THE PERSISTENCE AND MOVEMENT OF FLUORODIFEN IN SOILS AND PLANTS

Summary. Miller clay and Lufkin sandy loam soils were treated with fluorodifen (4-nitrophenyl 2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl ether) at 3–4 and 5 kg/ha. The disappearance was monitored using electron-capture gas chromatography. Less than 10% of the herbicide remained 6 months after application. Persistence was increased by incorporation in the loam but not in the clay soil. Little leaching was detected in either soil. Fluorodifen was applied to both roots and leaves of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), grain sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea L.). The herbicide was absorbed by the treated tissue, but limited trans-location into other plant parts was detected by gas chromatography, autoradiography and liquid scintillation spectrometry. Following root application, higher concentrations of fluorodifen were found in the lower stems of morning glory and grain sorghum than in other species. La persistance et la migration du fluorodifene dans divers sols et plantes Résumé. De I'argile de Miller et des sols sablo-limoneux de Lufkin ont été traités avec du fluorodiféne (4-nitrophényl 2-nitro-4-trifluorométhylphényl éther) à 3, 4 et 5 kg/ha. La degradation a été suivie en utilisant la chromatographic en phase gazcuse avec détecteur à capture d'électrons. Aprés 6 mois d'application il ne fut détecté que moins de 10% de l'herbicide. La persistance fut accrue par l'incorporation dans le sol limoneux mais non dans le sol argileux; il ne fut mis en évidence qu'un faible lessivage dans les deux sols. Le fluorodifene fut appliquéà la fois sur les racines et sur les feuilles du soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), le sorgho à grains (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), l'arachide (Arachis hypogaea L.) et le volubilis (Ipomoea purpurea L.). L'herbicide fut absorbs par les tissus traites, mais il ne fut décelé qu'une migration limitée dans les autres parties de la plante, au moyen de la chromatographie en phase gazeuse, de l'autoradiographie, et de la spectrométrie à scintillation liquide. A la suite d'application par les racines, les concentrations de fluorodifene constatées dans les tiges basses du volubilis et dans le sorgho à grain furent supérieures à celles trouvées dans les autres espéces. Persistenz und Translokation von Fluorodifen in Böden und Pflanzen Zusammenfassung. Miller-Ton und Lufkin-Lehmboden wurden mit 3,5 und 5 kg/ha Fluorodifen (4-NitrGphenyl 2-nitro-4-trifluoromethyIphenylather) behandelt. Der Verlust der Aktivsubstanz wurde mit Hilfe der Elektroneneinfang-Gaschromatographic bestimmt. Sechs Monate nach der Behandlung waren weniger als 10% der ursprünglich ausgebrachten Aktivsubstanz noch nachweisbar. Die Persistenz war im Lehmboden, nicht jedoch im Tonboden, durch Inkorporation erhöht; in keinem Boden war nennens-werte Einwaschung zu beobachten. Fluorodifen wurde bei Sojabohnen (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), Körner-Hirse (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), Erdnuss (Arachis hypogaea L.) und Ipomoea purpurea L. sowohl über das Blatt als auch über die Wurzel angewandt. Das Herbizid wurde in das brhandelte Gewebe aufgenommen. Es erfolgte jedoch nur cine geringe Translokation in andere Pflanzenteile, wie die Untersuchung mit Hilfe der Gaschromatographic, Autoradio-graphic und Flüssigkeits-Scintiliations-Spectrometrie ergab. Nach Wurzelapplikation wurden in den unteren Sprossteilen von Ipomoea purpurea und Sorghum vulgare grössere Fluorodifen-Konzentrationen gefunden als bei den anderen Arten.     

THE MOVEMENT OF PARAQUAT IN PLANTS

Summary. A qualitative study of the movement of the herbicide paraquat from droplets applied to leaves of tomato plants, using ¹⁴C-methyl-labelled and ¹⁴C-ring-labelled paraquat dichloride and di(methylsulphate), has shown that it moves in the xylem with the transpiration stream. The chemical is as well transported from young leaves as from mature ones, and will move through a steam-ringed petiole. The enhancement of the amount of paraquat transported from the treated leaves which occurs when treated plants are kept in darkness for a period following treatment and then exposed to light, is probably due to the greater movement into the xylem through undamaged tissue which can occur in the dark. Once the chemical has been absorbed into treated leaves, light-induced damage is required for significant movement through the rest of the plant to take place, but the damage then inhibits further entry of paraquat into the xylem. The movement of paraquat in broad bean and maize is essentially similar, though the enhancement of movement by a period of darkness after application is much less marked.
La migration du paraquat dans les plantes     

