Evaluation of the status of capsicum viruses in the main growing regions of Turkey

The incidence, severity and distribution of six viruses infecting capsicum were determined in the main growing areas of Turkey during the 2004 growing season. The surveys covered 50 randomly selected capsicum fields from four different areas in south-east Anatolia and the eastern Mediterranean region. 515 samples were individually collected and tested by DAS-ELISA for Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV), Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (AMV), Potato X potexvirus (PVX), Potato Y potyvirus (PVY), Pepper mild mottle tobamovirus (PMMoV) and Tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV). 64.8% of ELISA-tested capsicum samples (334 out of 515) were infected by one (41.7%) or more (23.1%) viruses. PVY was the most widespread (26.4%), followed by PVX (25.8%), AMV (25.2%), TEV (23%), PMMoV (9.1%) and CMV (8.3%). Surprisingly high AMV infection was found in three areas (Kahramanmaraş, Şanlıurfa and Gaziantep) where AMV is reported for the first time in this study. However, AMV was not detected in Hatay. PMMoV is another new virus, in all the tested areas.     

Identification and incidence of virus diseases of Capsicum annuum in the Lusaka Province of Zambia

Commercial capsicum fields in Lusaka Province were surveyed for the presence of viruses during 1996-01/06. The survey demonstrated the occurrence of five viruses in 13 fields. Virus identification was based on field disease syndrome, host range studies, DAS-ELISA and electron microscopy. The identified viruses were alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (AMV), potato Y potyvirus (PVY), tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (TMV), cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) and pepper mild mottle tobamovirus (PMMV). The most prevalent and widespread virus, recovered from 70% of the surveyed fields, was AMV, and this was followed by PVY and TMV, which were detected in 50% and 40% of the fields respectively. CMV and PMMV were less common and occurred in 30% of fields. The study also showed that PVY could infect capsicum plants alone or in combination with CMV or TMV. The average plant infections caused by AMV was 80–100% and by TMV and PVY 50% and 60% respectively. The disease incidence in the case of CMV was 15–60% and for PMMV 30–40%. This is a first report on the identification of viruses that infect capsicum in Zambia.     

Viruses of vegetable crops in Albania

Field surveys were carried out in the main vegetable-growing areas of Western and Central Albania to evaluate the sanitary status of open-field and protected cultivations of capsicum, tomato, potato, watermelon, cucumber, courgette, aubergine, lettuce, cabbage, chicory, leek and celery. The following viruses were detected: Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (AMV), Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV), Potato Y potyvirus (PVY), Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) and Watermelon mosaic potyvirus 2 (WMV-2). The virus found most frequently was CMV and all the isolates identified were of subgroup IA. AMV was also detected in several areas and all isolates were of subgroup II, suggesting a French origin. Finally, at the time of this survey, TSWV infections appeared to be moderately relevant and absent in protected crops. This is the first documented record of AMV, CMV, PVY, TSWV and WMV-2 in Albania. No infection by Tomato yellow leaf curl begomovirus (TYLCV) or Zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV) was detected during this survey.     

Occurrence of viruses in field-grown pepper crops and some of their reservoir weed hosts in Samsun, Turkey

Pepper production is affected by several viral diseases in Samsun, Turkey. To determine the identity of these viruses, a total of 313 samples from field-grown peppers were collected during surveys in 1998 and 1999, and tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Six viruses,Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV),Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV),Potato virus Y (PVY),Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV),Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) andTomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) were detected in the samples. Of 313 plants tested, 42 were doubly infected, and TMV+PVY (15.4%) was the most common double infection. This is also the first report of AMV in pepper fields in Turkey. The effect of some weed species that may act as reservoir of these viruses was also investigated in the region and of 24 weed species belonging to 15 families tested, 16 were found to be infected with at least one virus.Amaranthus retroflexus (Redroot pigweed) appeared to be a common host of CMV, PVY, ToMV, TMV and TSWV, whereasHibiscus trionum (Venice mallow) was recorded as a new weed host of PVY and TSWV. The majority of weed species found to be virus infected were very common in the pepper growing areas of the region. This indicates that pepper fields contaminated with these weeds are under risk of viral infections. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 21, 2005.     

First report of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus in banana from Pakistan

During regular surveys of banana plantations in the Sindh province of Pakistan for banana bunchy top nanavirus (BBTV), sporadic plants showing mosaic, chlorotic spots intermingled with a dark green area were observed at a few places in the districts of Thatta, Hyderabad and Nawabshah. The infected young plants were uprooted and grown in pots for 2 years to ascertain the cause of the disease. Apart from studying the development of symptoms, the infected plants were tested for the presence of BBTV, cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV), chilli veinal mottle potyvirus (CVMV), tomato mosaic tobamovirus (TMV), potato X potexvirus (PVX) and potato Y potyvirus (PVY) by DAS-ELISA. Virions were also partially purified. The infected plants developed typical symptoms of CMV. All tested plants were ELISA-positive only for CMV, and a partially purified preparation revealed virus particles measuring 25–28 nm in diameter. Based on the characteristic field symptoms, serology and particle morphology, the presence of CMV in banana in Pakistan was established.     

Serological detection of plant viruses in their aphid vectors and host plants in Tunisia

DAS-ELISA was used to study the presence of viruses in four aphid species ( Aphis gossypii , Aphis craccivora , Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae ) and in their host plants potato, capsicum and tomato. Samples were collected in different regions in Tunisia: north, Cap Bon, Sahel, centre and south. A. gossypii and M. persicae carried all the viruses detected: Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus , Tomato aspermy cucumovirus , Tobacco etch potyvirus , Potato Y potyvirus , Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus and Potato leafroll polerovirus . These two aphids were also those that occurred most frequently on the crops concerned.     

Incidence and identification of virus diseases of tobacco in three provinces of Zambia

Nine tobacco fields of small- and large-scale farmers in Central, Lusaka and Southern provinces of Zambia with an experimental area in the range of 4–52 ha were surveyed for the incidence, prevalence and identification of virus diseases during the growing season of 1997. Samples were collected from three tobacco fields in each of the three provinces, and a total of 72 samples was analysed. Virus identification was based on field disease syndrome, host range studies, DAS-ELISA and electron microscopy of virus particles in some cases. The study demonstrated the occurrence of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV). TMV and PVY occurred widely and were common in all three provinces, while AMV and TRSV were relatively less common. The prevalence of the four viruses was TMV 78%, PVY 67%, AMV 33% and TRSV 22%. Serological tests for Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) showed that these viruses were not present in the tobacco samples analysed.     

河南省烟草病毒的小RNA测序检测

To identify viruses in Henan tobacco-planting areas, from 2015 to 2017 and 2019, 288 symptomatic tobacco samples were collected and then subjected to small RNA sequencing. Results showed that at least 7 viruses were detected from these samples which including four previously reported viruses, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), potato virus Y (PVY) and tobacco vein banding mosaic virus (TVBMV). Other three viruses, wild tomato mosaic virus (WTMV), brassica yellows virus (BrYV), and cycas necrotic stunt virus (CNSV) were firstly detected in Henan province. However, tobacco etch virus (TEV) and tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) were not detected from these samples. In addition, CMV, TMV, PVY, TVBMV, and BrYV were the dominant viruses infecting tobacco in Henan Province.     

甘肃省18种药用植物病毒病调查及2种病毒病的鉴定

2012年6月至2013年9月对甘肃省宕昌县、漳县、岷县、渭源县、陇西县、临洮县等地区种植的具有疑似病毒病症状的半夏等18种药用植物进行调查及采样。采用黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)、苜蓿花叶病毒(AMV)、烟草花叶病毒(TMV)、番茄花叶病毒(ToMV)、马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)、马铃薯X病毒(PVX)、芜菁花叶病毒(TuMV)等7种双抗体夹心免疫酶联检测(DAS-ELISA)试剂盒初检, 并对CMV和ToMV采用反转录PCR(RT-PCR)方法复检, 结果表明, 半夏、掌叶大黄和红花3种药用植物受到黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)侵染; 马兜铃、土贝母及当归3种植物受到番茄花叶病毒(ToMV)侵染; 样品中未检测到上述其他病毒种类, 其余12种病毒样品的病原尚未确定。本研究为国内首次报道CMV病毒侵染掌叶大黄、红花, ToMV病毒侵染马兜铃、当归和土贝母。此研究为防治上述病毒病提供了依据。     

Occurrence and distribution of viruses infecting tomato and pepper in Alibori in northern Benin

