设施栽培番茄需水规律分析及其气象因子响应模型

基于江苏省南通市2001年、2002年的现场试验资料,计算分析了大棚番茄旬蒸发蒸腾量及其变化规律,建立了设施栽培条件下番茄蒸发蒸腾量的气象因子响应模型。结果显示:覆盖大棚明显降低了番茄的需水强度,大棚番茄蒸发蒸腾量随生育阶段延续、植株生长和外界气温增加呈现逐渐增加的趋势,且前期增长缓慢后期增长速度快;设施栽培番茄蒸发蒸腾量与“气温因子”和“地温因子”有着较为密切的联系,与“相对湿度因子”呈现负相关关系,而与蒸发皿水面蒸发强度的关系则较弱;选取较容易测得的重要因素,建立蒸发蒸腾量的气象因子响应模型,模拟结果较为满意。     

水分胁迫条件下羊草群落生育期双作物系数计算方法的验证

基于浑善达克沙地2005-2006两个不同水文年对羊草、拂子茅、冰草构成的羊草群落生育期中气象因子及生理因子野外观测试验数据,用联合国粮农组织FAO-56分册中介绍的方法计算了羊草群落生育期基本作物系数和土壤蒸发系数,并对基本作物系数进行了地区气象因素和牧草单叶气孔阻力校正。用校正后的作物系数模拟计算的蒸腾、蒸发量与实际观测值间进行了拟合相关图、拟合优度参数法的有效性检验。结果表明:计算的蒸发、蒸腾量与实测结果基本接近。考虑水分胁迫时,有条件的地区应该对作物系数进行地区气象因素和单叶气孔阻力校正。     

蒲草群落蒸散耗水规律及影响因子研究

利用Penman-Monteith模型及单作物系数法计算了2013年石佛寺人工湿地蒲草全生育期的逐日实际蒸散量,对比分析了各时期的自由水面蒸发量,并采用偏相关法分析了影响蒲草群落实际蒸散量及水面蒸发量的气象因子。结果表明,蒲草全生育期单位面积的累积蒸散量为607.96mm,整体呈先升高后下降趋势,其中稳定期蒸散强度最大达到4.52mm/d,是生态需水的关键时期,相应全生育阶段的水面蒸发量为560.11mm,蒸散系数达到1.09,说明蒲草的存在能够增加湿地水分的扩散;蒸腾和蒸发受各生育阶段气象因子的影响程度不同,主要受太阳辐射和风速的影响。     

水分胁迫条件下羊草群落生育期双作物系数计算方法的验证

基于浑善达克沙地2005-2006两个不同水文年对羊草、拂子茅、冰草构成的羊草群落生育期生境中气象因子及生理因子野外观测试验数据,用联合国粮农组织FAO-56分册中介绍的方法计算了羊草群落生育期基本作物系数和土壤蒸发系数,并对基本作物系数进行了地区气象因素和牧草单叶气孔阻力校正。用校正后的作物系数模拟计算的蒸腾、蒸发量与实际观测值间进行了拟合相关图、拟合优度参数法的有效性检验。结果表明：计算的蒸发、蒸腾量与实测结果基本接近。考虑水分胁迫时,有条件的地区应该对作物系数进行地区气象因素和单叶气孔阻力校正。     

草甸草原区羊草生育期蒸散量变化规律研究

基于2005~2006年羊草生育期气象因子及生理因子野外观测试验数据,用联合国粮农组织FAO-56分册中最新双作物系数法以日为时段计算了羊草2个不同水文年的蒸散量。模拟计算的蒸腾、蒸发量与实际观测值间进行了拟合相关图、拟合优度参数法的有效性检验。用羊草生育期生理特性、冠层结构变化、气象要素和根系层土壤含水率变化对计算结果进行了分析,得出生育期各生长阶段蒸散量和日平均蒸散强度及它们的变化规律。     

以叶面积指数为主要指标探讨水稻的需水量值

<正> 稻田需水量或称稻田耗水量,它包括叶面蒸腾、棵间蒸发和地下渗漏三部分。在组成水稻需水量的各个因素中都有一定的可变性。如蒸腾量主要是蒸腾作用产生蒸腾拉力,使水分通过叶片以水汽的状态消耗,是个生理的过程。因此,叶片蒸腾量的大小,除受气象条件如温度、湿度、日照、风速等因素影响外,主要是受水稻的需水特性、生育期的长短,特别是叶面积大小所支配。棵间蒸发是物理的气化过程,在其它气象条件基本相同的情况下,有水     

黄土丘陵沟壑区自然条件下不同辐射面蒸发蒸腾量的预测

基于黄土丘陵沟壑区自然条件下的田间试验,利用TDR测定了研究区不同辐射面15个不同坡面的含水量,基于水量平衡法计算得到蒸发蒸腾量,揭示了不同辐射面蒸发蒸腾量的变化规律,研究了坡向、坡度对蒸发蒸腾量的影响,在此基础上构建了预测模型,并对其预测结果进行了验证.研究结果表明:①黄土丘陵沟壑区蒸发蒸腾量在越冬期过后,逐渐增大,...     