THE PHYTOTOXICITY OF SOME HERBICIDES IN FIELD AND POT EXPERIMENTS IN RELATION TO SOIL PROPERTIES

Summary. The phytotoxicities in a number of soils of lenacil, linuron, prometryne and simazine to two indicator plants were determined in field and glasshouse experiments. The results were compared with estimates of the adsorption capacity of the soils obtained by two methods using dimethylaminobenzaldehyde as a model adsorbate. The possible influence of other soil properties was also considered.
One of the adsorption measurements had some predictive value for glasshouse behaviour but was not markedly superior to soil organic carbon content for this purpose. None of the factors studied was usefully correlated with field performance. Results from field experiments in spring were poorly correlated with those from similar experiments in autumn. Neither set of field results related closely to those obtained in the glasshouse. It is concluded that the influence of climate was more important than that of soil type.
La phytotoxiciti de quelquts herbicides dans des experiences en pots et en plein champ, en relation avec les propriétés du sol     

蕃茄根土区系中拮抗性细菌的分布与青枯病发生的关系

对番茄植株根土区系中桔抗菌数量的研究表明，重病田健株根土区系中拮抗菌数量占总分离菌数的比例最大，为８．２％，其中根围拮抗菌的分离频率高于根际与根表，但多数来源于根围的菌株其拮抗作用易丧失，而报表来源的菌株拮抗作用不易丧失。所分离的拮抗菌（９３．２％）属于产芽孢的细菌。     

THE MOVEMENT OF LABELLED 2,4-D IN YOUNG BARLEY PLANTS

Summary. After the 4- or 5-leaf stage in young barley plants, there is a decrease in the translocation of 2,4-D from the leaves to the root system. It is shown that there is no relation between this phenomenon and ear initiation, which occurs at this stage of development. Movement of 2,4-D out of leaves of the tiller in the axils of the 1st and 2nd leaves was also shown to be very small. There is some evidence for a'block'in the movement of 2,4-D in established grass plants.
La migration du 2,4-D marqué dans l'orge     

THE EFFECT OF SOME SEED CHARACTERISTICS ON 2,6-DICHLOROBENZONITRILE TOXICITY

Summary Seeds of thirty-five species of plants were germinated in soil to which varying amounts of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile had been added and the doses reducing growth by 50% (GID₅₀) were obtained. An attempt was made to find correlations between growth rates, seed weights and fat contents and the GID₅₀ values. There was no significant correlation with fat contents, but there was a significant correlation of increasing growth rate with increasing susceptibility and a negative correlation of seed size with susceptibility. Seed size was inversely related to growth rate so the extent to which either factor affects the sensitivity of the plants is uncertain. There was no significant difference between the mean sensitivities of monocotyledons and dicotyledons to 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile.
Effet de quelques caractéristiques de semences sur la toxicité du 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile     

CHLORTHAL DEGRADATION IN SOILS AND ITS UPTAKE BY PINE SEEDLINGS

Summary. Similar chlorthal (dimethyl 2,3,.5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate) degradation patterns were found in pot cultures of white pine and Monterey pine grown in a sandy soil and in fallow cultures of the same soil. After 120 days, the content of chlorthal plus its degradation products (as measured by ¹⁴C-activity) had decreased to 37% in the fallow and white pine cultures. A somewhat slower rate of degradation in soil (average 45%*C-activity remaining) was observed for the Monterey pine cultures. Thus in 120 days, 55–63% of the added chlorthal had been lost from the soil system. A negligible amount of this could be accounted for by plant uptake. After 60 days of growth the rate of degradation in soil was greatly curtailed suggesting that the accumulated degradation produces were able to inhibit the further degradation of the herbicide.
Analysis of *C-labelled extracts from the pine tissue showed that uptake of chlorthal varied from 0–25 to 1–2% of the total amount of the chemical added to the soil. Degraded, as well as intact chlorthal, were found in both Monterey and white pine tissue. Very limited mobility of chlorthal in the plant was observed and the concentration in the shoots was less than 10 pm. About 80% of the absorbed chlorthal remained in the root systems. Plant growth led to a rapid dilution of absorbed chlorthal. The growth of both species of pine was rapid and apparently healthy in chlorthal-treated soil and comparable to that of the control plants.     

