滴灌条播作物毛管水力设计方法探讨

研究毛管水力设计历来为人们所重视,但从目前资料来看,正确运用水力学原理,探讨改进设计方法,对提高设计精度,充分发挥滴灌效益,仍有实际意义。毛管以下滴灌设备件小、用量大,其投资占全系统的40％～50％。尤其是滴灌条播作物(如葡萄,黄瓜等),因种植密度大,毛管设计优劣与系统运行,灌溉质量,费用高低等关系尤为密切。考虑到采用微管滴头,按等量出流设计的毛管计算比较繁锁,故本文将通过对实际计算方案讨论,阐明多孔出流条件下的一些设计参数取值、算法、给出简化水力计算公式及其设计应用方法,供设计者参考。     

虚拟节点有限元法解析滴灌毛管水力特性

滴灌毛管水力学计算是滴灌系统设计的重要组成部分.利用有限元法和虚拟节点有限元法对滴灌毛管进行了水力学解析.结果表明,与有限元法相比,随着虚拟节点数的减少,虚拟节点有限元法和虚拟节点平均水头损失有限元法计算结果误差增大,但通过合理选择虚拟单元个数,可达到与多口系数法相同的计算精度,在满足实际滴灌工程设计需要的同时可以显著减少单元数量,从而减少计算量,其中虚拟节点法减少95%,虚拟节点平均水头损失法减少98%.     

地下滴灌不同毛管抗负压堵塞性能试验研究

通过室内土箱试验,研究单翼迷宫式滴灌带、内镶片式滴灌带及内镶圆柱状滴灌管分别在黏壤土、壤土及砂壤土内的抗负压堵塞性能。研究方法为将地下滴灌系统反复启闭,通过滴头流量变化反映其负压堵塞程度。结果表明:单翼迷宫式滴灌带抗负压堵塞性能较差,在壤土内流量降低34%,发生了堵塞;在砂壤土中流量下降12%,继续试验,发生堵塞的可能较大;内镶片式滴灌带抗负压堵塞性能较好,在3种土壤内都没有出现明显的堵塞现象;内镶柱状滴灌管在黏壤及壤土内流量下降均为12%,若继续试验,有发生堵塞的趋势。该类滴灌管与其余两种滴灌带相比,除滴头流道不同外,其流量最大,说明增大流量并不能明显降低负压堵塞。     

虚拟节点有限元法解析滴灌毛管水力特

滴灌毛管水力学计算是滴灌系统设计的重要组成部分。利用有限元法和虚拟节点有限元法对滴灌毛管进行了水力学解析。结果表明,与有限元法相比,随着虚拟节点数的减少,虚拟节点有限元法和虚拟节点平均水头损失有限元法计算结果误差增大,但通过合理选择虚拟单元个数,可达到与多口系数法相同的计算精度,在满足实际滴灌工程设计需要的同时可以显著减少单元数量,从而减少计算量,其中虚拟节点法减少95%,虚拟节点平均水头损失法减少     

低压条件下滴灌毛管水头损失试验研究

对孔径0.9、1.2 mm,孔间距33 cm,管径为φ12、φ16PE滴灌毛管进行了0.25~2.4 m入口工作水头条件下的水力性能试验和分析。结果表明,在试验的工作水头下,使用达西-韦斯巴赫公式、经验公式计算出管道总水头损失值与实测值比较都有很大的偏差,通过对试验数据的回归分析,对常用的水头损失计算经验公式用以入口工作水头为变量的参数进行了修正,取得较好的计算精度。     

有限元法解析滴灌毛管水力特性

对滴灌毛管进行水力学解析时,利用连续性方程、伯努利能量方程、沿程水头损失计算公式,即微灌工程技术规范中指定的公式和滴头流量公式,用直接法推导了有限元方法计算公式。计算结果表明,有限元法计算结果准确,但是计算量和存储量大。     

薄壁内镶贴片式滴灌带有限元水力计算方法及设计

为了提高滴灌系统水力设计的准确性,基于有限元原理,提出一种计算薄壁内镶贴片式滴灌带能量损失和灌水均匀度的方法,局部水头损失根据贴片式滴头结构、管内压力和管道壁厚确定,沿程水头损失通过改进Darcy-Weisbach公式编写计算机程序,分析了不同滴灌带的水头损失及均匀度变化规律,并与《微灌工程技术规范》中推荐计算方法的结果进行对比.结果表明：管道总水头损失h_w随入口压力的增大而增大.随着滴头间距的增大,相同管长和压力下滴头个数减少,毛管总水头损失h_w减小;滴头间距较大时,水头损失的规范值远低于本模型计算值,滴头间距较小时,规范推荐的计算结果才较为合理;工作压力较低时,毛管壁厚对灌水均匀度影响较明显,且随着壁厚增大,过水断面减小,均匀度降低;当滴头额定流量较小时,相对于工作压力,壁厚对毛管的极限铺设长度影响较小.     

玉米地下滴灌适宜出苗灌水定额试验研究

为探索解决地下滴灌玉米出苗难的问题,通过土箱试验,对内蒙古自治区具有典型代表性的3种土壤,开展了毛管铺设参数(滴头流量、埋深)和灌水定额对地下滴灌湿润半径的影响规律试验,结合玉米播种深度、水分向上及向下运移的距离及种子周围土壤含水量,研究了玉米适宜出苗灌水定额,以提高出苗率,指导实际生产.结果表明:按显著性水平0.05检验,土壤类型和灌水定额均对土壤湿润半径影响具有统计学意义,而滴头流量和埋深对湿润半径影响不具有统计学意义.在黏壤土中,玉米出苗灌水定额37.5~52.5 mm基本可满足毛管埋深25~35 cm的出苗要求;在壤土中,玉米出苗灌水定额37.5 mm左右基本可满足毛管埋深25~30 cm的出苗要求,灌水定额52.5 mm左右基本可满足埋深30~35 cm的出苗要求;在砂壤土中,灌水定额22.5~37.5 mm基本可满足毛管埋深约25 cm的玉米出苗要求,灌水定额52.5 mm基本可满足毛管埋深25~35 cm的玉米出苗要求.     

不同降水年型地下滴灌追氮对玉米产量的影响

采用完全组合设计,在长期试验基础上探讨了枯、丰2种降水年型滴灌追氮对玉米产量的影响.结果表明:丰水年整体产量高于枯水年,高水高氮和高水低氮处理在丰、枯水年间产量差异不具有统计学意义.枯水年滴灌对产量影响具有统计学意义(P<0.01),水氮互作对产量影响具有统计学意义(P<0.05),追氮对产量影响不具有统计学意义.丰水年滴灌对产量影响具有统计学意义(P<0.05),追氮对产量影响具有统计学意义(P<0.01),水氮互作对产量影响不具有统计学意义.不同降水年型间产量随滴灌量的增大而增大,枯水年滴灌对产量的提高幅度大于丰水年;随追氮量的增加先增大后减小,丰水年增加追氮量对产量的影响均大于枯水年.通过分析,确定了不同降水年型适宜的水肥施用模式:播种期沟施复合肥(N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O=15∶15∶15)450 kg/hm²后,在枯水年滴灌48 mm、追氮120 kg/hm²,丰水年滴灌36 mm、追氮240 kg/hm².     

不同增氧滴灌方式对蔬菜生长生理指标的影响

为了研究不同增氧方式对盆栽小白菜生长生理指标的影响,以小白菜为供试作物,采用盆栽地下滴灌的方式,以普通地下滴灌作为对照(CK),设置循环曝气(MAI)、双氧水(H₂O₂)、纯氧扩散器曝气(OC)及射流振荡器曝气(FO)4个增氧灌溉处理.结果表明,增氧地下滴灌显著提高了土壤呼吸速率,处理MAI,OC和FO较对照处理分别增大了65.87%,66.79%和111.62%.增氧地下滴灌促进了小白菜的根系生长、光合作用、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,进而提高了小白菜的物质量积累和产量.与对照相比,处理MAI的地下部鲜质量增大了42.03%,地下部干质量增大了79.85%;处理MAI,H₂O₂,OC和FO的光合速率分别增大了868.62%,794.14%,778.67%和650.19%;处理MAI,H₂O₂和OC的气孔导度较CK增大了157.14%,128.57%和85.71%,蒸腾速率增大了55.61%,32.38%和19.58%;处理MAI和H₂O₂的产量分别增大了56.36%和38.72%.综上,增氧地下滴灌可增强小白菜根区的土壤呼吸作用,改善光合作用、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,提高了产量及水分利用效率.其中,循环曝气处理的改善效果最为显著.     

循环曝气地下滴灌的温室番茄生长与品质

循环曝气滴灌可以大幅度提高灌溉水掺气比例,有效改善普通地下滴灌引起的黏质型土壤根区间歇性缺氧环境,提高作物生产力.以河南省中牟县黄河淤积黄黏土为供试土壤,以温室番茄为供试对象,研究循环曝气地下滴灌对番茄生理及品质的影响.结果表明,与普通地下滴灌(对照处理)相比,相同灌溉定额条件下曝气处理番茄果实前5次产量提高了29.15%;番茄的水分利用效率提高了20.72%.曝气处理气孔导度提高了30.51%,植物的生长活力得到增强.番茄果实维生素C含量提高了13.25%,可溶性固形物含量提高了8.62%,糖酸比提高了22.05%,而总酸含量和硬度分别下降了15.50%和11.19%.曝气处理最大根长增加了16.75%,根冠质量之比提高了25.81%.综合分析表明,曝气滴灌可显著促进黄黏土中番茄的生长,促进番茄果实成熟,有效提高作物产量,改善番茄品质.     

Newly simplified method for hydraulic design of micro irrigation laterals based on emission uniformity

An analytical approach was developed to design a single uniformly sloping lateral in the micro irrigation systems. Emission uniformity was used as the water application uniformity criterion. Ene rgy relations based on the energy gradient line approach were revamped to account for the spatial va riance of emitter outflow and the emitter connections local energy losses. Four pressure head grade line profiles were distinguished: uphill, horizontal, gentle downhill and steep downhill. Analytical expressions of emission uniformity by hydraulic variation for each pressure profile were developed based on the design variables: length and diameter of lateral, emitter spacing, emitter flow equation parameters, equivalent length characterizing local losses and ground slope. The design conditions for selecting emitter type, the number of emitters per plant and designing the diameter of the uphill and steep downhill laterals were also developed. The nonlinear equations for determining lateral diameter and lateral length were solved iteratively by using the built in root finding function of (Tools> Goal Seek…) in the calculation spreadsheet of Microsoft Excel. The procedures also provide the options to fix the design lateral diameter with the commercial standard size or fix the design lateral length based on the field size. The operating inlet pressure and maximum amplitude of the pressure head throughout the lateral could also be determined easily by the procedure. Two numerical applications with various slope combinations indicate that the proposed analytical approach produces results close to the accurate stepwise numerical solutions. In comparison with Keller method, the proposed approach could produce more appropriate designs.     

单翼迷宫灌水器进口流场数值模拟与结构优化

针对单翼迷宫式滴灌灌水器工程应用中,大多数堵塞都发生在灌水器进口及其邻近区域的问题,对单翼迷宫式滴灌灌水器进口结构特性和水力性能进行分析,并对内部流场的计算流体进行动力学（CFD）数值模拟研究,发现目前广泛使用的单翼迷宫式滴灌灌水器的进口在实现灌水器多进口安全保障、过滤、抗堵塞等功能方面的设计存在不足之处.应用CAD-CFD技术改进单翼迷宫式滴灌灌水器进口的结构,优化其水力性能.改进后的灌水器5个进口流量基本相同,流速分布也较为均匀.不存在超低流速区,能有效减少灌水器进口的沉积和堵塞,提高灌水器的抗堵塞能力,实现了多进口的安全保障功能.     

Effect of irrigation amounts applied with subsurface drip irrigation on corn evapotranspiration, yield, water use efficiency, and dry matter production in a semiarid climate

Quantifying the local crop response to irrigation is important for establishing adequate irrigation management strategies. This study evaluated the effect of irrigation applied with subsurface drip irrigation on field corn (Zea mays L.) evapotranspiration (ETc), yield, water use efficiencies (WUE = yield/ETc, and IWUE = yield/irrigation), and dry matter production in the semiarid climate of west central Nebraska. Eight treatments were imposed with irrigation amounts ranging from 53 to 356 mm in 2005 and from 22 to 226 mm in 2006. A soil water balance approach (based on FAO-56) was used to estimate daily soil water and ETc. Treatments resulted in seasonal ETc of 580–663 mm and 466–656 mm in 2005 and 2006, respectively. Yields among treatments differed by as much as 22% in 2005 and 52% in 2006. In both seasons, irrigation significantly affected yields, which increased with irrigation up to a point where irrigation became excessive. Distinct relationships were obtained each season. Yields increased linearly with seasonal ETc (R² = 0.89) and ETc/ETp (R² = 0.87) (ETp = ETc with no water stress). The yield response factor (ky), which indicates the relative reduction in yield to relative reduction in ETc, averaged 1.58 over the two seasons. WUE increased non-linearly with seasonal ETc and with yield. WUE was more sensitive to irrigation during the drier 2006 season, compared with 2005. Both seasons, IWUE decreased sharply with irrigation. Irrigation significantly affected dry matter production and partitioning into the different plant components (grain, cob, and stover). On average, the grain accounted for the majority of the above-ground plant dry mass (≈59%), followed by the stover (≈33%) and the cob (≈8%). The dry mass of the plant and that of each plant component tended to increase with seasonal ETc. The good relationships obtained in the study between crop performance indicators and seasonal ETc demonstrate that accurate estimates of ETc on a daily and seasonal basis can be valuable for making tactical in-season irrigation management decisions and for strategic irrigation planning and management.     

射流三通连接滴灌带的水力性能沿程变化规律

为了探究滴灌带沿程水力性能的变化规律,在射流三通进口流量为0.1~1.2 m³/h的范围内,开展射流三通进口流量与出口水头振幅的水力性能试验,发现射流三通连接脉冲滴灌系统的流量阈值为0.2~0.8 m³/h;在脉冲滴灌系统流量阈值的范围内,开展射流三通连接滴灌带沿程脉冲参数试验,研究射流三通连接60 m滴灌带沿程脉冲性能的变化规律,发现当滴灌带进口水头振幅大于1 m时,沿程水头振幅的衰减速率存在突变点,沿程脉冲频率先增大后减小,射流三通在整条滴灌带上均能产生脉冲水流的进口流量设计范围是0.5~0.8 m³/h.在射流三通进口流量的设计范围内,开展稳压滴灌和脉冲滴灌的同台对比试验,结果表明,射流三通连接滴灌带内的水头损失比普通三通连接滴灌带内的降低62.5%~83.3%,灌水均匀系数提高了0.6%~0.9%,流量偏差率降低了1.2%~4.1%;进口流量为0.7 m³/h时,射流三通连接滴灌带灌水均匀度最高.     

改进的滴灌双向流道结构参数对水力性能影响

为了在现有滴灌管(带)生产设备加工成型,改进了滴灌双向流道结构.针对这一新型流道,探索分析流道结构参数对其水力性能的影响.以流道4个关键结构参数为因素,基于正交试验设计方法,设计16组方案并制作流道样件,进行水力性能试验.采用极差分析和方差分析研究各结构参数对水力性能的影响效应.利用多元线性回归,建立流态指数和流量系数与4个结构参数的回归模型.结果表明,流道过水宽度,对流态指数的影响最显著,分水件与边壁距离的影响最小;分水件与边壁距离对流量系数的影响最大.回归模型效果显著,且准确度较高,可用于流道流态指数、流量系数的预测,研究结果可为新型双向流道的参数化设计及其结构优化,提供一定的理论指导.