表明：添加５％葛叶粉的不同处理的试验１、２、３组日增重分别为４８３、５１２、４９６克，与农养常规对照组４９８克之间差异均不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。试验２组同１０％葛叶粉的试验４组４５７克间差异明显（Ｐ＜０．０５），与１５％、２０％葛叶粉的对应试验５组４０２克、试验６组３３９克间差异均极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。试验４组同对照组比虽日增重低８．２％，但差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。试验５、６组与对照组、试验１、３组间差异均极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），且该两组彼此存在明显差别（Ｐ＜０．０５）。在饲料报酬、日采食量上，对照组与试验１、２、３组间均无显著差别（Ｐ＞０．０５）。试验４组在饲料报酬上与对照组、试验２、３组间分别有明显差异（Ｐ＜０．０１），试验５组与对照组、试验１、２、３、４、６组间皆存有显著差别（Ｐ＜０．０５），试验６组同对照组、试验１、２、３组间都是差异极明显（Ｐ＜０．０１）。饲料适口性以试验２组最好，其次为对照组、试验３组，试验５、６组最差。     

添加保康生制作玉米青贮饲喂泌乳牛的效果观察

选择年龄、胎次、泌乳天数、产奶量及体况相近的泌乳牛９２头,分成试验组、对照组进行对比试验,观察添加保康生的全株玉米青贮饲喂泌乳牛的效果。试验组牛头日饲喂加酶玉米青贮２０千克,对照组饲喂不加酶青贮料２０千克,饲粮其它组成一致。在近３个月的试验期间,每隔１０～２０天记录奶牛个体奶量,并每月取奶样,测定乳脂率、乳蛋白等成分。玉米青贮每月取样,分析常规成分。除粗纤维外,两组玉米青贮在常规成分上差异不大;粗纤维含量试验组显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜００５）,说明添加的酶制剂起到了分解纤维的作用。试验组牛的头日平均奶产量比对照组高１４千克（＋５％）,两者差异显著（Ｐ＜００５）。乳脂率含量不受酶添加的影响,但不同牛舍间差异显著（Ｐ＜００５）;酶添加和不同牛舍间单独对乳蛋白含量的影响都不显著（Ｐ＞００５）,而两者有交互作用。经济效益分析结果表明,在全株玉米青贮中添加保康生,可为奶牛场产生明显的经济效益,值得普遍推广。     

饲料铅污染对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质以及抗氧化性能的影响

本试验旨在研究不同剂量铅对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质以及血清、肝脏和肾脏中与抗氧化性能相关指标的影响。选用 ４０周龄生产性能相近的海兰褐蛋鸡 ５７６羽,随机分为 ４组：对照组、试验 １组（Ｔ１组）、试验 ２组（Ｔ２组）、试验 ３组（Ｔ３组）,每组 ４个重复,每个重复 ３６羽。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,Ｔ１、Ｔ２、Ｔ３组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加 １５、３０、６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ铅的试验饲粮。试验期 ８周。结果表明：１）各组间产蛋率和料蛋比均无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）,１～８周 Ｔ３组平均蛋重显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,１～８周 Ｔ１、Ｔ２、Ｔ３组平均日采食量分别较对照组降低了３．７２％（Ｐ＜０．０５）、１．９３％（Ｐ＞０．０５）、３．６３％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。２）与对照组相比,试验组蛋白高度和哈夫单位均有降低趋势,除 Ｔ３组蛋白高度（Ｐ＜０．０５）外均差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）;Ｔ３组蛋壳强度和蛋壳厚度最低,第 ４周和第 ８周时 Ｔ３组蛋壳强度分别比对照组降低了 ２１．８９％、１６．８４％（Ｐ＜０．０５）;蛋壳厚度的变化趋势与蛋壳强度一致,均随着铅添加量的增加而降低,呈现一定的剂量 －效应关系。３）与对照组相比,各试验组血清、肝脏和肾脏中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性均显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）;丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量均在一定程度上升高,Ｔ３组血清和肝脏中 ＭＤＡ含量均较对照组显著上升（Ｐ＜０．０５）,各试验组肾脏中 ＭＤＡ含量均显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）;血清、肝脏和肾脏中还原型谷胱甘肽含量和总抗氧化能力以及总超氧化物歧化酶活性均呈现降低趋势。综上所述,饲料中铅污染可以导致蛋品质降低,诱导脂质过氧化作用,降低蛋鸡抗氧化能力。     

