Study on Supercooling Point and Freezing Point in Floral Organs of Apricot

Under the environment of an artificial climate chamber, supercooling point （SCP） and freezing point （FP） in flower and young fruit at different development stages and freezing injuries of floral organs were studied. The apricot cultivars tested were Kety, Golden Sun and Honghebao. With the development of flower buds, SCP and FP increased, which indicated that their cold resistance decreased. SCP and FP varied with different floral organs. For different apricot cultivars, it was found that, the lower SCP or FP in floral organs was, the more resistant capacity the cultivar had, and the larger the temperature interval from SCP to FP was. SCP was not a constant value, but a range. Frequency distribution of SCP in petals was more dispersing than that in stamens and pistils. Floral organs could maintain a supercooling state to avoid ice formation, but they were sensitive to freezing. Once floral organs froze, thev turned brown after thawing.     

Responses of Antioxidant Enzymes to Chilling Stress in Tobacco Seedlings

Chilling is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting yield and quality of many important crops. For better understanding of chilling stress responses in tobacco （Nicotiana tabacum）, growth rate and antioxidant enzymes of seedlings in 2 tobacco cultivars, viz., MSk326 （chilling sensitive variety） and Honghuadajinyuan （HHDJY, chilling tolerant variety） at chilling temperature （5℃） were studied. The results showed that the relative growth rate in chilling period to that in recovery period was significantly higher in roots than that in shoots for both cultivars, suggesting that shoots growth was more easily affected by chilling stress. Chilling stress increased peroxidase （POD） activity and reduced superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity in shoots of HHDJY, and catalase （CAT） activity was little affected. In the roots of HHDJY, chilling stress increased SOD and CAT activities, and had little effect on POD activity. For MSk326, chilling treatment increased SOD activity in shoots and declined CAT activity in roots. MDA concentration in both varieties was increased under the chilling stress, while it was decreased after seedlings were recovered growth for 4 d at normal temperature （25℃）. It showed that tobacco seedlings might have the capacity of recovering from chilling injury for a short term, The relationship between the growth rate and antioxidant enzyme activity was analyzed by stepwise regression. It was found that there was a close relationship between relative growth rate of tobacco seedlings and CAT activity under chilling stress condition and regression equations containing CAT could be used in predicting seedling growth rate of tobacco under chilling stress condition.     

Effect of Chilling Stress on Synthesis of Antioxidant Enzymes,Osmotic Adjustment Substances and Membrane Lipid Peroxide Levels in Two White Clover Cultivars

Although white clover has been widely studied and applied, less is known about its physiological responses to chilling stress in northern China. The effects of acclimation time of chilling stress in the two white clover cultivars, Rivendel and Haifa, after exposure to 4℃ for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h were investigated. Seven physiological indexes were measured in shoots of the two cultivars. It was found that Rivendel had a strong ability to maintain the stability of cells, cope with oxidative damage and accumulate osmotic adjustment substances compared with Haifa. In addition, a comprehensive evaluation on the chilling tolerance of the two cultivars based on subordinate function value analysis showed a stronger chilling tolerance of Rivendel than Haifa.     

Diversity of Growth Habits and Their Association with VRN Allele of 81 American Wheat Lines

Eighty-one wheat accessions including 50 southern regional performance nursery （SRPN） lines and 31 northern regional performance nursery （NRPN） lines from the United States were tested to evaluate the growth habit by chilling treatments and to estimate the VRN allele variation with 19 pairs of published VRN primers. Two spring wheat accessions and 44 semi-spring wheat accessions were confirmed based on their chilling days＇ requirement and polymorphism was found at VRN loci. The Vrn-A1 allele had the highest frequency in the RPN accessions and VA1-CAPs markers identified growth habit of RPN lines. No polymorphism was found at the VRN3 loci and some polymorphism at the region of promoter and the first intron of VRN1 was not always consistent to growth habit in the wheat RPN accessions. The existence of variation in VRN alleles suggested that singly using the dominant Vrn allele is possible to extend the diversity of wheat accessions and improve their adaption to different environments in autumn-sowing region. This information will be useful for the cultivars exploitation and wheat breeding program.     