In surveys conducted in 2011 and 2012 to identify the viruses causing diseases on pepper and tomato in the department of Alibori in northern Benin, 451 samples of pepper and tomato were analyzed by ELISA using 11 specific antibodies. The highest virus incidence among the surveyed districts was recorded on pepper in Malanville (56.18%), followed by Karimama (39.32%). The most frequently found viruses were Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and Potato virus Y-necrotic (PVY-n), accounting respectively for 22.39%, 21.73% and 15.96% of the collected samples. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) was detected in only 2.43% of the samples, whereas Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) were not detected in any of the samples tested. Double and triple infections involving different virus combinations were found, respectively, in 14.86% and 4% of the samples. Five plant species (Euphorbia hirta Linnaeus, Moringa oleifera Lam, Leucas martinicencis (Jacquin) R. Brown, Combretum micranthum G. Don, Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench.) out of 30 samples belonging to 13 botanical families, collected within or nearby tomato and pepper fields, were found infected with PVMV, PVY-n, and CMV. Control measures to reduce the impact of viruses on pepper and tomato production are discussed. This is the first report of viruses infecting pepper and tomato in Benin.     

Yellow leaf curl and other virus diseases of tomato in Cyprus

Outdoor and greenhouse tomato plantings in the main production centres of Cyprus were surveyed for virus diseases during 1978–1982. A disease characterized by prominent leaf yellowing and curling was the most prevalent and damaging. The causal agent was identified as tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) because it infected Datura stramonium but not the tobacco cultivars Havana 423 or Virginia, was graft-transmissible but not mechanically or seed-transmissible, and was transmitted persistently by the tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Minimum acquisition and inoculation feeding periods were 20–30 and 10–20 min. respectively; the latent period was 21–24 h. The vector was infective for about 12 days, but there was no transovarial transmission to progeny.
Four other, mechanically transmissible, viruses were also isolated from tomato and identified on the basis of symptomatology, indicator host reactions and serology; tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), potato virus Y (PVY). potato virus X (PVX), and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). These viruses, especially TMV, were commonly associated with mosaic symptoms and occasionally with other leaf or fruit disorders; coinfection with TYLCV occurred frequently.     

Biodiversity of viruses infecting tomato in Italy: methods for diagnosis and diversification*

An account is given of strain‐specific diagnostic methods currently adopted in Italy to detect alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (AMV), cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) and tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV). These viruses are highly detrimental to tomato crops as the introduction of new virus strains has deeply changed the population structure of resident viruses. RT‐PCR coupled with restriction analysis of amplicons proved suitable for differentiating CMV and AMV strains whereas single‐stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) was used for the identification of TSWV isolates. Application of strain‐specific diagnostic methods to phytosanitary inspection of plant propagules is suggested as a powerful tool for timely identification of new virus strains     

Viruses in the northern potato-producing regions of Saudi Arabia

Agar double diffusion tests and, later, ELISAs were used to detect viruses associated with potato in 242 samples collected in 16 trips to Tabuk and Hail, northern regions of Saudi Arabia, in four consecutive growing seasons (autumn 1989, spring and autumn 1990 and spring 1991). Eleven different viruses were detected in Tabuk and 12 in Hail. The viruses detected in Tabuk were alfalfa mosaic (AMV), cucumber mosaic (CMV), tobacco mosaic (TMV), potato leaf roll (PLRV), tomato spotted wilt (TSWV), tobacco ringspot (TRSV) and potato A, M, S, X and Y. The same viruses, plus potato yellow dwarf (PYDV), were detected in Hail. AMV was most frequently and CMV least frequently detected in Tabuk, whereas in Hail the most and least common were PVA and PLRV respectively.     

从葎草中检出复合侵染的多种病毒

采用抗原直接包被酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）对采自重庆近郊的34个葎草样品进行了主要病毒种类的检测。其中马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virus Y, PVY)的侵染最普遍,其阳性检出率达44.12%;马铃薯X病毒(Potato virus X, PVX)的阳性检出率最低,仅为26.47%,其余5种病毒,烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus, TMV)、黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV)、番茄花叶病毒(Tomato mosaic virus, ToMV)、芜菁花叶病毒(Turnip mosaic virus, TuMV)及蚕豆萎蔫病毒2号(Broad bean wilt virus 2, BBWV-2)的阳性检出率均为35.29%。葎草样品受多种病毒的复合侵染现象非常严重,15个阳性样品中病毒复合侵染率为80%,其中75%的样品检测到7种病毒复合侵染。     

