仔猪腹泻的原因、应对措施和抗生素替代物的应用

仔猪腹泻是对养猪业造成重大经济损失的重要疾病之一.本文介绍了仔猪腹泻的原因、应对措施和抗生素替代物在防治仔猪腹泻中的应用.     

卵黄抗体在乳仔猪抗腹泻方面的应用

正卵黄抗体(IgY)作用广泛,今天主要介绍IgY在仔猪抗腹泻方面的应用。卵黄抗体的发现在二十世纪早期,而系统性研究发生在二十世纪七八十年代,这与困扰当时养猪业的仔猪腹泻有关。抗生素滥用问题和食品药物残留问题逐步受到关注,因此非抗生素保健治疗介质的开发越发受到重视。     

中草药防治仔猪腹泻进展

目前仔猪腹泻在兽医临床上较为常见,严重威胁着养猪业的健康发展。由于中草药特有的优势,近年来中草药防治仔猪腹泻得到广泛的应用。综述了中草药防治仔猪腹泻机理及其临床应用研究现状。     

断奶仔猪腹泻防治药物的研究进展

断奶仔猪腹泻是一类严重危害养猪业发展的疾病,抗生素的滥用导致了耐药菌的产生、抗生素效力的下降及在畜产品中的残留等诸多问题,大大限制了其在防治断奶仔猪腹泻中的应用.笔者对一些使用方便、成本低、绿色环保且能有效防治断奶仔猪腹泻的药物研究进展进行了综述.     

仔猪腹泻的综合防治

仔猪腹泻是猪的常见多发病,不仅影响仔猪的成活率,而且直接或间接给养猪业造成巨大的经济损失.因此,随着养猪业的蓬勃发展,积极防治仔猪腹泻已是养猪业中的重要问题之一.据统计,仔猪的死亡率一般为20%～30%,其中,死于仔猪腹泻的占总死亡数的49%左右,给养殖户造成严重损失.2000～2005年对罗平县钟山乡仔猪腹泻进行了综合预防和治疗,效果明显.     

仔猪腹泻的原因及综合防治措施

仔猪腹泻是一种典型的多因素性疾病,是目前最严重的仔猪疾病群之一.仔猪腹泻会导致饲料报酬率低、出栏慢、仔猪成活率下降、生长缓慢、生长发育停滞甚至死亡,给养猪业带来巨大的经济损失.仔猪腹泻主要发生在 1~3 月龄,有的规模化猪场仔猪腹泻发病率高达40%以上,腹泻引起的死亡占仔猪死亡总数的30%.引起仔猪腹泻的病因归纳为非传染性腹泻与传染性腹泻两大类,防治仔猪腹泻,主要应采取综合防治措施,良好的饲养管理是防治仔猪腹泻的基础,针对性疫苗和敏感药物的正确选用是防治仔猪腹泻的技术关键.将仔猪腹泻原因及防治措施总结如下:     

断奶仔猪腹泻的原因与防治

仔猪腹泻是一种典型的多因素性疾病.引起仔猪腹泻的病原种类繁多,病性复杂,有多种病原混合感染,长期以来仔猪腹泻是引起仔猪生长受阻和仔猪高死亡率的重要原因,给养猪业带来巨大的经济损失.引起仔猪腹泻的病因归纳为非传染性腹泻与传染性腹泻两大类,防治仔猪腹泻,主要应采取综合防制措施,良好的饲养管理是防治仔猪腹泻的基础,正确选用针对性疫苗和敏感药物,是防治仔猪腹泻的技术关键.     

仔猪腹泻研究现状浅析

本文就仔猪腹泻疾病和仔猪腹泻对养猪业带来的危害进行了阐述和总结,针对不同类型的腹泻和引起腹泻发生的不同原因进行详细的分析和归纳,在传统防治仔猪腹泻方法的基础上,提出和探讨了防治仔猪腹泻的新观点和新方法,为养猪业和相关仔猪腹泻的防治提供新思路。     

仔猪腹泻综合症的病因分析与防治对策

仔猪腹泻综合症是我国集约化养猪生产下的一种多因素造成的典型性疾病,也是造成仔猪死亡的主要原因。长期以来,我国仔猪腹泻综合症的发病率与养猪业发达的国家相比依然很高。仔猪腹泻综合症在养猪业中的危害程度是首屈一指的,严重影响了养猪业的发展,进而导致饲料回报率下降、仔猪生存率低、生长发育停滞等情况,最终导致仔猪死亡。因此,探寻仔猪腹泻综合症的病因分析与防治对策是当下促进养猪业健康发展、提高仔猪存活率亟需进行的。     