基于液流量的苹果树蒸腾量模拟

利用热脉冲茎流计监测西北旱区盛果期苹果树茎干液流变化规律,采用自动气象站测定气象因素的变化,在试验基础上分析了苹果树液流量的动态变化并分别采用基于冠层变化的季节蒸发蒸腾模型(Cj)、双作物系数模型(Kcb)和Priestley-Taylor模型对日均蒸腾量进行模拟。研究结果表明,日均茎干液流量呈先增加后降低的单峰曲线,基于冠层变化的季节蒸发蒸腾模型可以准确估算西北旱区盛果期果树的日均蒸腾量,模拟的日均蒸腾量可以减小液流量的时滞影响,提高长时间估算果树蒸腾量的精度。     

参考作物蒸发蒸腾量的气象因子响应模型

基于江苏省南通市2000～2004年的旬气象资料,用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算了参考作物蒸发蒸腾量,研究了参考作物蒸发蒸腾量与最高气温、最低气温、平均气温、相对湿度、日照时数、风速和气压等气象因素间的关系,建立了参考作物蒸发蒸腾量的响应模型.结果表明,参考作物蒸发蒸腾量与"温度因子"的关系最强,其次为"湿度和日照因子","风速因子"也有一定的影响,"气压因子"影响作用则稍弱;建立的气象因子响应模型模拟精度较高,可以简化参考作物蒸发蒸腾量计算.     

西北干旱地区葡萄园作物耗水规律研究

通过大田试验,分析土壤蒸发、作物蒸腾和总耗水的变化。结果表明,葡萄园土壤蒸发、作物蒸腾和总耗水平均日变化均呈"钟型"曲线;全生育期葡萄园耗水420 mm,其中土壤蒸发量193 mm,占46%,作物蒸腾量227mm,占54%;日均总耗水、土壤蒸发和作物蒸腾分别为2.32、1.08、1.24mm/d。微型蒸渗仪结合茎流计测定的耗水与涡度相关仪测定的在小时和日尺度上均比较接近,差异不足10%;灌溉和降雨使土壤蒸发加剧,作物蒸腾对灌溉的响应滞后于土壤蒸发,而对降雨无明显响应。     

Estimation of actual evapotranspiration in winegrape vineyards located on hillside terrain using surface renewal analysis

Sensible and latent heat flux densities were estimated in a level vineyard, a northeast aspect vineyard and a southwest aspect vineyard in the Napa Valley of California using the eddy covariance and surface renewal methods. Surface renewal is theoretically not limited to level or extensively homogeneous terrain because it examines a more localized process of scalar exchange as compared with eddy covariance. Surface renewal estimates must be calibrated against eddy covariance data to account for unequal heating of the air parcels under a fixed measurement height. We calibrated surface renewal data against eddy covariance data in a level vineyard, and the calibration factor (α) was applied to the surface renewal measurements on the hillside vineyards. Latent heat flux density was estimated from the residual of the energy balance. In the level vineyard, the average daily actual evapotranspiration (ET _a ) for the period of June through September was 2.4?mm per day. In the northeast aspect vineyard, the average daily ET _a was 2.2?mm per day, while in the southwest aspect vineyard it was 2.7?mm per day. The net radiation values for the level vineyard, the northeast aspect vineyard, and the southwest aspect vineyard were compared against the Ecosystem Water Program with good agreement.     

淮北平原冬小麦作物系数的变化规律研究

[目的]研究淮北平原冬小麦作物系数的时空变化规律.[方法]采用水量平衡法、涡度相关法和Bouchet互补关系理论,结合Penman-Montieth方程,计算得到1991-2018年淮北平原冬小麦的作物系数;采用线性拟合法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和突变检验法滑动t检验法,结合ArcGIS,研究了作物系数在淮...     

湖北省参考作物蒸腾量时空变异特征

根据湖北省20个测站1977—2007年的气象资料,应用Penman-Monteith公式计算了31年的逐日ET0。应用GIS技术和统计检验方法分析了参考作物蒸腾量的时空变异特征和气象因子对ET0的影响。结果表明,湖北省参考作物蒸腾量的空间分布呈西低东高的特征;随多年时间变化空间分布趋于均匀;年内ET0值分布以7、8月最高,12、1月最低;影响ET0的主要气象因子为风速,平均温度次之。     

Evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under sprinkler irrigation in a semiarid climate determined by the surface renewal method

The evapotranspiration (ET_c) of sprinkler-irrigated rice was determined for the semiarid conditions of NE Spain during 2001, 2002 and 2003. The surface renewal method, after calibration against the eddy covariance method, was used to obtain values of sensible heat flux (H) from high-frequency temperature readings. Latent heat flux values were obtained by solving the energy balance equation. Finally, lysimeter measurements were used to validate the evapotranspiration values obtained with the surface renewal method. Seasonal rice evapotranspiration was about 750–800 mm. Average daily ET_c for mid-season (from 90 to 130 days after sowing) was 5.1, 4.5 and 6.1 mm day^?1 for 2001, 2002 and 2003, respectively. The experimental weekly crop coefficients fluctuated in the range of 0.83–1.20 for 2001, 0.81–1.03 for 2002 and 0.84–1.15 for 2003. The total growing season was about 150–160 days. In average, the crop coefficients for the initial (K_cini), mid-season (K_cmid) and late-season stages (K_cend) were 0.92, 1.06 and 1.03, respectively, the length of these stages being about 55, 45 and 25 days, respectively.     

南方低山丘陵区滴灌葡萄蒸发蒸腾量实时预报

以浙江低山丘陵区永康灌溉试验站为背景,运用Penman-Monteith公式计算分析了永康长系列参考作物腾发量ET0及其变化规律,建立了ET0实时预报模型,并分析了参数A0取值方法对预报精度的影响。采用双作物系数法确定了滴灌葡萄逐日作物系数,建立了滴灌葡萄蒸发蒸腾量实时预报模型。运用实测的土壤含水率资料,根据水量平衡原理分析计算葡萄实际蒸发蒸腾量,与模型的预报值比较表明所建立的模型及其参数合理。     

Effect of plant development on turbulent fluxes of a screenhouse banana plantation

This study focuses on CO₂ and water vapor flux measurements, water use efficiency estimates and evapotranspiration modeling during the course of growth of a young banana crop in a screenhouse in northern Israel. An eddy covariance system was deployed at the center of the screenhouse during two growth periods of the banana crop: small and large plants. Results show that daily whole canopy evapotranspiration increased during the measurement period from 2.2 mm day^?1 for the smaller plants to 3.4 mm day^?1 for the larger plants. The increase in net daily CO₂ consumption doubled during the same period, from about 11 to 21.5 g m^?2 day^?1 per unit ground area. Water vapor and CO₂ fluxes per unit leaf area were independent of plant size and averaged with 51 and 0.29 g m^?2 day^?1, respectively. Consequently, water use efficiency, defined as the ratio between net vertical fluxes of CO₂ and water vapor, was nearly constant during growth of the plants. Evapotranspiration models provided more accurate predictions for larger than for smaller plants. This was due to inadequate treatment of the partial cover of young plants, which could be overcome by the use of a crop coefficient. A modified Penman–Monteith evapotranspiration model adapted to the screenhouse environment, applied here for the first time to a banana screenhouse, was in better agreement with the measurements than an open canopy model.     

氮溶液灌溉对芦苇生长的影响

以湿地芦苇生产区为研究背景,采用筒栽试验模拟人工湿地净化污水,研究分析了在3个不同浓度处理10,15,20mg/L,氮溶液灌溉下,芦苇的株高、茎粗、叶面积以及地上单株产量的变化,试验同时设计对照组用清水灌溉芦苇进行比较。结果表明:不同浓度的氮溶液灌溉后对芦苇的株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上单株产量的影响不同,均优于对照组。说明含氮溶液灌溉有利于芦苇的生长,含氮浓度为20mg/L的溶液增产效果明显。     

Evaluating eddy covariance method by large-scale weighing lysimeter in a maize field of northwest China

Accurate determination of evapotranspiration (ET) is useful to develop precise irrigation scheduling. Although eddy covariance (EC) is a direct method which is widely used to measure ET, its performance in arid region of northwest China is not clear. In this study, ET measured by EC (ET_EC) was compared with that by large-scale weighing lysimeter (ET_L) during the whole growing season of maize in 2009. Energy balance ratio was 0.84 for daytime fluxes, indicating that lack of energy balance closure occurred, so daytime ET_EC was adjusted by Bowen-ratio forced closure method. Compared to the corresponding ET_L, half-hourly daytime ET_EC was underestimated by 21.8% without the adjustment and 4.8% with the adjustment. Furthermore, nighttime ET_EC was adjusted using filtering/interpolation method. Mean error between half-hourly nighttime ET_EC and ET_L decreased from 30.2% without the adjustment to 10.3% with the adjustment. After such adjustment of day and night measurements, daily ET_EC was underestimated by 6.2% compared to ET_L. These results indicated that the adjusted ET_EC well matched with the ET_L. Moreover, the discrepancy of adjusted total ET_EC and ET_L was decreased to 3.2% after subtracting the overestimated ET by lysimeter resulting from irrigation and heavy rainfall events. Thus, after appropriate adjustments of observations, eddy covariance method is accurate in estimating maize ET in the arid region of northwest China.