不同激素剂量对幼鼠超数排卵及超排卵质量的影响

应用国产激素制剂对３～８周龄昆明种小白鼠进行了超数排卵处理,重点观察了不同激素剂量对幼龄小鼠的超排效果及超排卵质量的影响。实验结果表明,以ＰＭＳＧ与ｈＣＧ各１０ＩＵ剂量超排３～８周龄小鼠,５周龄小鼠的超排效果（平均获卵８３．８±１０．２个）极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）好于４～８周龄小鼠的超排效果（平均获卵３９．２～４９．８个）,而３周龄小鼠超排卵受精后体外培养的卵裂率（９７．１％）、桑椹胚率（８６．８％）和囊胚率（６５．１％）与４～８周龄超排卵的（分别为８５．５％～１００．０％、９４．９％～１００．０％和６３．２％～８７．７％）相近;以ＰＭＳＧ与ｈＣＧ各５ＩＵ剂量超排３～５周龄小鼠,３周龄小鼠的超排效果（平均获卵５９．０±６．５个）显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）好于４周龄小鼠的超排效果（平均获卵３１．４±４．９个）,并极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）好于５周龄小鼠的超排效果（平均获卵２１．４±３．３个）;以ＰＭＳＧ与ｈＣＧ各１５ＩＵ剂量超排３～５周龄小鼠,３周龄小鼠的超排效果（平均获卵４８．６±７．３个）显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）好于５周龄小鼠的超排效果（平均获卵２５．２±５．８个）,也好于４周龄小鼠的超排效果（平均获卵４０．２±５．１个     

引入西宁的星杂579蛋鸡生理生化常值测定

测得引入西宁的星杂５７９蛋鸡血液ＲＢＣ，ＷＢＣ，Ｈｂ和嗜中性、碱性、酸性、淋巴、单核细胞的结果分别为３．２４±０．１２（１０￣（１２）／Ｌ），２．６８±０．４４（１０￣９／Ｌ），９７．５±８．７３（ｇ／Ｌ），３２．７３±３．７５（％），０．７５±０．２４（％），４．７６±１．１７（％），５３．９６±３．２１（％），７．８１±１．５０（％）；血清总蛋白，ＧＰＴ，Ｇ０Ｔ，ＺｎＴＴ，ＴＴＴ，Ｋ￣＋，Ｎａ￣＋，Ｃｌ￣－，Ｃａ￣（＋＋），Ｐ的结果分别为６．２５±５．７（ｇ／Ｌ），５．７３±２．０２（ＩＵ），８３．３４±９．１５（ＩＵ），３．２０±１．６９（Ｕ），５，７３±３．３７（Ｕ），３．６２±０．６７（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１６１．４０±７．３０（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１２３．５８±６．７６（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１．４１±０．２１（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１．３８±０．１９（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）；同时测得Ｔ，Ｐ，Ｒ分别为４１．５８±０．３１（℃），１７３．１２±７．５１（次／ｍｉｎ），３５．４７±６．１５（次／ｍｉｎ）。     

北极狐生理指标和血液生化参数测定

对引入青海高原的２７只北极狐作２０项生理生化参数测定。测定结果：ＲＢＣ，ＷＢＣ，Ｈｂ，嗜中性白细胞，淋巴细胞，单核细胞，嗜酸性、嗜碱性白细胞分别为９．４０±１．８６（１０￣（１２）／Ｌ），７．４０±１．２８（１０￣９／Ｌ），１４．２０±１．８（ｇ／ｄｌ），４０．５８±１．５５（％），５６．５０±１．９３（％）．２．４０±０．７５（％），０．８１±０．０８（％），０．２９±０．０６（％）；血清总蛋白，Ａ／Ｇ，尿素氮，血清总脂，淀粉酶，血糖，Ｋ￣＋，Ｎａ￣＋，Ｃｌ￣－，Ｃａ￣（２＋），Ｍｇ￣（２＋），Ｐ分别为５８．４１±５．３０（ｇ／Ｌ），１．８０±０．１８，６．６９±１．５５（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），７．８８±０．６６（ｇ／Ｌ），６２１±８７．０７（Ｕ／ｄｌ），５．２２±０．６３（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），２．２４±０．５３（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１７７．０８±１３．４２（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１０５．５０±１１．６０（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），２．４８±０．４５（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１．１７±０．２３（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），２．４１±１．０６（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）；同时测得Ｔ，Ｐ，Ｒ分别为３９．２±０．３９（℃），１２７±１０．３（次／ｍｉｎ），２９．２±５．２     