破解仔猪腹泻难题的策略

仔猪腹泻是一种典型的多因素性疾病,在养猪生产中,发生率高,是养猪业的一大难题。引起仔猪腹泻病原种类繁多,病性复杂,有多种病原混合感染。防治仔猪腹泻,主要应采取综合防治措施,加强仔猪饲养管理、搞好仔猪保健,应用具有针对性疫苗和敏感药物。只有减少仔猪腹泻,提高仔猪成活率,才能提高养猪经济效益。     

禁抗后仔猪细菌性腹泻的临床诊断与防治

为了促进食品安全和养猪业的健康发展，禁止在饲料中使用促生长抗生素势在必行。随着我国的饲料禁抗相关法规的推行，饲料企业被严格禁止在饲料生产过程中加入抗生素，这也导致了猪场疾病尤其是肠道疾病的高发，而仔猪肠道发育未完全，免疫系统未发育成熟，更容易发生严重的腹泻甚至死亡。文章对几种常见的仔猪细菌性腹泻疾病进行了回顾，病原包括大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、魏氏梭菌，讨论了它们的临床症状与防控措施，为猪场在防控这些细菌性腹泻提供参考。     

The efficacy of an oral treatment with paromomycin against an experimental infection with Giardia in calves

A controlled and blinded study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a treatment with paromomycin sulphate against an experimental Giardia infection in calves. Animals were infected with 10(5)Giardia cysts of cattle origin and were either treated 11 days later with 25, 50 or 75 mg paromomycin/(kg body weight per day) during 5 consecutive days or not treated (control group). Efficacy was evaluated based on reduction in cyst excretion. Furthermore weight gain and diarrhea scores were monitored. In the group treated with 75 mg/kg per day there was a 100% reduction in cyst excretion until 9 days after the start of the treatment (D9) and a very high reduction (> or =98%) until D13. There was a high reduction (> or =93%) until D9 and D13 in the groups treated with 25 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. The cumulative cyst excretion on D13 was significantly (P<0.05) lower in the groups treated with 75 and 50 mg/kg compared to the control group. Although there was a trend towards higher weight gain and less diarrhea in the treated groups, differences between groups were not significant. No adverse reactions to the paromomycin treatment were recorded. Furthermore, the need for reliable parameters for evaluation of treatments against protozoal infections is emphasised.     

纳米蒙脱石治疗仔猪腹泻的临床效果观察

用纳米蒙脱石作止泻药治疗仔猪白痢和早期断奶腹泻综合征,其治疗总有效率高于抗菌药物烟酸诺氟沙星注射液和思密达。对仔猪白痢的治疗效果各组间差异不显著,但纳米蒙脱石与抗菌药物联用效果很好。纳米蒙脱石对非感染仔猪腹泻总有效率高达94.1%,且价格低廉,毒副作用小。     

A bovine virus diarrhea calfhood vaccination trial in a persistently infected herd: effects on titres, health and growth.

A controlled calfhood vaccination trial to prevent bovine virus diarrhea was conducted in a 100 head cow-calf operation with a three year history of annual calf losses due to enteric bovine virus diarrhea (persistently infected herd). Approximately 50% of the calves were vaccinated at six, 12 and 24 weeks of age. Paired serum samples and growth data were collected on three occasions for comparison between vaccinates and controls. Three vaccinated calves died of enteric bovine virus diarrhea in the first year of the trial and one nonvaccinated calf died in the second year. Two of the three vaccinated calves had developed bovine virus diarrhea virus neutralization antibody titres of 2048 or greater before developing clinical signs. The control and third vaccinated calf failed to seroconvert before dying of enteric bovine virus diarrhea. Approximately 90% of the vaccinated calves seroconverted compared to approximately 40% of the controls. Paired serum samples collected from 75% of the cows in the spring, summer and fall of each year of the trial, showed persistent high bovine virus diarrhea virus neutralization titres in all samples. Calf vaccination before 12 weeks of age had little effect on seroconversion due to high levels of passive antibody to bovine virus diarrhea. Growth data showed that there was no improvement in weight gain or rate of growth in the vaccinated calves.     

No effect of bovine interferon-tau for control of calf diarrhea and immunomodulation in calves

Newborn calves received a low dose of bovine interferon-tau (boIFN-tau) orally for 4 weeks and calves that had developed diarrhea received a low dose of boIFN-tau orally for 5 days. No effects of boIFN-tau were seen in the duration of the diarrhea, or in daily weight gain. Calves received a high dose of boIFN-tau subcutaneously 3 times and they were then stimulated with bovine herpesvirus type 1 vaccine. No adverse effects were observed after the administration of boIFN-tau and lymphocyte subsets from calves did not change after the stimulation. Our results suggest that boIFN-tau does not seem protecting for preventing calves from diarrhea, recovering the health of calves with diarrhea or immunomodulation, although the treatment itself is not toxic.     