中国北方番茄主要病毒种类普查及TMV、CMV株系鉴定

1990—1994年,对中国北方15省(市)番茄4种主要病毒种类进行了普查,在3761份样本中,烟草花叶病毒(TMV)和黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)的检出率分别为34.5％—65.7％和11.6％—62.6％,马铃薯X病毒(PVX)和马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)的检出率一般为10％—20％。与此同时,也对番茄上的TMV和CMV进行了与抗病毒育种紧密相关的株系分化研究,在333个TMV分离物中鉴定出0、1、2和1.2株系,以0和1株系为主,在绝大多数省(市)中分别占分离物的50％和30％以上;在232个CMV分离物中鉴定出轻花叶、重花叶、坏死和黄化株系,以轻花叶和重花叶株系为主,在绝大多数省(市)中分别占分离物的30％和50％以上,这一研究结果为番茄病毒病的综合防治和抗病毒育种提供了科学依据。     

Viruses affecting tomato crops in Serbia

In a two-year survey (2011–2012), 3220 samples were collected and analyzed in order to determine the presence and distribution of viruses in tomato crops at 56 localities of 18 districts in Serbia. Out of 12 viruses tested, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were detected in 42.1, 40, 11, 8.6, 2.3 and 1.3% of the total tested samples, respectively. The results revealed that CMV was prevalent in 2011 and PVY in 2012. CMV and PVY, apart from being predominant, were also the most widespread viruses. In general, single infections were the most frequent type of infection. Additionally, the most common mixed infections were double infections and the most prevalent combination was CMV and PVY. In 2011, the incidence of diseases and the percentage of all infection types were significantly higher than in 2012. Furthermore, in 2011, regardless of total single infections being prevalent compared to mixed infections, two prevailing viruses were commonly detected in mixed infections. The additional molecular testing of ELISA-negative samples using virus specific primers did not reveal the presence of Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLC), Tomato infections chlorosis virus (TICV) and Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV).     

五种烟草病毒TMV、CMV、TEV、PVY及TVBMV的多重RT-PCR同步检测

 我国烟草病毒主要有烟草花叶病毒(TMV)、黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)、烟草蚀纹病毒(TEV)、马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)和烟草脉带花叶病毒(TVBMV),通常发生复合侵染。本研究对我国5种烟草病毒的外壳蛋白基因部分序列设计引物,通过优化引物和模板浓度,摸索扩增参数,在一个体系中成功对5种病毒复合侵染的烟草材料进行多重RT-PCR扩增,得到237、273、347、456和547 bp共5条特异性条带,建立了能同时检测TMV、CMV、TEV、PVY和TVBMV的多重RT-PCR检测体系。对田间样品检测结果证明,多重RT-PCR体系能够同时检测5种病毒,并且灵敏度高。     

2011年云南烟草病毒病发生动态及复合侵染分析

 烟草病毒病发生普遍,在我国部分烟区已上升为烟草的第一大病害。烟草是云南省主要经济支柱之一,然而,病毒病的发生严重影响烟叶的产量和质量,造成一定经济损失。20世纪80～90年代,我国系统地调查了全国烟草侵染性病害,并对侵染我国烟草的病毒种类和严重影响生产的主要种类进行鉴定检测。2005年Zhang等^［1］对云南烟草病毒病及病原进行了研究。但是随着种植业结构的调整,品种的更换,烟草病毒种类出现新的变化,在田间病毒侵染情况也会发生变化。因此,有必要重新调查和鉴定云南烟草病毒种类,弄清影响云南烟草的病毒种类和优势种类,明确其复合侵染情况,从而指导病毒病的防控。     

检测植物病毒ELISA异种动物抗体双夹心法的研究和应用

 制备南方菜豆叶花叶病毒、大豆花叶病毒、烟草花叶病毒、番茄不孕病毒、苜蓿花叶病毒的兔抗血清和鼠腹水抗体,组合成ELISA异种动物抗体双夹心试验。抗体球蛋白的适宜工作浓度为4微克/毫升;未经纯化的特异抗血清(抗体)的适宜工作浓度为10^-4(即1/10,000)稀释度。检测以上5种病毒的灵敏度:提纯抗原为10-0.64毫微克/毫升;病叶澄清液为1/10,000-1/100,000稀释度。本法灵敏度与ELISA双抗体夹心法相当或略高。一般8小时内可得出结果。适用于大量样品的检测。     

4种番茄病毒多重RT-PCR检测及应用

<正>番茄是全世界栽培最为普遍的果菜之一,2011年世界番茄栽培面积约805万亩,年产量约3 773万t,我国是世界番茄种植大国之一,2011年面积96667公顷,产量约679万t,随着番茄种植面积不断扩大,番茄病毒病的危害逐年加重~([1])。世界范围内番茄除了已有的TMV抗病资源与育成的抗