长期施肥对石灰性潮土氮素形态的影响

采用Bremner1 965年提出的土壤氮素分级方法 ,对 1 6年肥料长期定位试验中的耕层以及剖面各层次土壤的氮素形态进行了分级。结果表明 ,施用化肥不能提高耕层土壤各形态氮的含量 ,对土壤氮素的组成也无明显的影响 ;有机肥和化肥配合施用 ,耕层土壤各形态氮的含量都有不同程度的提高 ,其中氨基酸态氮的增加最为明显。有机无机肥配合施用 ,可提高土壤氮素的储量和质量 ,不仅对耕层土壤氮素的含量和组成有影响 ,而且对耕层以下土壤各形态氮的含量也有一定的影响。一般随着有机肥用量的增加 ,下层土壤各形态氮含量的增加幅度也越大 ,而且影响深度也更深。在本试验条件下 ,施肥对氮素形态的最大影响深度为 30cm左右。     

长期定位施肥对潮土腐植酸含量及其相关因素的影响

利用中国科学院封丘农业生态国家实验站潮土农田生态系统养分平衡长期定位试验地,研究不同施肥处理对春秋两季土壤腐植酸含量、微生物生物量碳及转化酶活性的影响。结果发现,与不施肥对照相比,单施NK或单施PK对土壤pH和有机碳含量均没有显著影响;单施有机肥、施NPK化肥、1/2 OM + 1/2 NPK有机无机配施以及施NP等4种处理均显著抑制了土壤pH的升高,提高了土壤有机碳与全氮含量;其中单施有机肥还显著提高了土壤腐殖质中胡敏酸的含量以及微生物生物量碳和转化酶活性,有机肥与化肥配施效果次之。结果表明,长期施用有机肥更有利于提高土壤肥力质量与健康质量。     

长期施肥对黑土酶活性和微生物呼吸的影响

以农业部哈尔滨黑土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站28年长期定位试验为平台,研究了长期施用不同肥料对黑土酶活性及微生物呼吸强度的影响。结果表明,长期不同施肥处理后黑土过氧化氢酶、转化酶和脲酶的活性均产生较大的差异,有机无机肥料配合施用处理的土壤中脲酶和转化酶活性显著地高于单施化肥、有机肥和不施肥处理,施肥对土壤过氧化氢酶具有一定的抑制作用。相同施肥条件下0~20 cm土层土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶和脲酶的活性均高于20~40 cm土层酶活性。此外,施肥对土壤真菌、细菌的呼吸都有一定的抑制作用。     

长期定位施肥对无石灰性潮土酶活性的影响

试验研究长期定位施肥对无石灰性潮土酶活性的影响结果表明,长期单施有机肥及其配施无机化肥均能显著增强土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶的活性。土壤脲酶活性、蛋白酶活性与土壤有机质、全N、碱解氮含量呈极显著正相关,磷酸酶活性与土壤有机质、有机磷、有效磷呈极显著正相关,蔗糖酶活性与土壤有机质呈极显著正相关。表明土壤酶活性与土壤肥力密切相关,可作为评价土壤肥力性状的生物学指标。     

长期定位施肥对不同粒级非石灰性潮土钾素释放的影响

土壤中矿物的种类与土壤的粒级有关,随着粒级变粗,矿物组成趋于简单,次生矿物类型及含量减少,而原生矿物种类及含量增加[1]。土壤钾素含量、有效性及其转化又与土壤矿物组成密切相关,存在于黏粒部分的含钾矿物(黏粒矿物)因直接影响钾的生物有效性而备受关注。土壤中钾素的研究较多[2,3],关于不同粒级的土壤钾素释放的差异已有报道[4~6],但长期定位施肥对不同粒级的土壤颗粒中钾素行为的影响研究得较少,笔者在这方面做了一系列的工作[7~9]。因此研究长期定位施肥中土壤粒级与土壤钾素释放行为的关系不仅能丰富土壤矿物风化和黏土矿物形成理论,而且对全面认识土壤中钾素状况、供钾能力、钾素的相互转化及合理利用有限的     

