胃肠宁对脾虚大鼠胃肠激素和炎性细胞因子的影响

目的:探讨胃肠宁对脾虚证动物胃肠激素和炎性细胞因子的影响。方法:采用苦寒泻下法复制大鼠脾虚证模型,研究胃肠宁对脾虚大鼠血清中IL-10、IL-1β及回肠始段SP、VIP含量的影响。结果:脾虚证大鼠血清中IL-10水平显著降低(P<0.05),IL-1β水平显著升高(P<0.05),胃肠宁能在一定程度上恢复IL-10和IL-1β含量,但与自然康复组相比差异不显著(P>0.05);脾虚证大鼠回肠始段SP含量显著升高(P<0.05),VIP含量显著降低(P<0.05),胃肠宁能显著恢复脾虚大鼠回肠始段SP和VIP含量(P>0.05)。结论:胃肠宁对脾虚证具有较好的治疗作用,其作用机制主要是能显著改善脾虚大鼠回肠始段SP和VIP水平。     

The ubiquitous role of zinc in health and disease

Objective – To review zinc physiology and pathophysiology and the importance of zinc toxicity and deficiency in veterinary patients.
Data Sources – A review of human and veterinary medical literature.
Human Data Synthesis – There is a significant amount of original research in humans and animals on the role of zinc in multiple organ systems. There is also significant data available on human patients with zinc abnormalities.
Veterinary Data Synthesis – Zinc deficiency has been studied in dogs with genetic disease and dietary deficiency leading to dermatological disease and immune deficiency. Zinc toxicity has been described after ingestion of metallic foreign bodies containing zinc.
Conclusions – Historically, the role of zinc in health and disease has been studied through patients with toxicity or severe deficiency with obvious clinical signs. As the ubiquitous contribution of zinc to structure and function in biological systems was discovered, clinically significant but subtle deficiency states have been revealed. In human medicine, mild zinc deficiencies are currently thought to cause chronic metabolic derangement leading to or exacerbating immune deficiency, gastrointestinal problems, endocrine disorders, neurologic dysfunction, cancer, accelerated aging, degenerative disease, and more. Determining the causal relationships between mild zinc deficiency and concurrent disease is complicated by the lack of sensitive or specific tests for zinc deficiency. The prevalence of zinc deficiency and its contribution to disease in veterinary patients is not well known. Continued research is warranted to develop more sensitive and specific tests to assess zinc status, to determine which patients are at risk for deficiency, and to optimize supplementation in health and disease.     

高锌日粮对奶牛产乳性能及血锌含量的影响

选择经产期和产奶量相近的健康中国荷斯坦奶牛50头,完全随机分成5组,每组10头,分别饲喂基础日粮及添加150mg/kg和300mg/kg的有机锌和无机锌日粮。结果表明:1)添加150mg/kg和300mg/kg的锌对牛奶中乳脂率、乳蛋白、乳糖和非脂固形物(SNF)含量无显著影响(P>0.05);2)无机锌对产奶量无显著影响(P>0.05),而添加有机锌则可显著提高奶牛产奶量(P<0.05);3)高锌可极显著(P<0.01)提高血锌和乳锌含量,而且血锌与乳锌之间存在线性相关(r=0.627,n=50)。     

Fat source affects growth of weanling rats fed high-fat diets low in zinc

In two 3-week experiments with a 2-factorial design, weanling rats were fed semi-purified diets in which the zinc concentration was either suboptimal or adequate for maximum growth. In experiment 1, one low-fat diet and four diets enriched with 26% beef tallow (BT), butterfat (BF), coconut oil or sunflower oil (SF) were compared. The low-Zn SF diet did not support growth. The animals fed the high-Zn SF diet had the lowest final weights among all other groups, and their serum and femur Zn concentrations were markedly depressed. In experiment 2, the low- and high-Zn diets were enriched with 18% BT, SF, BT + SF (1:1 w/w), or olive oil (OL). Final live weights showed a Zn × fat source interaction. The low-Zn SF and OL groups consumed less food and weighed less than the low-Zn BT group. At the high-Zn level, final weights were comparable among groups. Serum and femur Zn concentrations did not significantly vary among groups fed diets with the same Zn level. Possibilities for the growth-retarding effect of the diets rich in unsaturated fatty acids (SF and OL) are discussed. Metabolic studies are needed to clarify the observed zinc × fat source interaction.     

紫花苜蓿对团头鲂生长性能及消化酶活性影响的研究

选取来源一致、规格整齐、体质健康、游动活泼体重为（59.90±0.84）g的团头鲂Megalobrama amblycepnala 1 530尾,采用单因子随机区组设计,分为6个处理,每处理3个重复,每重复85尾。各处理组紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa草粉添加量分别为：0（对照组）、8％（试验I组）、16％（试验II组）、24％（试验III组）、32％（试验IV组）和紫花苜蓿鲜草（试验V组）,研究紫花苜蓿草粉及其鲜草对团头鲂生长性能、消化酶活性及经济效益的影响。结果表明：1)添加紫花苜蓿草粉后,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的尾均日增重、相对生长率极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）,试验Ⅲ组高于对照组、试验IV组低于对照组,但差异均不显著（P>0.05）;2)添加紫花苜蓿草粉后对消化道各部位蛋白酶活性及淀粉酶活性有促进作用,试验II组在后肠的蛋白酶活性、试验IV组在肝胰脏中的淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;3)与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组经济效益均有所提高;4）投喂一定量的紫花苜蓿鲜草,可以提高其消化酶活性,改善其生长性能,获得较好的经济效益。     

高铜日粮对生长猪胃底腺Ghrelin分泌的影响

选用军牧1号断乳仔猪45头,随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复3头,采用完全随机化设计进行生长试验,研究了不同来源(硫酸铜和蛋氨酸铜)和不同添加水平(5、125 mg/kg)的高铜日粮对猪胃底腺Ghrelin分泌的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,日粮中添加125 mg/kg硫酸铜和125 mg/kg蛋氨酸铜组平均日增重、绝对增重、平均采食量均显著提高(P<0.05),而不同铜源间差异不显著(P>0.05);试验组胃底腺Ghrelin mRNA水平显著提高(P<0.05);血液胃泌素含量显著增加(P<0.01),并且Ghrelin mRNA水平与血液胃泌素含量呈显著正相关关系。提示高铜可促进生长猪胃底腺Ghrelin的分泌,胃泌素的分泌与胃底腺区Ghrelin的基因表达有关。     

高锌对天府肉鹅免疫功能的影响

将1日龄天府肉鹅健雏200只随机分为A、B、C、D共4组，A组作为对照组仅喂基础日粮（Zn 100mg／kg），B、C、D组分别饲喂基础日粮＋Zn900mg／kg、基础日粮＋Zn1400mg／kg和基础日粮＋Zn1900mg／kg，试验期7周，以研究高剂量锌对雏鹅免疫功能的影响。结果，与对照组相比，高锌的B、C和D组雏鹅淋巴器官发育受阻，胸腺、腔上囊和脾的器官生长指数程度不同地降低；胸腺、腔上囊和脾淋巴细胞数量减少、变性、坏死；淋巴细胞分裂增殖受抑，胸腺、腔上囊、脾和外周血淋巴细胞分裂指数程度不同地降低。结果表明，日粮高锌可致雏鹅免疫功能受损。     

Dietary phytase increases the true absorption and endogenous fecal excretion of zinc in growing pigs given a corn-soybean meal based diet

We investigated the effect of dietary phytase on the true absorption and endogenous fecal excretion of zinc (Zn) using ⁶⁷Zn in growing pigs given a corn-soybean meal based diet. Ten crossbred barrows were fed the control diet containing 90-mg/kg Zn, 2.3-g/kg phytate-phosphorus and 3.7-g/kg non-phytate-phosphorus or the phytase diet containing similar amounts of Zn and phytate-phosphorus, and 1.4-g/kg non-phytate-phosphorus with 750-PU/kg phytase for 12 h/day. On day 6, the pigs were given 200 g of the corresponding diet labeled by ⁶⁷Zn for 2 h. We measured feed intake, fecal Zn concentration and ⁶⁷Zn abundance for the determination of apparent absorption, true absorption and endogenous fecal excretion of Zn. Although the apparent absorption of Zn did not significantly differ between the dietary groups, the phytase group had significantly more ( P  < 0.05) true absorption of Zn than the control group. The endogenous fecal excretion of Zn tended to be more ( P  = 0.07) in the phytase group than in the control group. These results suggest that dietary phytase improves Zn bioavailability through increasing the true absorption of Zn in growing pigs, which results in stimulating the endogenous fecal excretion of Zn when dietary Zn satisfies its requirement.     

锌源和锌水平对断奶应激仔猪血清生化指标的影响

选用(26±2)日龄"杜长大"三元杂交断奶仔猪100头,按体质量和性别随机分成5组,每组20头,分别饲喂基础日粮、基础日粮 2 000 mg/kg氧化锌、基础日粮 3 000 mg/kg氧化锌和基础日粮 250 mg/kg蛋氨酸锌、基础日粮 500 mg/kg蛋氨酸锌。试验期14 d。断奶后于前腔静脉采血,测定部分血清生化指标水平。结果表明,高锌日粮能显著提高断奶应激仔猪体质量(AW)、平均日增重(ADG)和日采食量(ADFI),降低料重比(F/G)和断奶后腹泻率。断奶后仔猪血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLOB)、总胆固醇(CHL)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平显著或极显著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),对照组仔猪血清尿素氮(SUN)含量在断奶后7 d极显著升高(P<0.01)。断奶前后,血清谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性无显著差异。添加高锌显著提高断奶仔猪血清ALP水平,降低血清钙(Ca)和血清磷(P)浓度,对上述其他生化指标无显著影响。     

NSP酶制剂对生长鹅小肠食糜黏度及盲肠微生物数量的影响

选择300只29日龄生长鹅进行28 d的饲养试验,研究在高纤维基础日粮中分别添加0.2%和0.4%的NSP酶制剂对生长鹩小肠食糜黏度及盲肠微生物数量的影响.对小肠食糜黏度的研究结果显示:0.2%与0.4%的NSP酶制剂对十二指肠食糜相对黏度的下降幅度分别为9.43%和10.69%(P<0.05),对空肠食糜相对黏度的下降幅度分别为10.74%和12.81%(P<0.05),对回肠食糜相对黏度的下降幅度分别为14.11%和15.03%(P<0.05).对盲肠微生物数量的研究结果显示:0.2%与0.4%的NSP酶制剂对盲肠大肠杆菌、双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌均无显著影响(P>0.05).     

Effects of excessive dietary zinc or zinc/cadmium and tapeworm infection on the biochemical parameters in rats

The main objective of this study was to determine which biochemical blood parameters can serve as indicators of Zn or Zn/Cd burden and tapeworm infection. This study was performed on 44 Wistar male rats during a 6-week period, when rats were or were not fed a zinc/cadmium rich diet and were or were not infected with tapeworms (Hymenolepis diminuta). Total protein, albumin, urea, glucose, triacylglycerols, non-esterified fatty acids, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, uric acid, Mg, Ca, P and Zn levels were analysed. Control rats with tapeworm infection had significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) total protein, urea and phosphorus concentrations than did rats unaffected by any experimental factor. Rats given overdoses of zinc lactate exhibited significantly lower glucose levels than did the other rats, especially those infected with tapeworms. Low glucose level in uninfected rats indicate a Zn overdose; high doses of zinc lactate likely decrease levels of glucose via cortisol, which is released during stress. Rats fed the Zn/Cd hyperaccumulating plant Arabidopsis halleri and infected with tapeworms had significantly higher (p ≤ 0.01) cholesterol and urea levels but lower zinc, triacylglycerol, and alkaline phosphatase levels than did rats fed the same diet but free of tapeworms. The increase of alkaline phosphatase level in uninfected rats may indicate both Zn/Cd burden and rat liver damage. Overall, this study not only supports the theory that H. diminuta can serve as a promising model for helminth therapy of the host mammal but also confirmed that this tapeworm is capable to protect somehow the host organism from the harmful effects of heavy metals.     

围封与放牧对土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

以阿拉善高原微温干旱温带半荒漠类草地为对象,研究了围封与放牧对土壤微生物量碳、氮及土壤酶活性的影响,旨在为荒漠区退化草地的恢复与重建提供科学依据。结果表明,1）围封与放牧地土壤微生物量碳含量无显著差异（P＞0.05）,而围封样地内土壤微生物量氮含量显著高于放牧样地（P＜0.05）,从而使得其土壤微生物量碳氮比显著低于放牧样地,且围封与放牧条件下不同土层的土壤微生物量碳、氮含量变化规律均为表层（0~10 cm）土壤高于下层（10~20 cm）土壤。2）围封样地表层土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性均高于放牧样地,下层土壤的碱性磷酸酶的活性也高于放牧样地,而脲酶活性则显著低于放牧样地。对于土壤蔗糖酶活性,围封样地仅下层土壤显著高于放牧样地,而表层土壤无差异。另外,围封和放牧条件下3种酶的活性在不同土层间的高低规律也不一致。3）围封与放牧条件下土壤微生物量碳和氮含量与土壤酶活性的关系表现不同,围封条件下,仅土壤微生物量碳含量与土壤脲酶活性呈显著正相关,而与土壤蔗糖酶活性呈显著负相关。放牧条件下,土壤微生物量碳和氮均与土壤脲酶活性呈显著负相关,而与蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关。另外,土壤微生物量碳氮比与脲酶活性在放牧条件下也呈显著正相关性。     

四君子汤对脾虚大鼠胃肠运动功能和胃肠激素影响

为研究四君子汤对脾虚大鼠胃肠运动和胃肠激素含量影响,用营养性半固体糊灌胃法测定大鼠胃排空率和肠推进率,采集胃窦基础电位信号,ELISA法测定胃肠组织中CCK、MTL蛋白水平。结果显示,与对照组比,脾虚组胃排空率下降,肠推进率上升,胃电振幅和频率均降低;胃窦内CCK明显升高(P0.05),十二指肠和空肠内CCK显著降低(P0.05);MTL在脾虚大鼠消化道内呈整体降低趋势,仅在空肠内极显著降低(P0.01)。与脾虚组比,治疗组胃排空率升高,肠推进率下降,胃电振幅和频率均回升;胃窦内CCK明显降低(P0.05),十二指肠和空肠内CCK显著升高(P0.05);消化道内MTL含量整体回升。由此可见,四君子汤可以平衡紊乱的胃肌电活动,调节脾虚大鼠的胃肠运动,调节消化道内局部CCK和MTL含量。     

日粮锌源和锌水平对断奶仔猪免疫功能和抗氧化酶活性的影响

选用21日龄＂杜×长×大＂三元杂交的断奶仔猪40头,按体质量和性别随机分成4组（Ⅰ～Ⅳ组）,每组10头猪。分别饲喂添加氧化锌（以锌量计）Ⅰ组（对照组）100mg/kg、Ⅱ组3 000mg/kg和蛋氨酸锌（以锌量计）Ⅲ组100mg/kg、Ⅳ组300mg/kg相同的基础日粮,预试验7d,正式试验42d。结果显示：脾脏、胸腺指数Ⅱ组〉Ⅳ组〉Ⅲ组〉Ⅰ组,但各组间差异均不显著（P〉0.05）;试验第14天,淋巴细胞转化率D值Ⅱ、Ⅳ组极显著高于Ⅰ组（P〈0.01）;试验第14、28、42天,猪瘟抗体水平Ⅱ、Ⅳ组极显著高于Ⅰ组（P〈0.01）;Ⅱ、Ⅳ组能提高血清Cu/Zn-SOD、CAT、GST-PX的活性,降低血清MDA含量,且在试验第14、28天时效果更好。结果表明,高锌日粮能显著提高断奶应激仔猪免疫功能和抗氧化酶活性。     

含紫花苜蓿饵料对鲤鱼生长性能、肉品质及消化酶活性的影响

通过在日粮中添加不同水平的紫花苜蓿草粉和鲜草,研究苜蓿草粉及鲜草对禾花鲤生长性能、鱼肉品质、消化酶活性及经济效益的影响。选取整齐一致的2龄禾花鲤1440尾,随机分为6个处理,每处理3个重复,每重复80尾,分置于18个试验池中饲养。各处理饲粮中苜蓿草粉的添加量分别为0,4%,8%,12%,16%和0 鲜草,正试期50 d。研究结果显示:1)添加苜蓿草粉后,试验Ⅱ组的尾均日增重和增重率显著高于对照组。试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ组的上述2项指标高于对照组,试验Ⅳ组低于对照组,苜蓿鲜草组低于对照组,但差异均不显著。2)和对照组相比,添加苜蓿草粉显著(试验Ⅳ组)或极显著(试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组)提高了禾花鲤肌肉中粗蛋白质含量,随着苜蓿草粉添加水平的增加,肌肉中粗脂肪和胆固醇水平显著下降,肌肉中水分含量呈先降后升的二次变化趋势,苜蓿鲜草组的肌肉中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪含量和胆固醇水平无显著变化。3)添加苜蓿草粉后对消化道各部位蛋白酶活性及淀粉酶活性有促进作用,均呈先升后降的变化趋势,其中试验II组的酶活性最高。添加苜蓿鲜草对消化道各部位酶活性无显著影响。4)与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组经济效益均有所提高,但以试验Ⅱ组最好。以上结果表明,在鲤鱼饲粮中添加8%紫花苜蓿草粉对鲤鱼生产性能、鱼肉品质及消化酶活性指标有较显著的改善,但紫花苜蓿鲜草不适宜直接投喂鲤鱼。结合生产实际,建议在鲤鱼饲粮中添加8%紫花苜蓿草粉。     

饲粮不同氯水平对笼养生长蛋鸭体内酸碱平衡的影响

本试验旨在研究玉米-豆粕型饲粮不同氯水平对笼养生长蛋鸭体内酸碱平衡的影响。选用300只28日龄体重相近的金定鸭,随机分为5个处理组,分别饲喂含氯0.06%、0.12%、0.18%、0.30%和0.60%的饲粮,每个处理组设10个重复,每个重复6只蛋鸭。结果显示:各处理组之间血清Cl-含量和Na+含量随饲粮氯水平的升高呈线性增加;各组间血液pH和HCO3-浓度差异不显著(P0.05),但是随氯水平增大血液逐渐趋于酸性。综合分析,低水平或高水平的氯可影响蛋鸭体内的酸碱平衡,饲粮中含0.12%～0.18%的氯可使笼养蛋鸭体内达到最佳的酸碱平衡。     

日粮锌源和锌水平对断奶仔猪血清及组织铜、铁、锌沉积的影响

选用临床检查健康的(26±2)日龄"杜×长×大"三元杂交断奶仔猪100头,按体质量和性别随机分为5组,每组20头,分别饲喂基础日粮、基础日粮+2000mg/kg氧化锌、基础日粮+3000mg/kg氧化锌、基础日粮+250mg/kg蛋氨酸锌、基础日粮+500mg/kg蛋氨酸锌。试验期14d。于断奶后0,7,14d,经前腔静脉采血,用原子吸收光谱仪检测血清中铜、铁、锌水平。试验结束时,每组选5头仔猪放血致死,取心、肝、肾、脑、脾、胸腺组织,测定铜、铁、锌含量。结果显示,仔猪断奶后,血清中铜、锌水平显著或极显著下降(P0.05或P0.01);添加不同锌源和锌水平的高锌日粮能提高断奶仔猪肝、肾、脑、血清锌的含量,显著或极显著降低仔猪血清铜和心、胸腺铜以及脾铁水平(P0.05或P0.01),对血清铁及其他组织铁含量无明显影响。这表明高锌日粮能增加断奶应激仔猪体内锌水平,降低部分组织中铜、铁含量。     

小肽添加剂对生长猪生长性能的影响

试验研究三种不同的小肽添加剂制品对生长猪生长性能的影响。试验选用72头初始体重在(34.64±8.32)kg的杜×长×大三元阉公猪,随机分为4个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复3头猪试验各组分别饲喂基础日粮(对照组),基础日粮加100mg/kg小肽A(小肽A组),基础日粮加100mg/kg小肽B(小肽B组),基础日粮加50mg/kg小肽C(小肽C组),试验期28d。测定其对生长猪的生长性能的影响,结果表明,与对照组相比,小肽A组、小肽B组和小肽C组的生长猪的平均采食量分别提高了9.8%、7.0%和12.5%(P0.05),平均日增重分别提高了15.8%、12.8%和21.7%(P0.05),料肉比分别降低了5.1%、6.3%和8.5%(P0.05)。     

Influence of different dietary zinc levels on cashmere growth,plasma testosterone level and zinc status in male Liaoning Cashmere goats

The experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of different levels of zinc (Zn) on cashmere growth, plasma testosterone and Zn profile in male Cashmere goats. Twenty‐eight male Liaoning Cashmere goats, 3 years old and body weight at 56.2 ± 2.45 kg, were assigned to four groups. The animals were fed a basal diet containing of 45.9 mg Zn/kg dry matter (DM) basis and supplemented with 0, 20, 40 or 80 mg Zn (reagent grade ZnSO₄·7H₂O) per kg DM for 90 days. There was no significant effect on growth and diameter of cashmere fibre for Zn supplemented in diets. However, the length and growth rate of wool were improved (p < 0.05) with dietary Zn. The length and growth rate of wool were higher (p < 0.05) for the groups supplemented with 40 or 80 mg Zn/kg DM compared with that of 20 mg Zn/kg DM treatment group. Plasma testosterone concentration was increased for Zn supplemented in diets, and the testosterone concentration was higher (p < 0.05) in goats fed on the diet supplemented with 40 or 80 mg Zn/kg DM compared with those fed on basal diet. Plasma Zn concentrations increased (p < 0.05) with increasing dietary Zn and supplemented with 40 and 80 mg Zn/kg DM groups improved plasma Zn concentration (p < 0.05) more than 20 mg Zn/kg DM group. Fibre Zn content was higher (p < 0.05) in groups supplemented with 40 or 80 mg Zn/kg DM compared with control group, but no difference between Zn‐supplemented groups (p > 0.05). The activity of plasma alkaline phosphatase was increased (p < 0.05) due to dietary Zn supplementation; however, no difference was found between supplemented treatment groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, Zn content (45.9 mg Zn/kg DM) in control diet was insufficient for optimal wool growth performance, and we recommended the level of dietary Zn for such goats is 86 mg/kg DM during the breeding season and cashmere fibre growing period.     

SSTR和IGFBP对生长猪生产性能的影响

选用 9周龄 1 9kg左右约·杜·长·宁四元杂种猪 60头 ,随机分为 3组 ,试验组I、试验组II和对照组各 2 0头。试验组I在 1 0、 1 3和 1 5周龄颈部皮下注射生长激素抑制激素受体 (SSTR)疫苗 ;试验组II在 1 0周龄颈部皮下注射SSTR +IGFBP (胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白 )疫苗 ,1 3及 1 5周龄注射SSTR疫苗 ;对照组注射相同剂量的生理盐水。结果表明 :SSTR组平均日增重较对照组提高 5 73% ,采食量提高 3 88%。SSTR +IGFBP组平均日增重较对照组提高 9 74% ,采食量提高 1 1 1 6%。