初乳对新生仔猪血液蛋白质影响的研究

将２４头太湖猪新生杂种仔猪（二花×大白），分为４组，即在出生后隔离并分别人工哺喂葡萄糖盐水组（ＧＳ组，ｎ＝４），牛初乳组（ＢＣ组，ｎ＝５），牛乳（ＢＭ组，ｎ＝６）４８小时组和完全自然哺乳的猪初乳组（ＰＣ组，ｎ＝９）。酶联免疫分析法显示，牛ＩｇＧ在ＢＣ和ＢＭ组向仔猪血液中的转移分别在２４和１６小时左右达到峰值，为２８．１９±１５．４６ｍｇ／ｍｌ和１２．８９±１．７８ｍｇ／ｍｌ，以后逐渐下降。４８小时后回圈自然哺乳，第７天两组实验仔猪血中都仍有５ｍｇ／ｍｌ左右牛ＩｇＧ的残留。ＰＣ和ＧＳ组没有检测到牛ＩｇＧ免疫反应物。新生仔猪血清蛋白质浓度初生时平均为３１．８±１．８６ｍｇ／ｍｌ，ＰＣ组在出生后迅速增加，２４小时达８１．７８±８．６ｍｇ／ｍｌ，此后略有下降，４８小时为５６．６７±１１．３６ｍｇ／ｍｌ，第７天为８７．６７±３．８９ｍｇ／ｍｌ。ＢＣ和ＢＭ组与ＰＣ组有相似的变化；而ＧＳ组在４８小时内一直下降，４９小时为６．２５±２．２８ｍｇ／ｍｌ；自然哺乳后，第７天上升为４７．７５±２．６８ｍｇ／ｍｌ。但ＢＭ、ＧＳ组在２４小时、４８小时和第７天血清总蛋白浓度显著低于ＰＣ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。血清ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ电泳显示，     

三合激素对绵羊同期发情作用的研究

本试验采用三合激素（ＩＴＣ）为主的处理方案,对繁殖季节中１７９只母羊进行了同期发情处理。按５５ｋｇ以上体重的母羊第一次注ＩＴＣ２．０ｍｌ,间隔１４天,第二次注１．０ｍｌ;５５ｋｇ以下母羊第一次注１．５ｍｌ,第二次注０．８ｍｌ,于第二次注射同时随机分为６组。①ＰＭＳＧ１９０ＩＵ;②ＬＲＨ─Ａ＿２５０μｇ＋ＰＭＳＧ１５０ＩＵ;③ＬＲＨ－Ａ＿３５０μｇ＋ＰＭＳＧ１５０ＩＵ;④ＦＳＨ２０单位＋ＰＭＳＧ１５０ＩＵ;⑤ＬＨ５０单位＋ＰＭＳＧ１５０ＩＵ;⑥ＰＭＳＧ５００ＩＵ或ＬＲＨ－Ａ＿３１００μｇ。试验结果表明,第一次注射和第二次注射ＩＴＣ,第３组同期发情率较高（Ｐ<０．０５）,产羔率以第２组为高（Ｐ<０．０５）,成活则以第４组和第６组８为最高（Ｐ<０．０５）。试验初步结论为：三合激素与ＰＮＩＳＧ、ＬＲＨ─Ａ＿２配合处理,可利用于绵羊同期发情。     