华北潮土长期施肥对土壤跳虫群落的影响

通过试验研究了河南封丘潮土长期施肥处理下土壤跳虫的群落结构及其多样性,试验包括氮磷钾(NPK)、氮磷(NP)、氮钾(NK)、磷钾(PK)、有机肥(OM)、1∶1化学氮肥与有机氮(MNPK)和不施肥(CK)7个处理。结果表明,7种施肥试验处理下,平均土壤跳虫密度为30 000头m-2,施用有机肥显著增加了土壤跳虫数量,而磷肥可能是该地区跳虫数量增长的一个限制因素。OM和MNPK处理下土壤跳虫多样性显著高于其他处理,OM和NPK处理具有最高的相似性,其次是MNPK和OM处理之间,而CK处理与其他处理相似性指数较小。不同施肥处理下表现了土壤跳虫类群对环境的选择性,多数跳虫与OM处理成正相关关系,而MNPK处理促进了Isotoma和Xenylla属在数量上的增长,PK处理与Hypogastrura和Sminthurinus属有一定的正相关关系。施肥处理也引起了土壤跳虫的垂直分布差异,MNPK、NPK和OM处理下土壤跳虫趋于表层(0～10cm)分布,而NK和CK处理下趋于下层(10～20cm)分布。土壤跳虫的量化指标(如个体数、类群数和多样性)对施肥处理表现敏感,可作为土壤质量评价的指标之一。     

长期施用化肥与有机肥对潮土土壤物理性质的影响

通过长期定位试验研究了不同施肥处理对土壤物理性质的影响。结果表明,与单施化肥相比,施有机肥的土壤总孔隙度,土壤有效含水量、透水性、饱和导水率均较高,土壤持水性较好,表土硬度较低,改善了土壤物理性状,为提高作物水分利用效率和实施节水农业奠定较好的土壤条件。     

长期施用化肥与有机肥对潮土土壤物理性质的影响

通过长期定位试验研究了不同施肥处理对土壤物理性质的影响。结果表明，与单施化肥相比，施有机肥的土壤总孔隙度、土壤有效水含量、透水性、饱和导水率均较高，土壤持水性较好，表土硬度较低，改善了土壤物理性状，为提高作物水分利用效率和实施节水农业奠定较好的土壤条件。     

长期定位施肥对土壤腐殖质含量的影响

以潮土、旱地红壤和红壤性水稻土为研究对象，探讨了长期施肥对土壤腐殖质含量的影响。结果表明，长期施用NPK化肥、有机肥或有机无机肥配施均能提高潮土、旱地红壤和红壤性水稻土耕层的有机质、腐殖质和活性腐殖质含量，其中胡敏酸、富里酸也相应地增加，但以有机无机肥配施的效果最好。施有机肥或有机无机肥配施还能提高土壤腐殖质的胡／富比值。施肥对土壤有机质的影响不仅局限于土壤耕层（0－20m），而且影响耕层地下层次，但以0－60cm土层的效果显著，且以潮土的效果明显。     

长期定位施肥对土壤腐殖质含量的影响

以潮土、旱地红壤和红壤性水稻土为研究对象 ,探讨了长期施肥对土壤腐殖质含量的影响。结果表明 ,长期施用 NPK化肥、有机肥或有机无机肥配施均能提高潮土、旱地红壤和红壤性水稻土耕层的有机质、腐殖质和活性腐殖质含量 ,其中胡敏酸、富里酸也相应地增加 ,但以有机无机肥配施的效果最好。施有机肥或有机无机肥配施还能提高土壤腐殖质的胡 /富比值。施肥对土壤有机质的影响不仅局限于土壤耕层 (0～ 2 0 m) ,而且影响耕层以下层次 ,但以 0～ 6 0 cm土层的效果显著 ,且以潮土的效果明显     