The Relationship Between Developmental Accumulation of Leaf Soluble Proteins and Vernalization Response of Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.em. Thell）

The relationship between vernalization requirement and quantitative and qualitative changes in total leaf soluble proteins were determined in one spring （cv. Kohdasht） and two winter （cvs. Sardari and Norstar） cultivars of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） exposed to 4℃. Plants were sampled on days 2, 14, 21 and 35 of exposure to 4℃. The final leaf number （FLN） was determined throughout the vernalization periods （0, 7, 14, 24, and 35 d） at 4℃. The final leaf number decreased until days 24 and 35 in Sardari and Norstar eultivars, respectively, indicating the vernalization saturation at these times. No clear changes were detected in the final leaf number of Kohdash cultivar, verifying no vernalization requirement for this spring wheat cultivar. Comparing with control, clear cold-induced 2-fold increases in proteins quantity occurred after 48 h following the 4℃-treatment in the leaves of the both winter wheat cultivars but, such response was not detected in the spring cultivar. However, the electrophoretic protein patterns showed between-cultivar and between-temperature treatment differences. With increasing exposure time to 4℃, the winter cultivars tended to produce more HMW polypeptides than the spring cultivar. Similar proteins were induced in both Sardari and Norstar winter wheat cultivars, however, the long vernalization requirement in Norstar resulted in high level and longer duration of expression of cold-induced proteins compared to Sardari with a short vernalization requirement. These observations indicate that vernalization response regulates the expression of low temperature （LT） tolerance proteins and determines the duration of expression of LT- induced proteins.     

Antioxidant Defense System in Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） Seedlings under Heat Stress and Revival Conditions

The present investigation was carried out to investigate the effect of heat stress and revival on some antioxidative enzymes and metabolites in leaves of the wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） seedlings of heat susceptible （cv. WH 147 and HS 277） and heat tolerant （cv. WH 1021 and HW 2045） cultivars. Seven days old seedlings grown at 25 ℃ were exposed to 40 ℃ for 6 h and these seedlings were again brought to 25 ℃. The observations were recorded in the leaves of control, stressed and revived seedlings on 2nd and 4th day of revival. For the selection ofthermo-tolerant cultivars, screening of the thirty-six cultivars was done based on wilting of primary leaf and values of chlorophyll fluorescence. The MDA （malondialdehyde） and H2O2 concentration in leaves of wheat seedlings increased at the high temperature. There was enhancement in the activities of antioxidative enzymes, viz. CAT （catalase）, POX （peroxidase）, GR （glutathione reductase） and APX （ascorbate peroxidase） in leaves of the tolerant and susceptible cultivars under heat stress, however, higher percent increase was observed in tolerant cultivars. Heat stress increased the SOD （superoxide dismutase） activity in tolerant cultivars but activity declined in susceptible cultivars. On revival, the activities of the CAT, POX and GR declined in comparison to stressed seedlings but remained higher as compared to control. Ascorbate peroxidase activity remained higher on 2nd day and 4th day of revival in all the cultivars.     

Respiratory Response of Dormant Nectarine Floral Buds on Chilling Deficiency

Changes in main biochemical respiratory pathways in dormant nectarine floral buds were studied with nectarine trees （Prunus persica.var, nectariana cv. Shuguang） in order to determine the function of respiration in dormancy release. Oxygen-electrode system and respiratory inhibitors were used to measure total respiratory rates and rates of respiratory pathways. Results showed that chilling deficiency blocked the transition of respiratory mode, and made buds stay in a state of high level pentose phosphate pathway （PPP） and low level tricarboxylie acid cycle （TCA）. The decline of PPP and activation of TCA occurred synchronously with the release of dormancy. In addition, the inhibition of PPP stimulated a respiration increase related with TCA. It could be concluded that the function of PPP activation in dormancy release might be limited and PPP declination inducing TCA activation might be part of respiration mode transition mechanism during bud sprouting.     