微生物制剂对幼兔腹泻治疗的研究

本实验从健康家兔肠道正常菌群中经分离、鉴定,筛选出3种有益菌种:需氧芽孢杆菌、酵母菌和厌氧乳酸杆菌,经安全试验和药物敏感试验合格后,分别发酵培养,制成复合型微生物制剂再应用到断奶幼兔中,观察对幼兔体重、消耗饲料量、腹泻发生率等的影响,同时应用微生物制剂治疗腹泻兔,观察其治疗效果。实验表明,应用复合微生物制剂增重效果明显,料肉比分别为4.20:1,50日龄和70日龄的成活率分别为96%和90.67%,第50日龄和第70日龄时腹泻率为1.33%和4.67%。使用兔源菌种制成的Ⅰ型微生物制剂能够减少家兔的耗料量,体重明显增加,显著降低料肉比;能够较好地预防幼兔腹泻的发生和降低死亡只数,并且制剂的菌种对大多数抗生素没有抗药性,具有促进生长、减少或杜绝药物污染的优点。     

Effect of birthweight, total protein, serum IgG and packed cell volume on risk of neonatal diarrhea in calves on two California dairies.

The objective of the study was to determine if there was a relationship between hematological, immunological and physiological variables of newborn calves and risk of diarrhea during the neonatal period. Four hundred and seventeen heifer calves from two dairies (A and B) in the San Joaquin Valley of California were enrolled at birth and scored daily, to 28 days of age, for evidence and severity of diarrhea (0 to 3). Calves were weighted at birth and blood sampled at two to five days of age to determine packed cell volume (PCV), total protein (TP) and IgG serum concentration. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine if age at onset of the first diarrhea episode and length of the first episode were associated with the hypothesized variables (PCV, TP, IgG and birthweight). The IgG concentration was not associated with the age at onset of diarrhea (p = 0.6052, Dairy A; p = 0.4393, Dairy B) but a high IgG concentration was associated with a decreased length of episode (p = 0.0325, Dairy A; p = 0.0912, Dairy B), particularly for calves born in the winter on dairy A (p = 0.0211). For calves born in the winter, those with either a high or a low birthweight had diarrhea at a younger age (p = 0.0102, Dairy A; p = 0.0020, Dairy B). Associations were also found for PCV and TP with both the age at onset and length of the first episode of diarrhea. Results suggest that parameters measurable at, or shortly after birth may have important prognostic value in evaluating risk of calf diarrhea.     

卵黄抗体在疾病防制中的应用研究进展

卵黄抗体（immunoglobulin of yolk,IgY）是指从免疫禽蛋中提取出的针对特定抗原的抗体,是存在于卵黄中的最主要免疫球蛋白,具有化学性质稳定、产量高、成本低、特异性强且无任何毒副作用等特点;且由于动物种系发生距离远,不会发生交叉血清学反应。IgY在动物及人的疾病防制中具有显著优势。作者对IgY的结构特点、理化性质、作用机理及其在各类动物疾病防制方面的应用及发展前景进行了综述,尤其是在动物疾病的治疗方面,如治疗畜禽腹泻及烈性、急性、危害性大的病毒疫病;治疗人类疾病特别是严重危害人类财产安全的人畜共患病;其他方面如水产、皮毛动物等重大疾病。IgY在有效治疗动物疫病的同时,也减少了人畜共患病的可能,从人身安全方面考虑,也必将具有重大发展前景。     

Research Progress on Immunoglobulin of Yolk in the Prevention and Treatment of Various Diseases

Immunoglobulin of yolk (IgY) refers to the specific antibodies from the immune eggs, is the most important immunoglobulin in the yolk,which has the characteristics of stable chemical properties, high yield, low cost, high specificity and no toxic side effects, there was no cross serological reaction among animals breeds because of a long distance. IgY has a significant advantage in animal and human disease prevention and treatment. In this research,we reviewed the application of structural characteristics, physicochemical property and action mechanism of IgY in prevention treatment of animal disease and developing prospect, especially in the treatment of animal diseases, such as diarrhea and acute treatment of animal spirit, harm, large virus disease; zoonosis seriously endanger the safety of human property; Other aspects such as aquaculture, animal fur and other major diseases. IgY could effectively prevent and treat animal diseases, but also reduce the possibility of zoonosis, which will be of great significance for the protection of personal safety.     

Duration of active and colostrum-derived passive antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus in calves.

Duration of active and colostrum-derived passive antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus was studied in 14 calves. Five calves born with actively induced antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus retained high titers during the year of observation. Colostrum-derived antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus in nine calves declined at an expected rate for the first four to six months of age. However, titers of six of these calves increased at five to eight months of age and either remained constant or increased through one year of age. Bovine viral diarrhea virus antibody titers of the other three calves declined at a constant rate to less than 1:4 by nine to 12 months of age.