饲喂百奥美速酵源对荷斯坦乳牛产奶量及乳品质的影响

饲喂百奥美速酵源试验组头日产奶量比对照组增２．０１千克，提高７．１％，差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）；试验组乳脂率和乳千物质率显著高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）。试验组乳脂量、乳干物质量极显著高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）；经济效益分析表明投入产出比为１：４。     

天农肥育牛用添加剂饲喂肉牛试验

选择年龄２～３岁，体重３００～４００千克的夏洛来杂公牛，西门塔尔杂交牛及黑白花公牛等品种牛共２０头，用天津农学院研制的“天农肥育牛用添加剂”进行了肥育试验，结果表明：试验组牛平均日增重１．２８２千克，对照组牛为１．０１２千克，试验组比对照组牛平均头日增重多０．２７千克，经ｔ经验两组牛日增重差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０５），经济收益比对照组头日净协１．９３元。     

大蒜素替代土霉素对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

选用 ７２头 ２４日龄断奶健康仔猪，随机分为 ３个处理，每个处理 ３个重复，每个重复 ８头。各处理组基础日粮一致。处理Ⅰ为对照组，处理Ⅱ组和处理 Ⅲ组分别添加大蒜素２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ、土霉素２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ于日粮中。结果表明：与对照组比较， Ⅱ组日增重提高 ８．３５％（Ｐ＜０．０５），料重比降低 ８．２４％，Ⅲ组日增重提高５．２４％（Ｐ＜０．０５），料重比降低７．１４％。采食量均无显著差异，Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组相比较，前者日增重比后者提高２．８６％（Ｐ＞０．０５），料重比下降１．２０％，两者均对仔猪有促长作用，相同添加量，大蒜素可以替代土霉素。     

高碘日粮对蛋鸡生产性能,体内代谢和蛋品质的影响

日粮加碘６５ｐｐｍ饲喂蛋鸡，破壳率减少（Ｐ＜０．０５），饲料消耗降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），采食量、产蛋量和蛋重无明显影响（Ｐ＜０．０５），肝中ＧＯＴ和ＧＰＴ酶活性显著上升（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＡＫＰ明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），血清中ＡＫＰ明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＳＯＤ提高显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），而肝中ＣＤＨ和ＣＫ，血清中ＬＤＨ，ＧＯＴ、ＧＰＴ和ＣＫ无显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＳＯＤ提高显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），     

仔猪21日龄与28日龄断乳的研究

采用“同窝分组”法，在相同饲养条件下对１０窝１１０头仔猪进行了２１日龄断乳（１组）和２８日龄断乳（Ⅱ组）对比试验，测其各阶段发育，饲料利用率及效益，其结果：Ｉ组仔猪断乳后一周（２８日龄）体重（５．８５千克）和日增重（１７６克），分别比Ⅱ组低２２％和９２％，未增重者占１６．６％，减重者占３６．６％。Ⅱ组仔猪断乳后一周（３５日龄）未增和减重者各占６．７％。４２日龄时两组体重已很接近（Ｐ＞０．０５）。仔猪２１—４２日龄期间各用采食量：Ｉ组分别为０．７６、２．１５和３．７２千克，Ⅱ组分别为０．３２、１．２０和３．１９千克，仔猪在断乳后第２、３周来食量Ⅰ组明显高于Ⅱ组，表明Ⅰ组已进入生长补偿期。４２日．龄左右两组仔猪体重和采食量已无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。７—６０日龄采食量，Ｉ、Ⅱ组分别为２３．６和２２．２千克（Ｐ＞０．０５）。饲料转化比分别为１．３３和１．１９（Ｐ＞０．０５）。但每头仔猪饲料总成本，Ｉ组比Ⅱ组降低７％。     