不同秸秆还田方式对和田风沙土土壤微生物 多样性的影响

秸秆还田是有效利用秸秆资源的重要途径,能够提高土壤养分含量、调节土壤微生物的群落结构和多样性,但目前还缺乏不同秸秆还田方式对新疆沙化土壤肥力和微生物多样性影响的系统报道。为探索新疆沙化土壤肥力可持续提升模式,于2010—2012年在和田风沙土土壤上设置秸秆直接还田(NPKS)、过腹还田(NPKM,15.0 t×hm~(-2))和炭化还田(NPKB1,2.5 t×hm~(-2);NPKB2,15.0 t×hm~(-2))定位试验,研究不同秸秆还田处理对和田风沙土土壤养分、微生物数量、土壤酶活性和Biolog碳源利用的影响。结果表明:1)与单施化肥(NPK)相比,不同秸秆还田方式均能显著提高风沙土土壤养分含量,其中NPKM处理效果最好,其次是NPKB2处理,NPKS和NPKB1处理分别为第3和第4。2)不同秸秆还田方式对土壤微生物数量影响差异显著,均增加了土壤中细菌、放线菌和生理菌群的数量,与NPK处理相比,细菌数量NPKB2处理最高,放线菌数量NPKM处理最高,分别显著提高了413.16%和574.19%。但NPKB1和NPKB2处理对生理菌群数量的提升效果好于NPKS处理和NPKM处理。土壤酶活性,不同秸秆还田方式总体好于NPK处理,NPKM处理的提升效果最好。3)Biolog碳源利用分析表明不同秸秆还田方式均能提高风沙土土壤微生物活性和丰富度指数。主成分分析表明,不同秸秆还田方式土壤微生物群落明显不同,起分异作用的碳源主要为羧酸类和糖类。聚类分析显示NPKB2和NPKM处理之间、NPKB1和NPKS处理之间土壤微生物功能相似。由此可以看出,不同秸秆还田方式均能显著提高和田沙化土壤微生物活性和功能多样性,但不同方式的增效不同。从3年定位试验结果看,秸秆过腹还田和炭化还田的效果较好,秸秆直接粉碎还田有增加土传病害的风险。该结果将为南疆沙化土壤肥力可持续提升提供一定的理论指导。     

生物有机肥对土壤微生物活性的影响

通过两次连续温室玉米盆栽试验,研究了施用具有调节微生物功能的生物有机肥对土壤微生物数量与活性的影响,并利用传统平板计数法与BIOLOGECO方法相结合研究生物有机肥对土壤微生物生态的影响。结果表明,与化肥相比,施用生物有机肥可显著提高土壤微生物中3大菌群的数量;AWCD值及微生物对不同碳底物利用水平的测定结果表明,施用生物有机肥可明显提高土壤微生物对碳源的利用率,尤其土壤中的羧酸、胺类和其他类碳源等。表明生物有机肥的施用能增加土壤微生物利用碳源能力,改善微生物营养条件,使微生物保持较高活性,提高土壤微生物多样性。     

Long-term application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on N2O emissions, soil quality and crop production in a sandy loam soil

A long-term field experiment was established to determine the influence of mineral fertilizer (NPK) or organic manure (composed of wheat straw, oil cake and cottonseed cake) on soil fertility. A tract of calcareous fluvo-aquic soil (aquic inceptisol) in the Fengqiu State Key Experimental Station for Ecological Agriculture (Fengqiu county, Henan province, China) was fertilized beginning in September 1989 and N₂O emissions were examined during the maize and wheat growth seasons of 2002-2003. The study involved seven treatments: organic manure (OM), half-organic manure plus half-fertilizer N (1/2 OMN), fertilizer NPK (NPK), fertilizer NP (NP), fertilizer NK (NK), fertilizer PK (PK) and control (CK). Manured soils had higher organic C and N contents, but lower pH and bulk densities than soils receiving the various mineralized fertilizers especially those lacking P, indicating that long-term application of manures could efficiently prevent the leaching of applied N from and increase N content in the plowed layer. The application of manures and fertilizers at a rate of 300 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ significantly increased N₂O emissions from 150 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in the CK treatment soil to 856 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in the OM treatment soil; however, there was no significant difference between the effect of fertilizer and manure on N₂O emission. More N₂O was released during the 102-day maize growth season than during the 236-day wheat growth season in the N-fertilized soils but not in N-unfertilized soils. N₂O emission was significantly affected by soil moisture during the maize growth season and by soil temperature during the wheat growth season. In sum, this study showed that manure added to a soil tested did not result in greater N₂O emission than treatment with a N-containing fertilizer, but did confer greater benefits for soil fertility and the environment.     

红壤丘陵区人工林恢复措施对土壤酶活性和微生物学性质的影响

我国红壤丘陵区水土流失较严重。本文研究人工林对土壤(0～20和20～40 cm)酶活性和微生物学性质的短期(13～14年)影响。土壤转化酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶活性在次生天然林和湿地松樟树混交林中高于其他林分。次生天然林和湿地松樟树混交林土壤微生物生物量和土壤呼吸值较大、有机碳活性较强、土壤微生物基质利用效率较高。因此,短期影响下,湿地松樟树混交林较之针叶纯林和针叶混交林可改善土壤生化强度和微生物活性。     

Nematode faunal response to long-term application of nitrogen fertilizer and organic manure in Northeast China

