家蚕抗菌肽的诱导及其抑菌作用研究

家蚕抗菌肽是存在于家蚕及蚕蛹的血淋巴内具有抗菌活性的多肽物质,在家蚕的天然免疫中起到至关重要的作用。采用不同剂量的γ-射线照射家蚕、对家蚕进行饥饿、电击和注射大肠杆菌等诱导处理后,提取家蚕抗菌肽,测定其抑菌效果。结果表明：以上的处理均能有效诱导抗菌物质的产生,其中饥饿法处理的家蚕产生抗菌肽的抑菌活性最强。本试验利用家蚕生产抗菌肽为家蚕的综合利用提供了一种新的途径。     

黄粉虫不同生长阶段诱导抗菌肽的效果分析

摘 要：目的 分析黄粉虫不同生长阶段所提取的抗菌肽抗菌活性及抗菌肽组分差异。方法 通过针刺使黄粉虫各虫态感染大肠杆菌产生抗菌肽,经过研磨、离心等步骤提取抗菌肽,用药敏试验检测这些抗菌肽的抗菌效果,并用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳试验分离其蛋白及多肽条带。结果 药敏试验的结果表明处于蛹期和成虫期的黄粉虫所产生抗菌肽的抑菌效果不如处于幼虫期所产生抗菌肽的抑菌效果明显,但差异不显著;电泳图谱显示黄粉虫幼虫有8条带,成虫有5条,蛹有5条,说明黄粉虫蛹期和成虫的抗菌肽种类较幼虫期的少,但是它们都还有更多的小肽段未被分离开。     

河北省又取得一批农药植保类科研成果

<正>(接上期)4.高活性昆虫抗菌肽的筛选及其对植物致病菌抑菌活性的研究单位名称:河北农业大学评价单位名称:河北省科技成果转化服务中心评价日期:2011.05.04明确了4个目7种昆虫在刺激诱导下抗菌肽产生规律及其对植物病原菌的抑菌活性和抑菌谱,揭示了抗菌肽产生的     

小麦蛋白酶解物的分离及其体外抗菌作用的研究

采用碱性蛋白酶水解小麦面筋蛋白制备抗菌肽,再依次采用超滤处理、Sephadex G-25凝胶层析和反相高效液相色谱,从小麦面筋蛋白酶解产物中分离抗菌肽,并研究其体外抑菌作用。结果表明,经过超滤处理后,相对分子量在5 kDa以下的酶解物抑菌活性较好,随后其经过SephadexG-25凝胶层析得到4种组分,抑菌试验表明,其中相对分子量为2 036 Da的峰Ⅱ组分的抑菌效果最好,对大肠杆菌的抑菌率为20.6%,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌率为20.1%。峰Ⅱ组分经过反相高效液相色谱鉴定,得到4个多肽组分。     

抗菌肽Omiganan的克隆、表达和抑菌活性

为获得Omiganan抗菌肽并研究其抑菌活性,根据Omiganan抗菌肽的一级结构(NH_2-ILRWPWWPWRRK-COOH),通过基因工程技术,参考大肠杆菌和毕赤酵母偏爱密码子原则,分别获得Omiganan核苷酸序列,再以Omiganan核苷酸序列为模板,设计特异性引物,通过PCR技术扩增Omiganan基因,分别与pET32a表达载体和pPIC9K连接构建pET32a-Omiganan原核表达载体和pPIC9K-Omiganan毕赤酵母表达载体,对含pET32a-Omiganan重组质粒的菌株分别采用IPTG 25℃, IPTG 37℃2种温度和自诱导方式表达获得Omiganan重组蛋白,对含pPIC9K-Omiganan毕赤酵母菌株采用1%甲醇诱导获得Omiganan抗菌肽。结果表明,自诱导14 h后Omiganan重组蛋白的表达量最高,IPTG 25℃, IPTG 37℃2种温度皆能诱导Omiganan重组蛋白的表达,但两者之间无显著差异。通过毕赤酵母表达的Omiganan抗菌肽对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均具有很强的抑菌活性。     

拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对二化螟的生物活性研究

通过室内试验,研究了10种菊酯类农药对水稻二化螟幼虫的生物活性,以及高效氯氟氰菊酯5种剂型对二化螟幼虫的生物活性差异。结果表明：高效氟氯氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、S-氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、顺式氯氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、乙氰菊酯、醚菊酯、氟硅菊酯对水稻二化螟幼虫均有较高的活性,LD50（μg /头）分别为0.0017,0.0039,0.0043,0.0070,0.0071,0.0116,0.0119,0.714,0.1779,0.3858,其活性分别是对照药剂三唑磷的0.3-141.59倍,是甲胺磷的2.07- 469.06倍。高效氯氟氰菊酯5剂型对二化螟3龄幼虫的生物活性略有差异,LC50(mg/L)值分别为：0.0945（EW）,0.1089（EC）,0.1174(ME),0.1232(SC),0.1591(WP)。     

大蜡螟抗菌物质的抑菌活性检测及其初步分离

摘要：本研究以大蜡螟末龄幼虫为材料,诱导后获得免疫血淋巴为抗菌粗提物,并分为新鲜,冷冻,加热三种不同的处理,进行了对两种常见细菌和16种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性检测,并进行了Sephadex G-50凝胶过滤分离。结果表明,大蜡螟抗菌物质对大肠杆菌没有明显的抑制作用,而对金黄葡萄球菌抑制作用明显,抑菌活性单位在10左右;对10种植物病原真菌均有不同的抑菌活性,其中对苹果树皮腐烂病菌的抑制率达到65%以上;经过凝胶过滤分离,及对分离组分的抑菌活性测定,筛选出较合适的洗脱液为50mM乙酸铵,各分离组分抑菌活性差异明显,粗提物被分成了两个差异显著的部分。     

叶面肥喷施宝对芥蓝菜农药残留及抗氧化酶活性的效应

为探明叶面肥喷施宝对蔬菜农药残留及抗氧化酶活性的效应,以芥蓝(Brassica albograbra)为材料,在室外栽培条件下研究叶面肥喷施宝对芥蓝菜叶片3种杀虫剂（吡虫啉、毒死蜱和高效氯氰菊酯）残留及其超氧歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,喷施宝能促进芥蓝菜吡虫啉、毒死蜱和高效氯氰菊酯残留的降解,但受使用时间与浓度的影响。叶面肥喷施宝能提高高效氯氰菊酯使用后芥蓝菜过氧化氢酶(CAT)与超氧歧化酶(SOD)的活性和毒死蜱胁迫下芥蓝菜CAT的活性,对过氧化物酶(POD)的影响不显著。喷施宝能明显提高吡虫啉胁迫下芥蓝菜POD的活性,对CAT的影响受使用浓度与取样时间的影响,但对SOD的影响不显著。     

苹果多酚抑制油脂氧化与抑菌特性的研究

采用Rancimat法和滤纸片法分别研究了AP对油脂氧化的抑制作用和对大肠杆菌活性的抑制,试验结果表明,添加AP、BHT、TBHQ和VC4种抗氧化剂的花生油样品。AP的诱导时间最长,表明AP的抑制油脂氧化能力最强;0．1％以上浓度的AP溶液具有明显的抑制大肠杆菌效果。而且在0．1％-0．5％浓度范围内,抑菌效果与苹果多酚溶液浓度呈正相关。说明AP是一种天然、高效的油脂抗氧化剂和防腐剂。     

壳寡糖对大肠杆菌抑菌作用的研究

研究壳寡糖对大肠杆菌的抑菌作用,其中大肠杆菌胞外碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性的变化用来评价壳寡糖对菌体通透性的影响,通过测定活性氧相对含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、蛋白质羰基化和DNA氧化损伤,评价壳寡糖对大肠杆菌的氧化损伤作用。结果表明,0.5%和1.0%壳寡糖对大肠杆菌的抑制效果显著,同时破坏了大肠杆菌的菌体完整性。大肠杆菌在壳寡糖的处理下,随着时间推移活性氧的相对含量逐渐降低,膜质的氧化损伤及蛋白质的氧化损伤严重;在0.5%和1.0%壳寡糖的处理下,DNA氧化损伤作用不明显。诱导活性氧的产生,引起膜质和蛋白质的氧化损伤,在其抑菌过程中发挥重要作用。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.