Genetic Analysis of Yield and Its Components of B. napus Hybrids Using Resynthesized Rapeseed Lines

Resynthesized rapeseeds obtained by crossing the diploid parents Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea have significant potential in hybrid breeding because of their higher genetic basis compared with Brassica napus cultivars. In this study, an 8 × 8 complete diallel experiment using four B. napus cultivars （BN） and four resynthesized rapeseed lines （RS） as parents was designed to study heterosis and genetic inheritance for yield components. The results showed that heterosis for yield per plant, the number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod were high, with means 32.77, 24.49 and 15.71%, respectively. Diallel analysis showed that both additive and dominant effects were significant for yield and yield components. All traits, except for 1 000-seed weight, were significant for bl mean squares and exhibited directional dominance. Dominant genes had positive effects on yield per plant, pods per plant and 1000-seed weight, and negative effects on seeds per pod （r=-0.86, -0.62, -0.41, and 0.47, respectively）. Narrow-sense heritability for yield per plant, pods per plant, and 1 000-seed weight and seeds per pod were 66, 31, 46 and 78% for the four traits, respectively. The Fl hybrids showed considerable yields compared to B. napus cultivars when B. napus cultivars and resynthesized rapeseeds were used as parents （NR hybrids）, with many more pods per plant and lower seeds per pod compared with the rapeseed cultivars, indicating that the resynthesized rapeseed may be applicable in current hybrid breeding programs.     

Relation Between Endodormancy Induction and Changes in Two Main Electron Transport Pathways of Nectarine Buds

Operation regulations of two main electron transport pathways in nectarine （Prunus persica var. nectariana cv. Shuguang） buds during endodormancy induction were studied to understand possible roles which two main electron transport pathways played in the buds of deciduous fruit trees during endodormancy induction. Respiratory inhibitors （KCN and SHAM） were used to investigate total respiration rate （Vt）, the development and operation of the alternative pathway and partitioning of electrons between the cytochrome and alternative pathways in nectarine buds during endodormancy induction. Results indicated that changes of Vt in flower and leaf buds showed single and double hump-shaped curves, respectively. In endodormancy induction, the capacity （Valt,） and activity （ρValt） of the alternative pathway rapidly increased, but changes of them had different patterns during the entire measuration. At the same time, changes of engagements of the alternative （ρValt/Vt） and cytochrome pathway （ρ′Vcyt/Vt） were opposite, and ρ′Vcyt/Vt was always further higher than ρValt/Vt during the entire measuration. All these results indicated that the development and operation of the alternative pathway played important roles in endodormancy induction, but the cytochrome pathway was the main pathway for mitochondrial electron transport in buds during endodormancy induction.     

桃新品种需冷量和需热量评价及动力学模型分析

【目的】不同模型下评价桃新品种的需冷量和需热量及其关系,分析动力学模型在郑州地区的可行性。【方法】供试桃新品种23个,利用4种需冷量估算模型和2种需热量估算模型,结合R studio中‘chill R’包分别估算新培育桃品种的需冷量和需热量,采用线性回归模型分析二者关系。【结果】供试品种需冷量值差异明显,介于501.5~886.0 h(0~7.2℃模型)、631.5~1 162.0 h(≤7.2℃模型)、525.0~836.0 CU(犹他模型)、27.7~46.3 CP(动力学模型);需热量介于127.3~257.3 D℃(有效积温模型)、4 004.7~6 898.0 GDH℃(生长度时模型)。桃需冷量和需热量均与果实成熟期无必然联系,但无论以何种模型估算需冷量与有效积温模型下的需热量呈正相关;动力学模型估算的需冷量值与其它模型估算值相关性较高。【结论】在23个桃新品种中,需冷量品种占比65%,可在我国长江流域区、云贵高原区、西北干旱区等大部分桃适宜栽培区种植;动力学模型评价需冷量在郑州地区是可行的。     

不同梨品种需冷量研究

以6个梨品种金水1号、安农1号、金水2号、早酥、鄂梨2号、鄂梨1号为材料,分别采用≤7.2℃模型、0～7.2℃模型、犹他模型研究其需冷量.结果表明:采用3种模型评价,不同品种叶芽的需冷量存在显著差异;同一品种之间的叶芽需冷量应用≤7.2℃模型和犹他模型评价的结果较为接近.金水1号、安农1号、金水2号、早酥、鄂梨2号、鄂...     