Nematode faunal response to the long-term (20-year) application of nitrogen fertilizer and organic manure was monitored in a Hapli-Udic Cambosol of Northeast China, where no fertilizer (C), nitrogen fertilizer (N), organic manure (M) and nitrogen fertilizer plus organic manure (N + M) treatments were compared. The obtained results showed that total nematode abundance responded positively to the M and N + M treatments. The numbers of Acrobeloides increased in the M and N + M treatments at maize jointing and booting stages, and those of Aphelenchoides were higher in the N + M treatment than in the N treatment at maize ripening stage. Early in the growing season, the numbers of bacterivores of cp-1 (cp, colonizer-persister) and cp-2 guilds were higher in the M and N + M treatments than in the N treatment, while those of bacterivores and fungivores of cp-4 guilds were higher in the C treatment than in the N, M and N + M treatments. Except at maize seedling stage, the numbers of fungivores of cp-2 and herbivores of cp-3 guilds were higher in the N + M treatment than in the C treatment. Ratios of the weighted abundance of representatives of specific functional guilds were used as indicators of food web structure, enrichment and decomposition channels. Values of the enrichment index (EI) at maize seedling and jointing stages were higher in the M and N + M treatments than in the C and N treatments, while an opposite trend was observed in the channel index (CI). Higher EI and lower CI suggest an enriched soil food web dominated with bacterial decomposition channels in the M and N + M treatments.     

长期平衡施肥对潮土微生物活性和玉米养分吸收的影响

利用中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站农田生态系统养分平衡长期定位试验地,研究氮磷钾平衡施肥(NPK)与缺素施肥(NK、PK、NP)对土壤微生物生物量、酶活性、呼吸强度以及玉米养分吸收的影响。结果发现,与不施肥对照(CK)相比,NPK处理玉米根系与茎叶生物量、籽粒产量以及植株氮磷钾吸收量均大幅提高,NP处理次之,PK与NK处理则无显著影响;同一处理玉米茎叶与根系养分含量接近,而籽粒的全氮和全磷含量较高、全钾含量偏低;与NPK处理相比,缺施氮、磷或钾肥均直接导致玉米植株相应养分的明显亏缺或其他养分的过量富集,但在根系、茎叶和籽粒部位的累积情况存在一定差异。与CK相比,所有施加磷肥的处理(NPK、NP、PK)土壤微生物生物量(碳、氮、磷)、脱氢酶、转化酶、脲酶与碱性磷酸酶活性以及土壤微生物代谢活性和土壤基础呼吸强度均显著升高(p<0.05),土壤微生物代谢熵则显著下降(p<0.05),而缺施磷肥的NK处理除显著提高脲酶活性外(p<0.05),对其他指标均无显著影响。结果表明,氮磷钾平衡施肥在促进土壤微生物繁育和保育微生物代谢活性以及促进作物生长和保证养分吸收等方面显得非常重要,而缺素施肥中以缺施磷肥的不利影响最为突出。     

CO2 emission in an intensively cultivated loam as affected by long-term application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer

A long-term field experiment was conducted to examine the influence of mineral fertilizer and organic manure on the equilibrium dynamics of soil organic C in an intensively cultivated fluvo-aquic soil in the Fengqiu State Key Agro-Ecological Experimental Station (Fengqiu county, Henan province, China) since September 1989. Soil CO₂ flux was measured during the maize and wheat growing seasons in 2002-2003 and 2004 to evaluate the response of soil respiration to additions and/or alterations in mineral fertilizer, organic manure and various environmental factors. The study included seven treatments: organic manure (OM), half-organic manure plus half-fertilizer N (NOM), fertilizer NPK (NPK), fertilizer NP (NP), fertilizer NK (NK), fertilizer PK (PK) and control (CK). Organic C in soil and the soil heavy fraction (organo-mineral complex) was increased from 4.47 to 8.61 mg C g⁻¹ and from 3.32 to 5.68 mg C g⁻¹, respectively, after the 13 yr application of organic manure. In contrast, organic C and the soil heavy fraction increased in NPK soil to only 5.41 and 4.38 mg C g⁻¹, respectively. In the CK treatment, these parameters actually decreased from the initial C concentrations (4.47 and 3.32 mg C g⁻¹) to 3.77 and 3.11 mg C g⁻¹, respectively. Therefore, organic manure efficiently elevated soil organic C. However, only 66% of the increased soil organic C was combined with clay minerals in the OM treatment. Cumulative soil CO₂ emissions from inter-row soil in the OM and NPK treatments were 228 and 188 g C m⁻² during the 2002 maize growing season, 132 and 123 g C m⁻² during the 2002/2003 wheat growing season, and 401 and 346 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ in 2002-2003, respectively. However, during the 2004 maize growing season, cumulative soil CO₂ emissions were as high as 617 and 556 g C m⁻², respectively, due to the contribution of rhizosphere respiration. The addition of organic manure contributed to a 16% increase in soil CO₂ emission in 2002-2003 (compared to NPK), where only 27%, 36% and 24% of applied organic C was released as CO₂ during the 2002 and 2004 maize growing seasons and in 2002-2003, respectively. During the 2002/2003 wheat growing season, soil CO₂ flux was significantly affected by soil temperature below 20 °C, but by soil moisture (WFPS) during the 2004 maize growing season at soil temperatures above 18 °C. Optimum soil WFPS for soil CO₂ flux was approximately 70%. When WFPS was below 50%, it no longer had a significant impact on soil CO₂ flux during the 2002 maize growing season. This study indicates the application of organic manure composted with wheat straw may be a preferred strategy for increasing soil organic C and sequestering C in soil.     