胚胎移植供受体山羊发情控制及配比问题的研究

用含１８甲基炔诺酮６０ ｍ ｇ 的阴道海绵栓预处理１１３ 只供体羊 １４～１５ ｄ后注射 Ｆ Ｓ Ｈ 进行超排,３６ ｈ 或４８ ｈ 后撤栓。１９９ 只受体羊用含炔诺酮５０ ｍ ｇ 的阴道栓处理,撤栓时注射或不注射 Ｆ Ｓ Ｈ 进行同期发情。结果表明,供、受体羊发情开始距撤栓的平均间隔时间分别为（３３．９±９９） ｈ 和（４４．３±１６．１） ｈ（ Ｐ＜ ０．０５）,供、受体羊发情持续期长短相似（ Ｐ＞ ０．０５）。撤栓时注射 Ｆ Ｓ Ｈ ２５ Ｉ Ｕ 或 ３３ Ｉ Ｕ 的受体羊,卵巢上形成功能黄体的比率分别为６４．０％ 和 ６０．７％ ,显著高于不注射 Ｆ Ｓ Ｈ的受体羊（４２．２％ , Ｐ＜ ０．０５）。结论认为,用本研究采用的超排及同期发情程序,受体撤栓时间应与供体相同或早于供体羊１２ ｈ;受体羊撤栓时应注射 Ｆ Ｓ Ｈ ２５ Ｉ Ｕ;根据供体羊回收可用胚胎数及同期发情后可用受体数量,供、受体羊的适宜比例为１∶６～１∶８。     

两种剂量的PMSG对兔超数排卵效果的影响

兔超数排卵的情况下，卵巢上常伴有卵泡充血，卵巢体积增大，重量增加等现象。本实验使用两种剂量（５０ＩＵ和１００ＩＵ）的ＰＭＳＧ对哈白兔进行超数排卵处理，观察卵巢反应。从实验结果看出，１００ＩＵ的ＰＭＳＧ处理和５０ＩＵ的ＰＭＳＧ处理相比，卵巢体积和充血卵泡数量显著增加（ｐ〈０．０１），而排卵点和获卵数差异并不显著（ｐ〉０．０５）。     

绵羊胚胎移植受体同期化处理技术研究

采用ＰＧ注射、ＭＡＰ口服或阴道埋植以及与不同促性腺激素和释放激素配合对受体母羊进行同期化处理，共分３次试验１１组１９种处理。试验结果表明：０．０５ｍｇＰＧ间隔１１天２次阴唇注射，４５ｍｇＭＡＰ阴道埋植１０天，撤栓同时注射ＰＧ０．０５ｍｇ，ＰＭＳＧ３００ＩＵ，ＬＲＨ－Ａ３１００单位，４８小时注射ＬＨ２０单位以及埋植ＭＡＰ４５ｍｇ１０天，撤栓同时注ＰＧ０．０５ｍｇ，ＰＭＳＧ３００ＩＵ，第１３天注射ＬＲ     

用生殖激素诱导母牛产双胎的试验

试验结果表明，用适量ＰＭＳＧ（１３５０－２０００ＩＵ）和纯化ＦＳＨ（５ｍｇ）均能诱导母牛产双胎，其双胎率分别为４２．９％（３／７）和３３．３％（１／３）。输精时注射ＬＲＨ－Ａ３双胎率为５０．０％（３／６），较对照组２５．０％（１／４）提高２５．０个百分点。     

雌激素对产后奶牛免疫功能,子宫感染的影响研究

将３２头产后妈牛随枘发成对照组（ｎ＝１２）和用药组（ｎ＝２０），用药组奶牛产后第９，１０天肌注２０ｍｇ雌激素。在两组奶牛产后３，５，７，９，１１，１３，１５天采集子宫分泌物，涂片，染色，镜检。结果发现用药后子宫粘液涂片中嗜中性白细胞、淋巴细胞及白细胞总数比同时期对照组显著增加（Ｐ〈０．０１），比用药前组内的各时期显著增加（Ｐ〈０．０１），并且用药组产后２１天子宫炎发生率为１０％，而对照组为３３％，     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein