双峰驼脾脏的组织形态学观察

骆驼脾脏的形状和其它动物明显不同，为镰形，外缘呈锯齿状。其被膜很厚，富含平滑肌和弹性纤维，平滑肌层比结缔组织层厚，主要由相互垂直的两层构成。次级平滑肌性小梁发达，相互交织成网状，构成红髓的主要支架。白髓有典型的脾小结和动脉周围淋巴鞘，无边缘窦。边缘区明显，分布在脾小结、动脉周围淋巴鞘周围，可见大量吞噬含铁血黄素、ACP活性很强的巨噬细胞，开口于此的中央动脉分支十分丰富。鞘毛细血管主要分布在边缘区，其次是脾索的滤过区，白髓发达的个体更为多见，常见红细胞从椭球漏出，但胞质中未见含铁血黄素，ACP呈色反应呈阴性。脾索滤过区可见大量的毛细血管和吞噬有含铁血黄素、ACP活性很强的巨噬细胞。脾窦十分发达，窦壁细胞ACP和AKP均呈强阳性，窦腔中也有上述巨噬细胞。淋巴细胞在脾脏中的分布和其它动物及人相似。上述结果证实，骆驼脾脏属于免疫功能很强的防御性脾。     

Studies on rickets and osteomalacia in Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus)

Epidemiological studies have indicated incidences of 32.9% and 27.8% for rickets and osteomalacia, respectively, in Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus), but there is an increased incidence under drought conditions, sometimes reaching 75%. We have found that concentrations of phosphorus and copper in forage and soil samples in a drought affected area were significantly lower than in a control area or normal reference values (P < 0.01) ; the mean Ca:P ratio in the forages was 50:1. The phosphorus content of blood and hair from affected camels was significantly less than that in controls (P < 0.01) and concentrations of copper in the liver and kidney were significantly lower in affected camels than control animals (P < 0.01); the concentrations of triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroxine (T(4)) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the serum from affected animals were significantly higher than those from healthy controls (P < 0.01); serum inorganic phosphorus and ceruloplasmin levels were lower than those in the controls (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05); the concentrations of serum alpha-globulin and beta-globulin were significantly higher in the affected camels than in the healthy controls (P < 0.01). The pathological changes seen in camels affected with rickets included porous, brittle, light, osteoporotic bones that were susceptible to fractures and had less resistance to cutting and sawing. Wrist joints were enlarged with an apparent bowing of the long bones in forelimb and with typical broadening of the epiphyses. In adult female camels, many enlarged scars were often seen in ribs indicating earlier fractures. The disease could be cured with supplementary bone meal, phosphate or mineral mixtures and in field investigations clinical signs disappeared within 15 days. Over the same period, the concentrations of phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase in blood returned to normal. The disease may be effectively prevented by use of mineral blocks (block salt licks) or dosing orally with copper, selenium and cobalt soluble glass boluses. We conclude that rickets and osteomalacia are mainly caused by phosphorus and copper deficiencies in the pasture.     

The Arterial Supply of the Cubital Joint in the Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus)

The arterial supply of the six cubital joints from bactrian camels was studied. There were 15 arterial branches supplying the joint. The branches that arose from the transverse cubital artery were the medial anterior, superior anterior, lateral anterior, middle anterior, inferior anterior, superior lateral, middle lateral, inferior lateral, superior posterior and superior lateral posterior cubital branches. The branches originating from the collateral ulnar artery were the medial, middle posterior, inferior posterior, medial posterior and inferior lateral posterior cubital branches. These arteries united with each other around the cubital joint.     

Preliminary Observations on the Concentrations of Serum Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle-stimulating Hormone during Gestation in Bactrian Camels (Camelus bactrianus)

The concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the serum of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) throughout pregnancy were analysed by radioimmunoassay. The samples were withdrawn at intervals of half a month. The serum LH concentrations varied significantly between 2.2±0.9 and 20.3±18.8 ng/ml during the pregnancy, with the highest value on the day of artificial insemination, which indicated that a preovulatory LH peak appeared. Thereafter, the LH concentration tended to fall, reaching a fairly constant low level by the eighth month of pregnancy. The serum FSH concentrations varied between 7.0±0.2 and 28.9±0.4 ng/ml during gestation, with the peak value being reached at 4.5 months, followed by a marked drop to 7.0±0.2 ng/ml at 7.5 months.     