不同营养水平与饲养方式对商品猪肉质的影响

试验选择荣昌猪瘦肉型品系的最优杂交组合（杜×荣）仔猪２４头，随机分为３组，以高、中、低三种不同的营养水平及饲养方式进行饲养试验，２０千克起试，９０千克结束试验并屠宰书全国统一方法进行肉质测定。结果得出，不同的营养水平及饲养方式对配套系商品瘦肉猪的肉质有一定影响，其肉质优劣排序为低、中、高营养水平组。高营养水平组的肉色显著低于中营养水平组（Ｐ＜０．０５），但与低营养水平组差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；ＰＨ值和失水率均为低营养水平组优于中营养水平组，中营养水平组优于高营养水平组，但未达显著水准（Ｐ＞０．０５）；贮存损失高营养水平组显著高于中营养水平组及低营养水平组（Ｐ＜０．０５），而后两者之间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；熟肉率、肌肉大理石纹评分及肌内粗脂肪含量三组间均无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结果表明，高营养水平加自由采食，有使肉质变劣的趋势；而采用精料与青料搭配及限制饲养对肉质具有有益效应。     

盘江黄牛放牧补饲育肥不同氮源精料配方筛选

用菜籽饼、羟甲基尿素、豆饼分别作氮源配合精料，在营养和补饲量相同的情况下，对盘江黄牛进行放牧补饲育肥。结果表明，３个试验组日增重分别为０．７８３千克、０．７９３千克和０．８０７千克，均明显（Ｐ〈０．０１）高于日增重０．２３１千克的不补饲对照组，但３个试验组间差异不明显（Ｐ〉０．０５）。３个试验组的养牛收入分别经对照组提高３３．５％、２５．８％和０．３％，说明在本试验条件下，用菜籽饼配合饲料育肥效果     

Performance of tropical dairy cows fed whole crop rice silage with varying levels of concentrate

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of concentrate/milk yield ratios on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation efficiency, and milk production in dairy cows fed with a basal diet of whole crop rice silage (WCRS). Sixteen crossbred cows (75 % Holstein-Friesian (HF) and 25 % Thai cows) in mid-lactation were assigned to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatments corresponding to four concentrate/milk yield ratios (0, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 (kg/kg)) were used. All cows were offered WCRS (with 1.5 % urea and 3 % molasses) ad libitum. Silage and concentrate were fed individually twice a day. Results revealed that dry matter intake (12.8–14.5 kg/day), nutrient digestibility (62.5–68.7 %), and rumen fermentation efficiency were not significantly affected by concentrate supplementation. Milk yield (10.2–11.5 kg/day) and milk composition were similar between cows fed with sole WCRS and those supplemented with concentrate mixture, although milk fat tended to increase in cows fed with sole WCRS. In conclusion, sole WCRS fed to dairy cows without concentrate supplementation resulted in similar feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and milk production as compared to those supplemented with concentrate in lactating dairy cows. These results suggest that in tropical areas where rice crop is surplus, WCRS could sustain reasonable levels of milk production among dairy cows with little or no concentrate supplementation provided that urea and molasses are included in the silage.     

苹果发酵物对奶牛产奶性能和疾病的影响

将有益微生物接种到以苹果渣为主的培养基中进行有氧和无氧培养,制成颗粒状苹果培养物。对高产奶牛进行饲喂试验表明,用苹果发酵物代替等量的甜菜或苹果发酵物和甜菜粕同时使用,奶牛分别增产鲜奶1.89和1.90千克/头·日,同时乳脂、乳蛋白质、乳固体物都有上升趋势,奶牛发病率明显下降。苹果发酵物是一种新型反刍动物饲料。     

饲粮NDF/NFC对泌乳后期奶牛瘤胃甲烷排放量、营养物质表观消化率及生产性能的影响

为研究不同中性洗涤纤维/非纤维性碳水化合物(NDF/NFC)饲粮对泌乳后期奶牛甲烷排放量、营养物质消化率和生产性能的影响,试验选用体重(777.46±27.31)kg、胎次(1.5±0.15)胎、泌乳天数(242.92±15.28)d、产奶量(18.75±0.62)kg/d的奶牛12头,随机分配到3组,每组4头。各组饲粮NDF/NFC分别为2.10(精粗比为42:58)、1.96(精粗比为37:63)、1.52(精粗比为30:70),采用六氟化硫(SF_6)示踪技术测定自然状态下泌乳奶牛甲烷排放量。预试期14 d,正试期9 d。结果表明:饲喂不同NDF/NFC饲粮的泌乳后期奶牛甲烷排放量、甲烷能、单位干物质采食量的甲烷排放量以及单位总能摄入量的甲烷能均有显著差异;随着NDF/NFC降低,奶牛生产性能、饲料转化率和营养物质消化率无显著差异。综上,在不影响奶牛健康和生产性能的前提下,NDF/NFC为1.52的低NDF组饲料能显著降低泌乳后期奶牛瘤胃甲烷排放量。     