日本海棠不同品种需冷量的研究

[目的]为日本海棠春节催花提供理论依据。[方法]采用3种不同需冷量评价模式,研究4个日本海棠品种的需冷量。[结果]4个日本海棠品种的自然休眠结束期差异较大,复长寿、银长寿在12月上旬,长寿冠在12月下旬,世界一在1月上旬。按照7.2℃模式,供试日本海棠品种的需冷量为383.0～916.0 h,差别在2倍以上,世界一的需冷量最高。不同日本海棠品种的成花率与处理的低温时数呈正相关。需冷量是日本海棠促成栽培的关键因素之一。[结论]在菏泽气象条件下,采用7.2℃模式测定日本海棠的需冷量较为合适。     

鲁中山区大樱桃温室扣棚时间和升温时间分析

试验选取鲁中山区的3个大樱桃温室,进行从冬季扣棚开始至大樱桃升温期间温度等气象要素观测,同时结合温室管理人员对扣棚时间、升温时间的记录以及温室大樱桃的生长状况,研究温室大樱桃的扣棚时间和最合适的升温时间。结果表明,鲁中山区温室大樱桃扣棚时间在12月中下旬,当该时期外界温度下降至-19.1℃时,花芽冻坏率为30%,建议在该时期强冷空气来临之前扣棚;升温时间在次年1月上旬,升温时间要在满足需冷量的前提下,根据试验结果,7.2℃模型的最小需冷量为1 070 h,0~7.2℃模型的需冷量为484 h。     

葡萄芽自然休眠期间的呼吸代谢变化

【目的】探讨葡萄芽呼吸代谢与自然休眠解除的关系,为葡萄人工休眠调控技术措施的制定提供理论依据。【方法】以高需冷量品种夏黑和低需冷量品种京蜜为试材,采取呼吸抑制剂法借助氧电极研究休眠解除过程中芽的呼吸代谢变化。【结果】不同需冷量品种休眠期间芽的呼吸速率和各呼吸途径所占比例大致相同,而且变化趋势也基本一致,但低需冷量品种京蜜呼吸速率及呼吸途径发生显著变化的时间比高需冷量品种夏黑提前20 d左右,且变化更为迅速,只是变化幅度略小于夏黑。休眠期间总呼吸速率呈单曲线变化,当休眠解除时达到顶峰。底物水平上,糖酵解-三羧酸途径所占比例在休眠解除时大幅度增加。电子传递链水平上,剩余呼吸和交替途径在休眠解除时显著增加。【结论】不同品种对低温的敏感度不同,低需冷量品种对低温刺激更为敏感。糖酵解-三羧酸途径是葡萄芽休眠解除的关键因素,剩余呼吸和交替途径的激活在葡萄芽休眠解除过程中起重要作用。     

沧州地区杏树适宜需冷量模型比较

以金太阳杏、凯特杏树为试材,以不同需冷量模型统计了试材杏花芽休眠解除时的低温需求量。结果表明:在河北沧州地区,≤7.2℃低温模型是适宜模型。     

低温打破和解除草莓休眠的效应——Ⅰ草莓的休眠与利用

休眠是关系草莓冬季生产产量的关键.试验结果表明:所有供试的11个品种均有休眠期.低温是打破草莓休眠的限制因素.不同品种打破休眠所需的低温量不同;“春香”和“弗吉尼亚”需要低温量最小,为浅休眠品种;“宝交早生”和“丽红”打破休眠需480h,为中休眠品种;“全明星”、“哈尼”、“硕蜜”、“硕丰”、“索菲亚”、“戈雷拉”、“红岗利特”打破休眠需 720h,为深休眠品种.0～5℃低温打破休眠的效果比-5～9℃效果好.     