绿洲吨粮田土肥因素的分析

分析论证绿洲吨粮田土肥因素,结果表明培肥提高地力任务之艰巨。同时,为了良田常在,永续利用,必须改变单一种植业结构,农、林、牧相结合,科学地轮作施肥管理,方可实现生态良性循环的持续农业。     

THE ADSORPTION OF UREA AND SOME OF ITS DERIVATIVES BY A VARIETY OF SOILS

Summary. The absorption of urea and a number of its derivatives by different soils was investigated using a slurry-type procedure. The materials could be listed in the following order of increasing tendancy to be adsorbed: urea, fenuron, methylurea, phenylurea, monuron, monolinuron, diuron. linuron, neburon and chloroxuron. Both N -aryl and N -alkyl substituents appeared to play a part in adsorption. Increasing chain length in the alkyl substituents and chloro- and chlorophenoxy substitution in the aryl substituent increased adsorption. There was no relationship between adsorption and water solubility.
Organic matter content was the only soil property that could be related to adsorptive capacity. The evidence of Langmuir isothermal equilibrium plots suggests that only a fraction of the total soil surface is available for the adsorption of substituted ureas.
L'adsorption Je l'uré de ses dérivés sur dfférents sols     

THE GENETIC RESPONSE OF BARLEY TO DDT AND BARBAN AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN CROP PROTECTION

Summary. The response of eleven barley varieties to DDT and barban was assessed in field and glasshouse trials. Chlorosis following the application of DDT and minimal doses of barban is an all-or-nothing effect, whereas in apical inhibition there are several degrees of resistance. The criteria used to assess the eflect of barban on apical inhibition were fresh weight of seedlings, fertile tiller production at maturity and visual estimates of damage at the seedling stage and at maturity. Inheritance studies showed that resistance to the chlorosis reaction of both DDT and barban is controlled by single recessive genes independently inherited.
Resistance to apical inhibition, on the other hand, appears to be quantitatively inherited. When F₂ and F₃ segregating populations in the field were sprayed with barban, the proportion of resistant plants in successive generations was markedly increased.
The authors conclude that collaboration between plant breeder and pest control specialists could lead to a far more efficient control of weed, pest and pathogen by the development of varieties of crop plants with a high degree of tolerance to the chemical employed, especially under conditions where selectivity is narrow and delicate, such as in the control of other monocotyledonous plants in cereals.     

GROUND WATER QUALITY IN THE INDUS PLAINS OF PAKISTAN AND ITS USE FOR CROP PRODUCTION DURING RECLAMATION OF SALINE-SODIC SOILS

<正> The Indus Plains of Pakistan lies between 23°to 37°latitude and 61°to 76°longi-tude in the northern hemisphere. The total Canal Commanded Area (CCA) is about 13.50million hectares of which 11.21 million hectares are cultivated. At present, 103 millionacre-feet river flow is diverted into irrigation canals. In addition, 42 million acre feet of thegroundwater are being pumped through 257697 tubewells to supplement the canal supplies.     

DEGRADATION, ADSORPTION AND VOLATILITY OF DI-ALLATE AND TRI-ALLATE IN PRAIRIE SOILS

Summary. Electron-capture gas chromatography was used to detect di-allate and tri-allate in two soils at different moisture levels. At rates equivalent to 2 25-2 - 50 lb/ac, 50% of the di-allate applied was degraded in Weyburn loam in 4 weeks at moisture levels in excess of the wilting point. Losses in Regina heavy clay were slightly lower. In both soils little degradation was observed at moisture levels below the wilting points and negligible losses occurred in sterile soils, indicating that microbial degradation can be an important factor contributing to di-allate breakdown. Breakdown of tri-allate in both soils was slower than for di-allate. At 2·0 lb/ac di-allate was leached more from Weyburn loam than from Regina heavy clay. Tri-allate underwent almost complete adsorption by four soils from aqueous solution, whereas di-allate was adsorbed to a lesser extent. Soil volatility of tri-allate appears to be negligible even on heating to 50°C for 28 days. Vapour losses of di-allate from treated soils are dependent on soil type and temperature. In field plots 15–20% of the applied tri-allate was found in the top 5 cm soil after one growing season. Less than 5% of the initial di-allate remained. Negligible residues of either chemical were found at the 5–10 cm level. Dégradation, adsorption et volatilité du di-allate et du tri-allate dans des sols de prairies Résumé. La capture d'électrons dans la chionnatographie en phase gazeuse a été utilisée pour déceler le di-allate et le tri-allate dans deux sols, à deux taux différents d'humidité. A des doses d'environ 2,52 à 2,80 kg/ha, 50% du di-allate appliqueé dans un limon de Weyburn fut dégradé en 4 semaines, à des taux d'humidité supérieurs au point de fiétris-sement. Les pertes furent légèrement inférieures dans un sol argileux lourd de Regina. Dans les deux sols, une faible dégradation fut observése à des taux d'humiditi inférieurs au point de flétrissement et les pertes furent négligeables dans les sols stéiles; ceci montre que l'activité microhienne peut etre un facteur important dans la degradation du di-allate. La degradation du tri-allate dans les deux sols fut moins rapide que celle du di-allate. A la dose de 2,2 kg/ha, le lessivage du diallate fut plus important dans le limon de Weyburn que dans le sol argileux lourd de Regina. Le tri-allate fut presque compléte-ment adsorbé par quatre sols, à partir d'une solution aqueuse, alors que le di-allate ne fut adsorbé que dans une proportion moindre. La volatilityé du tri-allate dans le sol apparut négligeable, meme en chauffant à50°C pendant 28 jours. Les pertes du diallate par évaporation à partir de sols traités sont sous la dependance du type de sol et de la température. Dans les parcelles au champ 15 à 20% du tri-allate appliqué fut rctrouvé dans les 5 premiers centimétres du sol aprés une saison de culture, alors qu'il ne subsista que moins de 5% de la quantité initiale de di-allate. Des résidus négligeables de I'un ou l'autre des deux produits furent retrouves au niveau 5 à 10 cm. Abbau, Adsorption undFluchtigkeit von Diallat und Triallat in Prairieböden Zusammenfassung. Elektroneneinfatig-Gaschromatographie wurde zur Bestimmung von Diallat und Triallat in zwei Böden bei verschiedenen Feuchtigkeitsstufen verwendet. Bei Atifwandmengen von 2,52-2,80 kg/ha, wurden 50% des ausgebrachten Diallats bei einem Feuehtigkeitsgehalt, der über dem Welkepunkt lag, innerhalb von vier Wochen abgebaut. In schwerem Regina-Ton waren die Verluste etwas geringer. In beiden Boden vnirde bei Feuchtigkeitsstufen unterhalb des Wclkepunktes wenig Abbau beobachtet. Vernachlässigbarc Verluste traten in sterilen Böden auf, was darauf hinweist, dass Mikro-organismen eine wichtigc Roile beim Abbau von Diallat spielen. Der Abbau von Triallat verlief in heiden Boden langsatner als der von Diallat. Bei 2,24 kg/ha wurde Diallat aus Weyburn Lehmboden stärker ausgewaschen als aus schwerem Regina-Tonboden. Triallat wurde aus einer wässrigen Lösung in vier Böden nahczu vollständig adsorbiert, wäirend Diallat in einem geringeren Ausmass adsorbiert wurde. Verdampfung von Triallat aus dem Boden scheint selbst bei 28-tägiger Erhitzung des Bodens auf 50°C gering zu sein. Verdampfungsverluste von Diallat aus behandelten Boden hängen vom Bodentyp und der Temperatur ab. In Feldversuchen wurden nach einer Vegetationsperiode 15–20% des ausgebrachten Triallats wiedergefunden. Weniger als 5% der ursprunglichen Diallatmcnge war dort verblieben. Nur vernachlassigbare Rückstandsmengen wurden bei beiden Herbiziden in Bodentiefen von 5–10 cm gefunden.     

VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF HERBICIDES IN SOIL AND THEIR AVAILABILITY TO PLANTS: SHOOT COMPARED WITH ROOT UPTAKE

Summary. Turnip, lettuce and ryegrass seedlings showed toxicity symptoms following shoot exposure to atrazine, linuron and aziprotryne at soil concentrations less than would be obtained from normal field applications. Responses following shoot exposure to simazine and lenacil were much less. Root exposure to all five herbicides caused seedling death at concentrations lower than those required for 'shoot-zone' toxicity. Pronamide and chlorpropham were tested against ryegrass only and at the concentrations examined were toxic only when localized in the shoot zone. Root exposure suppressed root growth, but the shoots were able to grow normally if the soil was kept sufficiently moist. Shoots contained more ¹⁴C-atrazine at emergence after shoot exposure compared with root exposure, but there was little subsequent uptake from the shoot zone. There was extensive uptake from the root zone after emergence. In the shoot-zone treatments, concentrations in the plant were high at emergence but were rapidly diluted by plant growth, whereas with root exposure, they increased throughout the experiments. The possible significance of these results to herbicide bebaviour under field conditions is discussed.
La distribution verticale des herbicides dans le sol et leur disponibilité pour les plantes: absorption comparée par la partie aèrienne et par les radnes     

RESIDUAL ACTIVITY OF PARAQUAT IN SOILS II. ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION

Glasshouse studies showed that low doses of paraquat inhibited the germination of Lolium perenne L. broadcast directly onto the paraquat-sprayed surfaces of a sphagnum and a peat soil, but that higher doses were necessary to produce phytotoxic symptoms on mineral soils, a compost and a loam. On all soils residual activity increased rapidly with increasing dose once the minimum phytotoxic dose was reached. On a sandy soil, residual activity increased almost linearly from the lowest to the highest dose applied. At 9·0, 4·5 and 2·24 kg/ha phytotoxicity on a compost was not affected by changes in the volume of application, but at 1·68 kg/ha and lower, reducing the volume from 562 1/ha to 281 and 112 1/ha resulted in increased phytotoxicity. Phytotoxic residues were eluted from paraquat-treated compost surfaces by percolating de-ionized water up soil columns but residual activity was not removed from the eluted surfaces. Surface irrigation of paraquat-treated surfaces with water previously percolated through columns of untreated soil reduced residual activity by 45%.     

DEGRADATION OF DICAMBA IN PRAIRIE SOILS

Summary. Electron-capture gas chromatography was used to detect dicamba residues in three prairie soils, and the breakdown under different moisture conditions was studied. At rates equivalent to 1·1 kg/ha degradation was rapid in all soils at 25°C and at moisture levels in excess of the wilting point, with over 50% of the applied dicamba being dissipated in 2 weeks. Negligible breakdown occurred in the sterile soils, over a 4–week period, indicating that microbial decomposition could be an important factor contributing to dicamba degradation.
The persistence of dicamba was investigated under field conditions at three locations using small plots. Applications equivalent to 1·1 kg/ha were made in October 1971 for analysis in May 1972, and in May 1972 for analysis in August 1972. At both sampling dates no dicamha residues were detected in any of the treatments at the 0–5, 5–10 or 10–15 cm soil levels.
Degradation du dicamba dans les sots de prairies     

DECOMPOSITION OF LINURON IN DIFFERENT SOILS

Summary. A glasshouse experiment was performed in which linuron was added to five Norwegian soils. Chemical residue analysis and bioassay tests showed that the rate of decomposition varied for the different soils and that the linuron content which produced a reduction in growth of ryegrass seedlings varied with soil type. No leaching into the lower layers occurred. An initial depression in the numbers of bacteria and fungi present in the soils was observed, but the populations later recovered.     

THE FATE OF PARAQUAT APPLIED TO PLANTS

Summary. Paraquat dichloride was applied to maize, tomato and broad bean plants as droplets of an aqueous solution and analysed al intervals. It was shown to be degraded under some conditions, but the amount of degradation was least under conditions which would have been most favourable for metabolism of the chemical. The analytical results and results from cation-exchange paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography showed that the degradation was caused by photochemical decomposition on the surface of the leaves of the plants, not by metabolism. The degradation was not observed in the dark, and only occurred to a significant extent in daylight in the summer.
Two photochemical degradation products from methyl-labelled paraquat-¹⁴C dichloride, viz., 4-carboxy-l-(methyl-¹⁴C)-pyridinium chloride and methylamine-¹⁴C hydrochloride, were isolated from plants sprayed with the herbicide.
Le devenir du paraquat dans les plantes traitées