金华市某奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎发病情况分析

对金华市某奶牛场200头健康泌乳牛的770个乳区进行隐性乳房炎检测,连续检测3个月,结果显示:该牛场隐性乳房炎的个体房炎的发生率与挤奶操作程序、月份、泌乳期、胎次、产奶量有很大关系。     

不同挤奶次数对奶牛产奶量的影响分析

[目的]分析增加挤奶次数对不同阶段泌乳奶牛产奶量的提升,找出最佳挤奶管理方案,为有效提升牧场效益提供理论依据。[方法]将泌乳牛只随机分为两组,保证不同胎次、不同产犊阶段平均泌乳量相当,分组后两组分别保持3次挤奶和4次挤奶1个月。对牧场不同挤奶次数奶牛泌乳量进行统计汇总整理分析。[结果]增加挤奶次数能有效提高奶牛泌乳量（P<0.05）;泌乳量高于45 kg奶牛增加挤奶次数对产奶量的提升,显著高于泌乳量低于45 kg的奶量（P<0.05）;增加挤奶次数显著提升头胎牛产量2.33 kg,二胎牛产量2.31 kg,三胎及以上牛奶产量2.78 kg(P<0.05);不同泌乳阶段,增加挤奶次数能有效提高泌乳初期及产奶高峰期的产奶量（P<0.05）。[结论]增加挤奶次数能有效提升奶牛泌乳量,对高产及处于产奶初期及高峰期的奶牛提升效果最佳。     

Estimation of Milk Production from Smallholder Dairy Cattle in the Coastal Lowlands of Kenya

A study was carried out on 92 smallholder farms in Kwale district in Coast Province of Kenya to estimate the milk yield. The effect of concentrate feed supplementation on milk yield was also evaluated. Data were collected during a one-year observational longitudinal study. Analysis was done for 371 observations following 63 calving events. The mean annual milk offtake was estimated at 2021 kg/cow. Forty-nine (77.8%) of the lactating cows were supplemented with concentrate feeds at varying rates of 0.5-3.0 kg/cow per day. Supplementary feeding of lactating cows led to a significantly higher mean daily milk yield compared to non-supplemented cows throughout the year (p < 0.05). The mean annual milk offtake from supplemented cows (2195 kg/cow) was 18.6% more than offtake from non-supplemented cows, a difference that was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Therefore, supplementary feeding of commercial feed concentrates was a rational management practice. It was also concluded that milk production from smallholder dairy cows in the coastal lowlands of Kenya was comparable to that from similar production systems but lower than national targets.     

TMR中不同长度的苜蓿干草对泌乳奶牛生产性能的影响

试验旨在研究泌乳奶牛TMR中添加不同长度的苜蓿干草对奶牛采食及产奶性能的影响。采用3个3×3拉丁方试验研究了TMR中苜蓿干草长度分别为1、3、5 cm时对3头头胎及6头经产泌乳奶牛的采食及产奶性能的影响。结果表明:TMR中的苜蓿干草长度变化对奶牛的DM采食量无显著影响(P0.05);当苜蓿干草长度从1 cm增加到3 cm和5 cm时,奶牛的NDF、ADF及peNDF摄入量均显著增加(P0.05);3 cm和5 cm长度的苜蓿干草较1 cm的能显著提高奶牛4%FCM产奶量、产奶效率及乳脂率(P0.05)。结果提示,泌乳奶牛TMR中苜蓿干草以较长的5 cm为宜;较长的苜蓿干草不影响奶牛的干物质采食量,能增加其有效纤维的摄入量,提高其4%FCM产奶量、产奶效率及乳脂率。     