The Arterial Supply of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint in the Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus)

The arterial supply of the six metacarpophalangeal joints was studied in Bactrian camels. The arterial branches supplying the metacarpophalangeal joints were derived from the metacarpal distal perforating, medial and lateral branches of the palmar metacarpal artery III, medial and lateral branches of the palmar common digital artery III and the abaxial palmar proper digital arteries III and IV. These arterial branches were the proximal dorsoaxial distal metacarpal, distal dorsoaxial distal metacarpal, abaxial distal metacarpal, palmar distal metacarpal, interosseous distal metacarpal, dorsoaxial proximal proximal phalangeal, palmoaxial proximal proximal phalangeal, palmoabaxial proximal proximal phalangeal and dorsoabaxial proximal proximal phalangeal branches. They linked with each other around the metacarpophalangeal joint.     

Separation and Purification of Ovulation-inducing Factors in the Seminal Plasma of the Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus)

Ovulation in the Bactrian camel depends upon ovulation-inducing factors in the seminal plasma. The present study was conducted to isolate and purify the bioactive fractions from the seminal plasma of these camels. The seminal plasma was fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography, and six fractions were obtained. The bioactive potential of each fraction was estimated from its effect on rat pituitary tissue cultured in vitro and by the effect of an intramuscular injection of the fraction into female camels in vivo. Both the third fraction (F3) and the fifth fraction (F5) stimulated the release of LH in vitro and in vivo. In addition, female camels ovulated within 48 h after intramuscular injection of F3. However, neither F3 nor F5 had any significant effect on the secretion of FSH, either in vitro or in vivo. When F3 was further fractionated into four subfractions, the third subfraction (F3-3) still stimulated the in vitro release of LH, but not of FSH. An attempt to further purify the ovulation-inducing factors in F3-3 failed owing to the similarity of the molecular characters.     

双峰驼微量元素补充方法

双峰驼 ４０ 峰,随机均分为 ４ 组：Ⅰ组投服 Ｓｅ Ｃｕ Ｃｏ 复合微量元素缓释丸,Ⅱ组口服硫酸铜并肌肉注射亚硒酸钠,Ⅲ组口服硫酸铜,Ⅳ组对照。全血及被毛检测结果表明,与对照组相比,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组血、毛 Ｓｅ 含量及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ Ｇ Ｓ Ｈ Ｐｘ）活性极显著升高 （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）; Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血、毛 Ｃｕ 含量和血清铜蓝蛋白（ Ｃ Ｐ）及三碘甲腺原氨酸（ Ｔ３ ）含量均显著升高 （ Ｐ ＜ ００１, Ｐ ＜ ００５）。据此认为,给双峰驼投服 Ｓｅ Ｃｕ  Ｃｏ 微量元素缓释丸与口服硫酸铜并肌注亚硒酸钠具有同样的效果。     

The Arterial Supply of the Carpal Joint in the Bactrian Camel (Camelus Bactrianus)

The arterial supply of the six carpal joints was studied in Bactrian camels. The arterial branches supplying the carpal joints were the proximal medial dorsal, middle medial dorsal, distal medial dorsal, proximal lateral dorsal, distal lateral dorsal, proximal medial palmar, distal medial palmar, lateral palmar, proximal palmar and dorsal palmar carpi and the dorsal interosseous antebrachium branches. Some small unnamed branches supplied the diverticulum and the antebrachiocarpal joint capsule. All these arteries arose from the lateral and medial branches of the radial artery.     

双峰驼跖趾关节解剖结构

采用大体解剖学方法,研究了成年双峰驼的８个跖趾关节,并与马、牛、羊、猪、犬等动物的对等器官进行了比较。结果发现,双峰驼跖趾关节的形态结构有以下显著特征：（１）跖骨远端关节面后部有矢状嵴,近趾节骨近端关节面后部有与之相对应的矢状沟,这种结构与跖行动物和趾行动物相类似;（２）籽骨上没有对应近趾节骨近端的关节面;（３）籽骨间韧带只连接同一趾上的２个籽骨,与牛的将２趾的４个近籽骨连在一起的结构不同;（４）轴侧侧副韧带不像牛的那样与对侧的同名韧带共同起始于跖骨远端滑车间切迹,而是分别起始于此切迹的轴侧韧带窝及韧带结节;（５）轴侧侧副韧带仅为１层,而远轴侧侧副韧带分为２层;（６）籽骨直韧带、趾间趾节骨籽骨韧带及趾间近韧带均缺如。     

The gross anatomy of the cranial cervical ganglion and its branches in the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)

Ten specimens of the head and neck of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) were dissected to study the situation, arrangement and branches of the cranial cervical ganglion (ganglion cervicale craniale). The ganglion was a greyish fusiform structure, averaging 15–20 mm in length, 4–6 mm in width and 3 mm in thickness, located on the rostro-lateral surface of the longus capitis and covered by the mandibular gland. The branches of the cranial cervical ganglion included the internal carotid nerve, external carotid nerve, jugular nerve and the branches connecting with the glossopharyngeal, vagus, hypoglossal and first cervical nerves.     

The Arterial Supply to the Eye of the Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus)

The arterial supply to the eye of the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) was studied by gross dissection. The supply came from the external ophthalmic, external ethmoidal and malar and maxillary tubercular arteries, ophthalmic rete mirabile, and the rostral epidural rete mirabile. The external ophthalmic artery gave rise to branches to supply the dorsal oblique muscle, lacrimal gland, superior and inferior eyelids, and the lateral angle of the eye, and to take part in the formation of the rostral epidural rete and the ophthalmic rete mirabile. The external ethmoidal artery detached off some branches to supply the ventral and medial dorsal rectus oblique muscles, the conjunctiva of the superior eyelid and the fat body of the orbit. The branches of the malar artery supplied the inferior, superior and third eyelids, ventral oblique muscle, and the medial angle of the eye. The ophthalmic rete mirabile gave off many branches to supply the rectus muscles of the eye, dorsal oblique and retractor oculi muscles, levator muscle of the superior eyelid, and the choroid.     

The Zinc and Copper Content of the Plasma of Sudanese Camels (Camelus dromedarius)

A study was undertaken to investigate the variations in the content of zinc and copper in the plasma of Sudanese camels (Camelus dromedarius). A total of 993 Arabi camels, aged 0.5-8 years, were used to assess the effect of season, age, sex and physiological status on the plasma concentrations of copper and zinc. There was an increase in the concentration of Cu and a decrease in the concentration of Zn in the plasma with age. The concentrations of both Cu and Zn in the plasma were higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. The plasma copper concentrations in pregnant, low-lactating and high-lactating camels were 81.3 +/- 4.7, 59.7 +/- 6.1 and 61.3 +/- 5.5 microg/100 ml, respectively. The corresponding values for zinc were 51.0 +/- 8.9, 53.4 +/- 6.4 and 67.1 +/- 5.5 microg/100 ml, respectively. However, there was no effect of sex on the content of these minerals in the plasma.     

双峰驼胃底腺区黏膜组织学与组织化学研究

用组织学和组织化学研究方法重点观察了双峰驼胃底腺的细胞组成、分布及其组织化学特性。结果表明，双峰驼胃底腺区有发达的黏膜皱襞和厚的黏膜层，固有层中充满长而直的分支管状腺，由颈黏液细胞、壁细胞、主细胞和亲银细胞组成。颈黏液细胞分布在腺颈部，为混合黏液细胞，以分泌酸性糖共轭物为主。壁细胞十分丰富，分布于整个腺体，以腺体体部最多，细胞内含有酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶以及活性较强的非特异性醋酶，糖共轭物呈色均为阴性。主细胞位于腺体体部和底部，胞质中有大量的嗜碱性颗粒，含非特异性醋酶，但无糖共轭物。在黏膜褶顶部腺体体部和底部常看到不成熟的主细胞，其形态同颈黏液细胞和主细胞相似，为矮柱状或立方状，胞质有大量细小的颗粒，糖共轭物呈色反应和颈黏液细胞相似。糖共轭物呈色结果还显示，胃底腺区黏膜表面上皮仅分泌中性糖共轭物，胃小凹上皮和颊部腺上皮可分泌混合糖共轭物，胃小凹浅层上皮以中性糖共轭物为主，而底部上皮和颊部腺上皮以酸性糖共轭物为主。此外，在网状纤维染色时我们发现颈黏液细胞有明显的嗜银现象，核上胞质可见大量的嗜银颗粒，不成熟的主细胞有类似表现，但较其弱，颊部腺上皮也有较弱的嗜银性，而成熟的主细胞则无此特点，建议将此法作为颈黏液细胞和主细胞的鉴别方法。虽然双峰驼胃底腺区黏膜的微观结构及组织化学特性同其他动物和人有差异。但基本结构相似。     

Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins in Clinically Healthy Male Camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of 87 Iranian male dromedary camels of different age groups (<3, 3–5, 5–6 and 6–8 years). Variations in the serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride, total lipid, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-cholesterol), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-cholesterol) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol) were investigated. The concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride, total lipid, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol in the different age groups were significantly different (p<0.05). With an increase in the age of the animals, there were highly significant increases in the cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol concentrations, whereas the concentration of LDL-cholesterol decreased (p<0.001).     

Some Endotoxin-induced Clinical and Biochemical Changes in Plasma of Camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Intravenous administration of endotoxin, prepared from E. coli serotype O55:B5, at a dose of 0.1 microg/kg body weight to calves and adult camels induced fever and increased haematocrit, triiodothyronine and cortisol values. The endotoxin-treated animals showed significantly decreased (p < 0.05) total protein, urea, glucose and creatinine. A significant increase was seen in the activity of aspartate aminotransaminase and creatine kinase. These results demonstrate high sensitivity of camels to endotoxin.     

中国6个双峰驼群体微卫星遗传多样性分析

为了解中国双峰驼群体的遗传多样性及不同种群间的遗传进化关系,本研究采用微卫星标记技术,对中国阿拉善驼、青海驼、南疆驼、北疆驼、肃北驼、苏尼特驼6个双峰驼群体进行了遗传多样性分析。通过计算杂合度（H）、多态信息含量（PIC）、有效等位基因（Ne）、Shannon信息指数等分析群体内遗传变异,通过计算F-统计量、基因流、遗传分化系数、遗传距离等分析群体间遗传进化关系。结果显示,10个微卫星位点共检测到了89个等位基因,平均每个位点检测到8.9个等位基因;所有位点均属中高度多态位点（YWLL08除外）,平均PIC值在0.488~0.752之间;6个群体观测杂合度值（0.355~0.448）都低于期望杂合度值（0.643~0.703）;几乎所有位点的Shannon指数都>1,且处于哈代-温伯格不平衡状态（P< 0.05）。群体间遗传分化系数Fst值为0.059,处于较低程度的中等分化状态; 6个双峰驼群体的平均Fis值均为正值,说明6个双峰驼群体都存在不同程度的近交。基于标准遗传距离D_S和遗传距离D_A进行聚类分析,南疆驼和北疆驼聚为一支,阿拉善驼、青海驼、肃北驼、苏尼特驼4个群体聚为一支。研究表明,中国双峰驼遗传多样性丰富,群体内遗传变异较大,存在一定近交现象;群体间存在着一定的基因流动,群体间的分化主要由群体内的遗传变异造成;6个群体分为2个类群。     

Analysis on the Genetic Diversity of Six Bactrian Camel Populations in China Using Microsatellite Marker

In order to understand the genetic diversity of Bactrian camel and the genetic evolutionary relationships between different populations,the genetic diversity of Alashan camel, Qinghai camel, Nanjiang camel, Beijiang camel, Subei camel and Sunite camel populations in China were analyzed using 10 microsatellite markers. By calculating heterozygosity (H), polymorphism information content (PIC), effective allele (Ne), Shannon information index, the genetic variation within populations were analyzed. By calculating the F-statistics, gene flow, genetic differentiation coefficient and genetic distance to analyze the genetic relationship between populations. The results showed that 89 alleles were tested at the 10 microsatellite loci,8.9 alleles were tested at every locus in average. All loci were medium-highly polymorphic loci (except YWLL08),the average PIC of the Bactrian camel population was between 0.488 to 0.752. The observed heterozygosity (0.355 to 0.448) of 6 Bactrian camel populations was lower than the expected heterozygosity (0.643 to 0.703). Almost all loci Shannon index was greater than 1,and most of loci were in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium. The genetic differentiation coefficient between groups (Fst) value was 0.059 and in the low degree of moderately differentiated state. The average Fis values of 6 Bactrian camel populations were positive which suggested 6 Bactrian camel populations had different levels of inbreeding. The standard genetic distance (D_S) and genetic distance T (D_A) clustering analysis showed that the Nanjiang camel and Beijiang camel jointed as one group, the Alxa camel, Qinghai camel, Subei camel, Sunite camel jointed as the other group. Research showed that Chinese Bactrian camel was abundant in genetic diversity, genetic variation within population was larger, and there was a phenomenon of inbreeding. There was a certain gene flow between populations, the differentiation of populations were mainly caused by genetic variation within population. 6 Chinese Bactrian camel populations were divided into two groups.     

双峰驼水代谢与血液中无机离子浓度的动态关系

对双峰驼禁水１５ｄ，于禁水前、后及暴饮后采血，测定其血液中多种无机离子的浓度变化。结果表明，全血碳酸氢盐含量在禁水期变化极显著，与禁水前相比，冬季试验升高２８．０９％，夏季试验升高２６．５９％；暴饮后快速下降，冬、夏季试验分别比禁水前低９．５％和７．８％，４ｄ后恢复正常。血清中Ｋ＋和Ｆｅ２＋含量未见统计学差异。血清中Ｎａ＋、Ｃｌ－、Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋、和Ｐ３＋的含量于禁水期逐渐上升，暴饮后快速下降，其变化均有显著差异，其中Ｎａ＋的正常值显著高于其他反刍动物。结果表明，双峰驼在禁水期具有较高的血液渗透压和碱储量，其对保证缺水时血液酸碱平衡的调节，维持血容量，保证机体正常水代谢功能具有重要作用，是骆驼耐干渴的重要原因之一。     

Observations on aggregated lymphoid nodules in the cardiac glandular areas of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)

Aggregated lymphoid nodules are an important part of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). They are mainly distributed in the ileum and appendix of animals and humans but their distribution in the cardiac glandular area has not been reported. A study of stomach histology in the Bactrian camel has revealed that the nodules are distributed as a band-like region along the ventral wall of the stomach neck, at the beginning of the cranial enlargement and on the lesser curvature. The mucous folds are thicker in these regions than where there are no aggregated lymphoid nodules. The nodules appeared similar to ileal aggregated lymphoid nodules found in other animals and consisted of typical polymorphological lymphatic nodules arranged in a single continuous row occupying the submucosa and forming mucosal folds together with the mucous membrane. The whole mucous membrane with cardiac glands, diffuse lymphatic tissue and solitary lymphoid nodules in the lamina propria were found to cover the aggregated lymphoid nodule regions, but some nodules with a typical corona extended into the lamina propria and were covered with follicle-associated epithelium devoid of cardiac glands. These findings indicate that the stomach of the Bactrian camel possesses not only a special structure of digestion but also has characteristic immunological morphology.     

Studies on Cephalopina titillator,the Cause of 'Sengale' in Camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Semi-arid Areas of Somali State,Ethiopia

The overall prevalence rate of Cephalopina titillator in 778 slaughtered camels was 71.7%, 55% in males and 85% in females. The mean larval counts in infested camels were 26.7±25.9 and 34.6±30.8, for males and females, respectively. There were highly significant differences (p<0.001) in the number of larvae in camels of different ages and sexes and also between the wet and dry seasons. The average time to pupate was 4.9±4.6 minutes, and the pupation period was 21±2.4 days. The major gross lesions observed were congestion of the pharyngeal mucosa with profuse secretions, and haemorrhage in early cases. In some cases, there were ulcer-like lesions and nodules, which contained pus. The dominant microscopic lesions were infiltration of the lamina propria by eosinophils, lymphocytes and macrophages, hyperplasia of the stratified squamous epithelium, necrotic changes in the mixed glands and desquamation of epithelial cells. A survey using questionnaires revealed that all the camel owners called the disease caused by infestation with C. titillator `Sengale' and that 87% of them considered that infestation with these larvae results in reduced milk production and body weight. The major clinical signs of the disease were sneezing and expulsion of larvae (68%), abnormal movement of the head (45%), grooming (44%), nasal discharge (40%), poor appetite (26.7%), difficulty in breathing (18%), and sometimes bleeding from the nostrils (18%) and coughing (27%).