长期定位施肥对灰漠土农田土壤质量的影响

试验研究不同施肥方式下长期定位施肥对灰漠土农田土壤酶活性和土壤理化特性的影响结果表明:经过长期定位施肥试验,灰漠土土壤的生物活性(蛋白酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性)与土壤基本肥力比试验前有所提高;不同施肥处理下土壤酶活性和土壤理化性质存在明显差异,N素和有机质含量是制约灰漠土土壤酶活性和影响作物产量的关键因子。     

Physical and chemical properties of a sandy loam receiving animal manure, mineral fertilizer or no fertilizer for 90 years

Ninety years after the start of the Askov long-term fertilization experiment on sandy loam, bulk soil was taken from the 0–20 cm and 30–35 cm depths of unfertilized (UNF), animal-manure (FYM) treated and mineral-fertilized (NPK) plots and analysed for textural composition, carbon content, pH, CEC, particle density and plasticity limits. Undisturbed soil cores (100 cm³) from the 8–12 cm layer were brought to six different matric potentials and subjected to confined uniaxial compression, drop-cone penetration and annulus shear tests. Water-retention curves based on seven matric potentials were produced for undisturbed cores from the 8–12 and 30–35 cm layers. In the field, in situ shear strength of plough-layer soil was determined by a vane shear tester and a torsional shear box. FYM and NPK treatments increased the soil organic carbon content by 23 and 11% of the amount in UNF, respectively. Corresponding increases observed in CEC were 17 and 11%. The water content at the lower and upper plastic limits both decreased from FYM to NPK to UNF. Soil bulk density in the 0-20 cm layer was reduced in FYM and NPK treatments relative to UNF, whereas the volume of soil pores larger than 30 μm was unaffected by past fertilization. Soil receiving animal manure showed the greatest soil strength when exposed to annulus shear, drop-cone penetration and confined uniaxial compression tests, Shear strength measurements indicated that the UNF sandy loam soil reacted like a sand, the increase in soil strength upon drying primarily being due to increased internal friction. In contrast, soil from FYM and NPK treatments showed reactions typical of a loamy soil, the increase in soil strength during drying being caused by increased cohesion in the soil matrix. The field tests employed were unable to detect the management-induced differences in soil physical parameters found in the laboratory tests. This study shows that physical soil properties related to conditions for tillage and traffic, to crop development and erosion are significantly influenced by differences in soil organic matter levels resulting from contrasting methods of fertilizer management. Exhausting a loamy soil by long-term lack of fertilizer application severely affects the physical properties of the soil.     

有机无机肥长期施用对潮土团聚体及其有机碳含量的影响

用湿筛法和密度分级相结合的方法,将土壤区分为不同粒径团聚体,并进一步把团聚体细分成不同组分,系统比较了有机无机肥长期施用对潮土及其团聚体中有机C含量的影响。结果表明,潮土团聚体以53～250μm为主,有机肥长期施用显著提高了250～2000μm团聚体数量,降低了53～250μm团聚体的比例。无机肥施用增加了各粒径团聚体有机C含量,但没有改变团聚体的比例。团聚体中有机C以细颗粒有机C(fine iPOM)为主,有机肥施用显著增加了矿物态有机C含量,并通过增加250～2000μm团聚体中细颗粒有机C(fine iPOM)和矿物态有机C比例来提高土壤有机C含量。无机肥则通过比较均匀地增加团聚体中各组分有机C含量来提高土壤有机C水平。因此,有机肥和无机肥在潮土上增加土壤有机质含量的机制存在明显差异。