植物甾醇对泌乳前期奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

根据年龄、胎次、泌乳时间和产奶量选择24头泌乳奶牛,随机分为对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组。对照组饲喂奶牛场配制的全混合饲料,试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组每头奶牛日粮中分别添加40 g/d和80 g/d植物甾醇,研究植物甾醇对奶牛生产性能的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组奶牛的产奶量分别提高了2.07 kg/d(5.64%,P0.05)和1.74 kg/d(4.75%,P0.05);试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组奶牛乳脂率分别提高了8.22%(P0.01)和2.97%(P0.05);乳蛋白率分别提高了2.45%(P0.05)和1.05%(P0.05);非脂固形物分别提高了1.29%(P0.05)和0.23%(P0.05),体细胞数分别下降了37.31%和19.34%,但差异均不显著(P0.05);牛奶中乳尿素氮含量分别降低了5.29%(P0.05)和7.58%(P0.01)。结果表明泌乳前期奶牛补饲一定量的植物甾醇能够提高产奶量和改善乳成分。     

An outbreak of dictyocaulosis in lactating cows on a dairy farm

CASE DESCRIPTION: The owner of a herd of 74 Holstein-Friesian cattle reported decreased milk production, weight loss, and coughing among lactating cows. Owner-initiated antimicrobial treatment was unsuccessful; 1 lactating cow died, and 50% of the lactating cows had clinical signs of respiratory distress, such as tachypnea and coughing. CLINICAL FINDINGS: On the basis of history, physical examination findings, and fecal examination results, affected animals were determined to have Dictyocaulus viviparus (lungworm) infestation. The disease history suggested that the herd contained cows with subclinical patent lungworm infestations; after introduction of susceptible heifers, the pastures had become heavily infested with D viviparus and clinical problems subsequently developed in both newly introduced and resident cows. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Affected and unaffected heifers and adult cows were treated with a pour-on formulation of eprinomectin (0.5 mg/kg [0.23 mg/lb]). One animal died, but 2 weeks after treatment, clinical signs among affected cattle were markedly improved. Ten weeks after treatment, milk production improved from 23 kg/cow/d (51 lb/cow/d) to 28 kg/cow/d (62 lb/cow/d). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The outbreak provides additional evidence that dictyocaulosis is becoming more common among adult dairy cattle, rather than almost exclusively affecting young stock. This may be attributable to anthelmintic use and management practices on dairy farms. Combined with anecdotal reports of an increase in the incidence of dictyocaulosis among adult cattle in North America, D viviparus infestation should be included as a differential diagnosis for decreased milk production, weight loss, and coughing among adult dairy cattle.     

Nano-sized zinc addition enhanced mammary zinc translocation without altering health status of dairy cows

This study aimed to evaluate role of nano-sized zinc (Zn) on lactation performance, health status, and mammary permeability of lactating dairy cows. Thirty multiparous dairy cows with similar days in milk (158 ± 43.2) and body weight (694 ± 60.5 kg) were chosen based on parity and milk production and were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups: basal diet (control, 69.6 mg/kg of Zn adequate in Zn requirement), basal diet additional Zn-methionine (Zn-Met, providing 40 mg/kg of Zn), and basal diet additional nano-sized Zn oxide (nZnO, providing 40 mg/kg of Zn). The study lasted for 10 wk, with the first 2 wk as adaptation. Feed intake, milk yield and the related variables, and plasma variables were determined every other week. Blood hematological profiles were determined in the 8th week of the study. We found that feed intake, milk yield, and milk composition were similar across the 3 groups. The nZnO- and Zn-Met-fed cows had greater milk Zn concentrations in the milk (3.89 mg/L (Zn-Met) and 3.93 mg/L (nZnO)) and plasma (1.25 mg/L (Zn-Met) and 1.29 mg/L (nZnO)) than the control cows (3.79 mg/L in milk and 1.21 mg/L in plasma). The nZnO-fed cows had higher Zn concentrations in plasma but not in milk compared to Zn-Met-fed cows. The Zn appearance in milk was greater in nZnO-fed (area under curve during the first 4 h post-feeding for milk Zn: 16.1 mg/L) and Zn-Met-fed cows (15.7 mg/L) than in control cows (15.0 mg/L). During the first 4 h post-feeding, milk to blood Zn ratio was greater in nZnO-fed animals but lower in Zn-Met-fed cows compared with control cows. Oxidative stress-related variables in plasma, blood hematological profiles, and mammary permeability related variables were not different across treatments. In summary, lactation performance, Zn concentrations in milk and plasma, hematological profiles, mammary permeability were similar in cows fed nZnO and Zn-Met. We therefore suggested that nZnO feeding can improve Zn bioavailability without impairing lactation performance, health status, and mammary gland permeability in dairy cows.