从稻壳中提取木聚糖的研究

以稻壳为原料,采用制备综纤维素再碱提取的方法,分析了不同碱溶液浓度、温度、固液比和时间对稻壳半纤维素中多戊糖得率的影响.实验结果表明,稻壳中多戊糖含量为19.9%,是较好的木聚糖资源.碱提取稻壳中木聚糖的方法为预处理80℃水浸泡3 h;碱提取条件碱质量分数10%,固液比(gmL)l10,提取时间3 h,提取温度80℃.木聚糖提取率达原料中木聚糖总量的67.50%以上.     

纳米木聚糖处理对木材防腐性能的影响

以玉米芯为原料,利用正交试验优化提取温度、碱浓度、固液比等制备木聚糖的工艺参数。以制备的木聚糖为研究对象,通过改进工艺,制备粒径较小、分子量较低的纳米木聚糖,并以其为防腐剂处理杨木试样,结果表明:木聚糖提取率影响因素的顺序为:提取温度碱浓度固液比,理想工艺参数为提取温度70℃,碱浓度10%,固液比为1∶7,最佳提取率为42.647%;纳米木聚糖的粒径随温度的上升而减小,在60℃条件下,得到纳米级木聚糖的粒径最小,为45.99 nm;试件的载药量随着纳米木聚糖浓度增加,呈现上升趋势;当纳米级木聚糖浓度为10%时,杨木质量损失率在7.63%左右,属于强耐腐级别。     

杨木屑木聚糖碱法提取及其制备低聚木糖的工艺研究

为充分利用杨树资源,以杨木加工废弃物杨木屑为原料,研究碱法提取木聚糖的工艺条件,并采取酶法制备低聚木糖。以质量分数为1%的稀硫酸预处理可以有效提高杨木屑木聚糖的得率,较对照组提高了2倍。对比3种碱液(NaOH、KOH和NaHCO_3)提取杨木屑木聚糖的得率,以NaOH提取的木聚糖得率最大。通过单因素和正交试验优化NaOH提取杨木屑木聚糖的条件,结果显示碱液质量分数10%,固液比1∶10(g∶mL),温度120℃下提取3 h所得的木聚糖得率可达到20.7%,且四因素对提取得率的影响显著程度依次为提取温度碱液质量分数提取时间固液比。碱法提取杨木屑木聚糖酸水解后产物由88.69%D-木糖、4.76%纤维二糖和6.62%葡萄糖组成且不含有阿拉伯糖,说明碱法提取的杨木屑木聚糖支链上主要连有木糖。以碱法提取杨木屑木聚糖为底物,优化了来源于嗜热菌Dictyoglomus thermophilum的重组木聚糖酶Xyn B-DT的酶解适宜条件:在温度70℃,pH 6.0,酶用量3.00 U/m L,反应时间12 h后,杨木屑木聚糖水解产物中以木二糖和木三糖为主,并含有少量木四糖,降解率达86.2%。研究结果为杨木屑木聚糖的高值化利用奠定了基础。     

萃取法提取洋葱中类黄酮的研究

以市售鲜洋葱为原料，乙醇为萃取溶剂，对洋葱中的类黄酮进行提取，分别探讨了提取时间、提取温度和固液比3个单因素条件对洋葱中类黄酮提取率的影响，并结合单因素实验结果进行了正交实验，以此得出了最佳提取条件。实验结果表明：乙醇的体积分数为95％时，洋葱中黄酮类化合物的最佳提取条件为：提取时间4h ，固液比为1∶1．5（g/mL ），提取温度为40℃，在此条件下洋葱中黄酮类化合物的提取率为0.0137％。     

水竹叶总黄酮的提取及纯化工艺研究

以水竹叶为原料，采用水浴和超声波两种提取方法，通过单因素与正交试验确定了水竹叶总黄酮提取的最佳条件，并筛选了不同树脂对总黄酮的吸附和解吸附特性。实验结果表明：水浴提取最佳条件为：温度50℃，提取时间2．0h，乙醇体积分数60％，固液比1：20（g：mL，下同）；总黄酮得率1.65％。影响得率的因素为：固液比〉乙醇体积分数〉提取温度〉提取时间。超声波提取最佳条件为：2．0g水竹叶，超声波作用时间30min，乙醇体积分数60％，固液比1：15；总黄酮得率为1．27％。影响得率的因素为：超声波作用时间〉乙醇体积分数〉固液比。AB-8树脂对总黄酮纯化具有较好效果，体积分数为70％的乙醇是较好的解吸剂。     

木聚糖碱抽提液超滤过程中截留率的研究

研究了木聚糖碱抽提液超滤过程中截留率的变化规律。研究结果表明：GC5、GC10、G-C30这3种超滤膜对木聚糖截留率均大于90％，操作压力、进料速度、木聚糖浓度等操作参数几乎不影响它们对木聚糖的截留能力；另外，操作压力、进料速度、木聚糖浓度等操作参数增大时，PS6超滤膜对木聚糖的截留率随之略有增大，在76％～87％之间。上述4种超滤膜对木聚糖碱抽提液中非还原糖类固形物的截留率均小于15％。GC5、GC10、GC30、PS6等4种超滤膜适用于纯化木聚糖碱抽提液，但GC类超滤膜更适合于木聚糖碱抽提液的超滤纯化过程。     

膜反应器中木聚糖的酶水解反应

以木聚糖为底物、木聚糖酶为催化剂，在木聚糖质量浓度为30．0g/L，操作压力16kPa，进料速度400mL/min，时间12h,pH值5．0，温度为48摄氏度的条件下研究了超滤膜反应器中木聚糖的酶水解反应。结果表明，木聚糖的酶水解总糖得率为60．10％，未水解木聚糖聚合度为10左右，碱溶对聚合度没有影响，未水解木聚糖重新水解，总糖得率为7．50％。     

玉米秸秆乙酰基水解产物对乙醇发酵的影响及去除策略

研究了木质纤维原料在预处理过程中半纤维素上乙酰基水解产生的乙酸对酿酒酵母、树干毕赤酵母乙醇发酵的影响,结果表明乙酸对戊糖、己糖酵母乙醇发酵均产生很大的影响。根据乙酸产生的特点,采用氢氧化钠法去除乙酸而尽量不降解纤维素和半纤维素,从源头上将乙酸与"糖"分开。在单因素(氢氧化钠质量浓度、温度、液固比和时间)试验的基础上,采用响应面分析进一步优化试验,结果表明,上述4个因素的影响从大到小依次为:氢氧化钠质量浓度、液固比、温度和时间。最佳条件为:NaOH 5.45 g/L,液固比13∶1(mL∶g),温度62℃,时间45 min。在此条件下乙酸去除率和木聚糖残留率分别为95.19%和87.80%。     

药百合多糖的提取工艺研究

对药百合多糖的提取工艺进行了探索性研究,选取与比较了固液比、提取时间、提取温度3个因素对药百合粗多糖提取率的影响,并采用L9（3^3）正交设计法优化提取条件,确定了最佳的提取条件为：提取温度70℃、回液比1：15、提取时间4h。选择此条件提取药用百合粗多糖,提取率为1．25％。     

碱性溶液提取荞麦水溶性多糖的研究

研究用碱溶液（0．3mol／LNaOH）提取养麦水溶性多糖,分别用料液比（1：30,1：40,1：50）和提取时间（1h,2h,3h）,提取温度（70℃,80℃,90℃）3因素3水平正交法提取多糖,并研究了这3个因素对多糖得率的影响,方差分析表明温度对多糖提取影响较显著（P〈0．1）,料液比和时间影响不显著。在本实验条件下,荞麦多糖的得率迭25．16％。同时用Sevag方法除蛋白,石油醚回流脱脂,淀粉酶,纤维素酶除去淀粉和纤维素,双氧水脱去色素对多糖进行了纯化。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.