葡萄冬芽自然休眠诱导期间的呼吸代谢变化

【目的】研究葡萄冬芽自然休眠诱导过程中呼吸速率和呼吸途径的变化规律,明确呼吸代谢与自然休眠诱导的关系,为休眠调控技术如无休眠栽培和秋促早栽培技术的发展提供理论依据,进而解决葡萄鲜果的周年供应问题。【方法】以‘贝达’嫁接的3年生高需冷量葡萄品种‘夏黑’和低需冷量葡萄品种‘京蜜’为试材,采用专一性呼吸抑制剂法借助氧电极测定葡萄冬芽呼吸速率及呼吸途径的变化,结合利用单芽扦插沙基培养法界定自然休眠诱导的进程,研究自然休眠诱导过程中葡萄冬芽的呼吸代谢变化。【结果】低需冷量葡萄品种‘京蜜’的冬芽自然休眠诱导开始和结束的时间晚于高需冷量葡萄品种‘夏黑’,且自然休眠深度浅于高需冷量葡萄品种‘夏黑’。需冷量不同的‘京蜜’和‘夏黑’两葡萄品种在自然休眠诱导期间冬芽的总呼吸速率变化趋势相同,呈单峰曲线,于自然休眠诱导结束时达最大值;低需冷量葡萄品种‘京蜜’在自然休眠诱导结束时冬芽的总呼吸速率和增幅略低于高需冷量的葡萄品种‘夏黑’。‘京蜜’和‘夏黑’两葡萄品种在自然休眠诱导期间,冬芽底物氧化水平和电子传递链水平上不同呼吸途径的运行活性发生了明显的变化,且变化趋势基本一致,与其自然休眠进程紧密相关,其中冬芽底物氧化水平上的戊糖磷酸途径（PPP）途径的运行活性与容量、蛋白质脂肪-TCA途径的容量和电子传递链水平上的交替途径的运行活性与容量,随着自然休眠进程的推进迅速增加;低需冷量葡萄品种‘京蜜’冬芽底物氧化水平上的PPP、蛋白质脂肪-TCA和电子传递链水平上的交替途径等与自然休眠诱导密切相关的呼吸途径的运行活性和容量都要略低于高需冷量葡萄品种‘夏黑’的冬芽。【结论】在自然休眠诱导期间,葡萄冬芽的总呼吸速率达最大值即峰值是葡萄冬芽自然休眠诱导期结束的标志。PPP途径和交替途径的运行活性与容量及蛋白质脂肪-TCA途径的容量的迅速增加是葡萄冬芽进入自然休眠的关键,是葡萄冬芽自然休眠诱导期的标志性生理变化。     

优良草莓新品系458—2需冷量研究

不同的草莓栽培形式需要不同的草莓品种,1个草莓品种适宜哪种栽培形式是由其本身的需冷量决定的,明确草莓的需冷量是成功栽培草莓的1个关键因素。以河北省农林科学院石家庄果树研究所选育的优良草莓新品系458-2为试材,在冷库（库温2℃）中存放不同的时间,然后放入到日光温室中,根据草莓的生长情况分析打破休眠所需的低温需求量,确定其最适的栽培形式,可以使新品系发挥最大的生产潜力,实现良种良法。结果表明：458-2新品系的需冷量为300h左右,属中早熟品种,适宜保护地半促成栽培及露地栽培。     

极端温度处理白杨雌花芽培育三倍体植株的研究

采用极端温度的物理方法处理毛新杨、银腺杨、银毛杨雌花芽 ,均可获得三倍体 .结果表明 :①雌花枝水培 1～ 5d期间是处理雌花芽的有效时期 ;②高温处理雌花芽检测出 10株三倍体 ,处理温度以 40 ,44℃有效 ,分别获得8株、2株三倍体 ,其中 40℃高温处理效果最佳 ;③低温处理雌花芽检测出 3株三倍体 ,4,- 2℃低温处理均有效果 ,分别获得 1株、2株三倍体 ,- 2℃处理效果较好 ;④处理时间分别为 :40℃高温处理水培 1～ 5d的花枝 3 ,5 ,7h ,44℃高温处理水培 2～ 4d的花枝 3h ;4℃低温处理水培 3d的花枝 2 4h ,- 2℃低温处理水培 2d的花枝 48h均有效 ;⑤所获三倍体植株在苗期具有巨大性和速生优势